Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Homo sapiens)

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <Pathway xmlns="http://pathvisio.org/GPML/2013a" Name="Aflatoxin activation and detoxification" Organism="Homo sapiens"> <Comment Source="WikiPathways-description">Aflatoxins are among the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by the molds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that contaminate economically important food and feed crops (Wild &amp; Turner 2002). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen known and is also an immunosuppressant. It is a potent hepatocarcinogenic agent in many species, and has been implicated in the etiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Poultry, especially turkeys, are extremely sensitive to the toxic and carcinogenic action of AFB1 present in animal feed, resulting in multi-million dollar losses to the industry. Discerning the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of this extreme sensitivity of poultry to AFB1 will help with the development of new strategies to increase aflatoxin resistance (Rawal et al. 2010, Diaz &amp; Murcia 2011).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;AFB1 has one major genotoxic metabolic fate, conversion to AFXBO, and several others that are less mutagenic but that can still be quite toxic. AFB1 can be oxidised to the toxic AFB1 exo 8,9 epoxide (AFXBO) product by several cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially P450 3A4 in the liver. This 8,9 epoxide can react with the N7 atom of a guanyl base of DNA to produce adducts by intercalating between DNA base pairs. The exo epoxide is unstable in solution, however, and can react spontaneously to form a diol that is no longer reactive with DNA. The diol product in turn undergoes base-catalysed rearrangement to a dialdehyde that can react with protein lysine residues. AFB1 can also be metabolised to products (AFQ1, AFM1, AFM1E) which have far less genotoxic consequences than AFB1. The main route of detoxification of AFB1 is conjugation of its reactive 8,9-epoxide form with glutathione (GSH). This reaction is carried out by trimeric glutathione transferases (GSTs), providing a chemoprotective mechanism against toxicity. Glutathione conjugates are usually excreted as mercapturic acids in urine (Guengerich et al. 1998, Hamid et al. 2013). The main metabolic routes of aflatoxin in humans are described here. 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FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423680" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="Zn2+ " GraphId="c8484" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="f6389"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5433069" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="2" /> <Graphics CenterX="380.0" CenterY="1389.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:29105" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFQ1" GraphId="c9b72" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="143.0" CenterY="324.0" Width="48.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78582" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="Zn2+ " GraphId="c9f79" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="c1ac4"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-2162149" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="4" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1649.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:29105" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="NADP+" GraphId="cc8d8" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="165.0" CenterY="260.0" Width="60.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:18009" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFM1" GraphId="ce917" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="972.5" CenterY="311.0" Width="49.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78576" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO" GraphId="cf94a" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="nucleoplasm" /> <Graphics CenterX="328.5" CenterY="698.0" Width="55.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:30725" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="MGST trimers" GraphId="d11cf" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="endoplasmic reticulum membrane" /> <Graphics CenterX="752.5" CenterY="644.0" Width="87.0" Height="22.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-176042" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="H2O" GraphId="d5677" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="523.5" CenterY="407.0" Width="43.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:15377" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="CYP3A4 " GraphId="d5ca3" Type="Protein" GroupRef="ed755"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="endoplasmic reticulum membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5423680" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1109.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="P08684" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="NADP+" GraphId="d6c9b" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="930.0" CenterY="365.0" Width="60.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:18009" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO-SG,AFNBO-SG" GraphId="d88b3" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="1038.0" CenterY="644.0" Width="134.0" Height="36.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-ALL-5423730" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO-NAC,AFNBO-NAC" GraphId="d91f4" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="861.5" CenterY="932.0" Width="157.0" Height="36.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-ALL-5490236" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AKR7A3 " GraphId="d95d6" Type="Protein" GroupRef="f70f9"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5423668" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="3" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1749.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="O95154" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="L-Glu" GraphId="dab21" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="extracellular region" /> <Graphics CenterX="1584.5" CenterY="750.0" Width="49.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:29985" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="DPEP1,2,3 dimers" GraphId="dbe87" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="plasma membrane" /> <Graphics CenterX="1361.5" CenterY="843.0" Width="115.0" Height="22.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-2162149" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFNBO-CG " GraphId="dc052" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="a8cbf"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="extracellular region" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5490235" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1229.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78579" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFNBO-C " GraphId="dc7c8" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="d01d0"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="extracellular region" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5490250" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1549.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78578" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="GGT5(1-387) " GraphId="dd4b8" Type="Protein" GroupRef="e9999"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="plasma membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-1247946" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1349.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="P36269" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="CYP1A2 " GraphId="ddc6a" Type="Protein" GroupRef="c65e2"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="endoplasmic reticulum membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5423602" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1209.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="P05177" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="NADPH" GraphId="ddd84" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="408.5" CenterY="960.0" Width="59.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:16474" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO-C,AFNBO-C" GraphId="ddfc2" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="extracellular region" /> <Graphics CenterX="1487.0" CenterY="931.0" Width="120.0" Height="22.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-ALL-5490250" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AKR7A2 " GraphId="de155" Type="Protein" GroupRef="f70f9"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5423668" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="2" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1729.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="O43488" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFBDHD" GraphId="e187e" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="461.5" CenterY="777.0" Width="65.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:53106" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="DNA " GraphId="e2102" GroupRef="b7e62"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="nucleoplasm" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5423670" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1409.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-ALL-29428" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="GGT7(1-472) " GraphId="e398f" Type="Protein" GroupRef="e9999"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="plasma membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-1247946" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1429.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="Q9UJ14" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="GSH" GraphId="e4536" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="799.5" CenterY="582.0" Width="41.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:16856" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFB1" GraphId="e4f0a" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="345.0" CenterY="200.0" Width="46.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:2504" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="CYP2A13 " GraphId="e656b" Type="Protein" GroupRef="c65e2"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="endoplasmic reticulum membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5423602" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1229.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="Q16696" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="O2" GraphId="e6a11" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="712.0" CenterY="219.0" Width="34.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:15379" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="DPEP2 " GraphId="e6bcc" Type="Protein" GroupRef="c1ac4"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="plasma membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-2162149" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="5" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1669.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="Q9H4A9" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO:DNA" GraphId="e7897" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="nucleoplasm" /> <Graphics CenterX="189.5" CenterY="699.0" Width="77.0" Height="22.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="Hexagon" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-ALL-5423670" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="CYP3A5 " GraphId="e8280" Type="Protein" GroupRef="ed755"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="endoplasmic reticulum membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5423680" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1129.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="P20815" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="CoA-SH" GraphId="ea206" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="922.5" CenterY="1005.0" Width="61.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:15346" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFNBO " GraphId="ea4cd" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="f032e"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5423723" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1469.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78586" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="CYP2A13" GraphId="eab75" Type="Protein"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="endoplasmic reticulum membrane" /> <Graphics CenterX="1082.5" CenterY="139.0" Width="63.0" Height="22.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="Q16696" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="Zn2+ " GraphId="eb64b" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="d39b5"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5433068" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="3" /> <Graphics CenterX="380.0" CenterY="1329.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:29105" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="ACY1 " GraphId="ecace" Type="Protein" GroupRef="d39b5"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-5433068" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="2" /> <Graphics CenterX="380.0" CenterY="1309.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="Q03154" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFB1" GraphId="ed06b" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="708.0" CenterY="169.0" Width="46.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:2504" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFNBO-SG " GraphId="ee00f" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="bf07b"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5423730" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1549.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78581" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO " GraphId="eef4e" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="f032e"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5423723" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="100.0" CenterY="1489.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:30725" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="ACY3:Zn2+ dimer" GraphId="f02cc" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="962.0" CenterY="770.0" Width="114.0" Height="22.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="Hexagon" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5433069" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO-SG " GraphId="f0945" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="c62e9"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="extracellular region" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5490253" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1169.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78587" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="H2O" GraphId="f1abe" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="153.5" CenterY="389.0" Width="43.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:15377" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFNBO-C " GraphId="f2827" Type="Metabolite" GroupRef="aa0c8"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-ALL-5490231" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="380.0" CenterY="1149.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:78578" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO-CG,AFNBO-CG" GraphId="f2af2" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="extracellular region" /> <Graphics CenterX="1486.5" CenterY="786.0" Width="141.0" Height="36.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" Color="a52a2a" /> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-ALL-5490235" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="Ac-CoA" GraphId="f441e" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="1143.5" CenterY="1012.0" Width="61.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:15351" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="H2O" GraphId="f5c38" Type="Metabolite"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="495.5" CenterY="811.0" Width="43.0" Height="30.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" Color="0000ff" /> <Xref Database="ChEBI" ID="CHEBI:15377" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="GGT7(473-662) " GraphId="f71d4" Type="Protein" GroupRef="e9999"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="plasma membrane" /> <Attribute Key="complex_id" Value="R-HSA-1247946" /> <Attribute Key="copies_num" Value="1" /> <Graphics CenterX="240.0" CenterY="1449.0" Width="100.0" Height="20.0" ZOrder="32768" FontSize="10" Valign="Middle" /> <Xref Database="Uniprot-TrEMBL" ID="Q9UJ14" /> </DataNode> <DataNode TextLabel="AFXBO,AFNBO" GraphId="fa2f3" Type="Complex"> <Attribute Key="cellular_location" Value="cytosol" /> <Graphics CenterX="840.0" CenterY="540.0" Width="90.0" Height="22.0" 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<Interaction GraphId="b47ce"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="461.0" Y="792.0" GraphRef="e187e" RelX="-0.015384615384615385" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="460.0" Y="840.0" GraphRef="b3709" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423694" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b52f3"> <Comment Source="Reactome">Cytosolic aminocyclases 1 and 3 (ACY1,3) can hydrolyse N-acylated amino acids and N-acylcysteine-S-conjugates (Lindner et al. 2003). They are functional as dimers and utilise zinc as a cofactor.</Comment> <BiopaxRef>d90</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="912.0" Y="838.0" /> <Point X="1117.0" Y="838.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="c7f32" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="cc079" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="dfcb5" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-9638046" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b580a"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1016.0" Y="337.0" GraphRef="a069d" RelX="-0.01694915254237288" RelY="-1.0" /> <Point X="1035.0" Y="311.0" GraphRef="f4a0c" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423647" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b584e"> <Comment Source="Reactome">Cytochrome P450 2A13 is able to oxidise aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) to the reactive aflatoxin M1 epoxide (AFM1E) (He et al. 2006). AFM1E is less carcinogenic or mutagenic than aflatoxin B1-exo-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), but is equally toxic. AFM1E would usually be detoxified by conjugation with glutathione, eventually excreted in urine as a mercapturic acid (not shown here).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>ab5</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1035.0" Y="311.0" /> <Point X="1133.0" Y="311.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="f4a0c" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="f551d" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="ced51" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423647" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b5e97"> <Comment Source="Reactome">The exo- and endo-epoxides of aflatoxin B1 are unstable in water and can undergo rapid non-enzymatic hydrolysis to AFB1-8,9-dihydrodiol (AFBDHD) (Johnson et al. 1997, Guengerich et al. 1998).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>cd0</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>b04</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="460.0" Y="699.0" /> <Point X="460.0" Y="759.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="a8fd9" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="f1084" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423656" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b6165"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="459.0" Y="363.0" GraphRef="c1086" RelX="0.2799999999999727" RelY="0.39999999999997726" /> <Point X="502.0" Y="407.0" GraphRef="d5677" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-156526" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b61d8"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="433.0" Y="612.0" GraphRef="b472e" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="433.0" Y="630.0" GraphRef="cfbd9" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423728" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b66c6"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="233.0" Y="147.0" GraphRef="c7fc8" RelX="-0.014925373134328358" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="233.0" Y="323.0" GraphRef="d04a5" RelX="-1.5" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="mim-catalysis" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423664" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b75db"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="459.0" Y="363.0" GraphRef="c1086" RelX="0.2799999999999727" RelY="0.39999999999997726" /> <Point X="494.0" Y="463.0" GraphRef="a9333" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-156526" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b79c9"> <Comment Source="Reactome">To be transformed into mercapturic acids, the endo and exo forms of aflatoxin B1 cysteine-S-conjugates (AFNBO-C, AFXBO-C) translocate into cells (Guengerich et al. 1998, Wu et al. 2009). The mechanism of translocation is unknown.</Comment> <BiopaxRef>b04</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>fd6</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1421.0" Y="930.0" /> <Point X="1237.0" Y="930.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="decf3" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="d7643" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5490269" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b879d"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="905.0" Y="311.0" GraphRef="a6daf" RelX="0.9500000000000455" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="930.0" Y="350.0" GraphRef="d6c9b" RelX="0.0" RelY="-1.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423678" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b9a27"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="368.0" Y="275.0" GraphRef="bcda0" RelX="1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="431.0" Y="323.0" GraphRef="b7bab" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-156526" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="b9e7e"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="712.0" Y="234.0" GraphRef="e6a11" RelX="0.0" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="637.0" Y="314.0" GraphRef="e225e" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423672" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="ba318"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1237.0" Y="930.0" GraphRef="d7643" RelX="-1.8399999999999181" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="1231.0" Y="931.0" GraphRef="c5d8c" RelX="1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5490269" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="badf8"> <Comment Source="Reactome">Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a category I known human carcinogen and the most potent genotoxic agent, is mutagenic in many model systems. Aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide (AFXBO) binds to DNA to form the predominant 8,9-dihydro-8-(N7 guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB1 (AFB1-N7-Gua) adduct. AFB1-N7-Gua confers the mutagenic properties of the compound (Raney et al. 1993, Bedard &amp; Massey 2006).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>b45</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>d4a</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="277.0" Y="698.0" /> <Point X="231.0" Y="698.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="ebeb1" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="abc8e" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423632" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="bc549"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1113.0" Y="1012.0" GraphRef="f441e" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="1073.0" Y="931.0" GraphRef="ecfdb" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5433066" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="bc737"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="700.0" Y="259.0" GraphRef="a3b33" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="637.0" Y="314.0" GraphRef="e225e" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423672" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="be71e"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="459.0" Y="363.0" GraphRef="c1086" RelX="0.2799999999999727" RelY="0.39999999999997726" /> <Point X="460.0" Y="597.0" GraphRef="b472e" RelX="-0.01818181818181818" RelY="-1.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-156526" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="be74b"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="408.0" Y="908.0" GraphRef="b475b" RelX="0.0" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="387.0" Y="926.0" GraphRef="c2dfc" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423637" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="be9bf"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1486.0" Y="880.0" GraphRef="b14e7" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.7000000000000455" /> <Point X="1522.0" Y="888.0" GraphRef="fae53" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5433067" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="bee1a"> <Comment Source="Reactome">In the formation of mercapturic acid from glutathione conjugates, first a glutamate residue is hydrolysed from the conjugate then a glycine residue (Gly). The dipeptidases 1,2 and 3 (DPEP1,2,3) perform this second hydrolysis. They are membrane-bound, homodimeric enzymes which require zinc ions for activity. DPEP1 has been characterised (Satoh et al. 1993, 1994, Nitanai et al. 2002) whereas DPEP2 and 3 are thought to function as DPEP1 based on similarity.</Comment> <BiopaxRef>be9</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>fde</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>e34</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1486.0" Y="810.0" /> <Point X="1486.0" Y="880.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="e2e5e" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="b14e7" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="ff5bc" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5433067" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="beea8"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="320.0" Y="353.0" GraphRef="b0e8b" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="269.0" Y="323.0" GraphRef="a2d50" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423664" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="bff37"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="736.0" Y="259.0" GraphRef="a3b33" RelX="1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="810.0" Y="311.0" GraphRef="cefbc" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423678" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c0058"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="200.0" Y="323.0" GraphRef="c955d" RelX="-0.6899999999999977" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="153.0" Y="374.0" GraphRef="f1abe" RelX="-0.023255813953488372" RelY="-1.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423664" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c121c"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="965.0" Y="643.0" GraphRef="ed68f" RelX="1.259999999999991" RelY="0.4199999999999591" /> <Point X="971.0" Y="644.0" GraphRef="d88b3" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423653" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c2047"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="595.0" Y="150.0" GraphRef="b030a" RelX="-0.012048192771084338" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="594.0" Y="314.0" GraphRef="a6cf7" RelX="-21.5" RelY="-35.0" ArrowHead="mim-catalysis" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423672" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c24f7"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="840.0" Y="551.0" GraphRef="fa2f3" RelX="0.0" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="839.0" Y="601.0" GraphRef="d7d85" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423653" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c3498"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1117.0" Y="838.0" GraphRef="cc079" RelX="2.0499999999999545" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="1176.0" Y="814.0" GraphRef="aec56" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-9638046" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c383d"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="380.0" Y="871.0" GraphRef="be8c0" RelX="0.974025974025974" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="342.0" Y="926.0" GraphRef="eb513" RelX="1.5" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="mim-catalysis" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423637" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c3ae6"> <Comment Source="Reactome">The microsomal glutathione S-transferases (MGSTs) catalyse the nucleophilic attack by reduced glutathione (GSH) on nonpolar compounds that contain an electrophilic C, N, or S atom. Three major families of proteins are widely distributed in nature. The cytosolic and mitochondrial GST families comprise soluble enzymes that are only distantly related whilst the third family comprises microsomal GST, referred to as membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione (MAPEG) metabolism. Three members of this family function as detoxification enzymes, MGST1-3 (DeJong et al. 1988, Kelner et al. 1996, Jakobsson et al. 1996, Jakobsson et al. 1997). Electron crystallography studies in rat Mgst1 indicate these enzymes function as homotrimers (Holm et al. 2002). Both aflatoxin B1 exo- and endo-epoxides (AFXBO and AFNBO) conjugate with glutathione. These conjugates are eventually excreted in urine as mercapturic acids.</Comment> <BiopaxRef>ccb</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>ff7</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>ab9</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>a90</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>d45</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="839.0" Y="601.0" /> <Point X="965.0" Y="643.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="d7d85" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="ed68f" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="b49c1" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423653" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c3bc6"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="905.0" Y="311.0" GraphRef="a6daf" RelX="0.9500000000000455" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="948.0" Y="311.0" GraphRef="ce917" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423678" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c4040"> <Comment Source="Reactome">Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductases (AKR7A2, AKR7A3 and AKR7L) are dimeric, cytosolic, NADPH-dependent enzymes able to catalyse the reduction of aflatoxin B1 dialdehyde (AFBDHO) to aflatoxin B1-6,8-dialcohol (AFBDOH) (Ellis et al. 2003, Bodreddigari et al. 2008, Ireland et al. 1998, Guengerich et al. 2001). AKRs can turnover a vast range of substrates, including drugs, carcinogens, and reactive aldehydes. They play central roles in the metabolism of these agents, leading to either their bioactivation or detoxication (Jin &amp; Penning 2007). The dialcohol is excreted in urine by conjugation with glucuronide (not shown here).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>d2c</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>f95</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>c28</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>c72</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>b8a</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="387.0" Y="926.0" /> <Point X="294.0" Y="926.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="c2dfc" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="ed8ba" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="eb513" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423637" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c407a"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="378.0" Y="353.0" GraphRef="b0e8b" RelX="0.9661016949152542" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="431.0" Y="323.0" GraphRef="b7bab" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-156526" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c76fa"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="445.0" Y="669.0" GraphRef="b835b" RelX="0.9534883720930233" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="460.0" Y="699.0" GraphRef="a8fd9" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423656" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="c9571"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="307.0" Y="638.0" GraphRef="a11d3" RelX="-0.02857142857142857" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="277.0" Y="698.0" GraphRef="ebeb1" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423632" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="ca4b6"> <Comment Source="Reactome">For the reactive metabolite aflatoxin B1-exo-8,9-epoxide (AFBO) to react with DNA, it must translocate to the nucleus. This mechanism of translocation is thought to be simple diffusion (Guengerich et al. 1998).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>b04</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="433.0" Y="630.0" /> <Point X="346.0" Y="680.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="cfbd9" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="bb087" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423728" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="ce01d"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1111.0" Y="931.0" GraphRef="c5d8c" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="1073.0" Y="931.0" GraphRef="ecfdb" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5433066" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="ce3ad"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="332.0" Y="275.0" GraphRef="bcda0" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="269.0" Y="323.0" GraphRef="a2d50" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423664" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="cf116"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="594.0" Y="384.0" GraphRef="cc3ca" RelX="-0.42999999999995" RelY="0.6999999999999886" /> <Point X="672.0" Y="443.0" GraphRef="a1a9c" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423672" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="cf7a4"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="690.0" Y="300.0" GraphRef="b964c" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="637.0" Y="314.0" GraphRef="e225e" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.0" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423672" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="cfa83"> <Comment Source="Reactome">Aflatoxin B1-8,9-dihydrodiol (AFBDHD) undergoes base-catalysed rearrangement to aflatoxin B1 dialdehyde (AFBDHO) that can react with protein lysine residues (not shown here) (Guengerich et al. 1998).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>b04</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="460.0" Y="840.0" /> <Point X="460.0" Y="908.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="b3709" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="ee66a" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423694" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d06af"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="993.0" Y="931.0" GraphRef="e3871" RelX="-0.7999999999999545" RelY="0.0" /> <Point X="939.0" Y="932.0" GraphRef="d91f4" RelX="0.9872611464968153" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5433066" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d08fc"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="458.0" Y="155.0" GraphRef="ba008" RelX="-0.008695652173913044" RelY="1.0" /> <Point X="459.0" Y="323.0" GraphRef="c6ff2" RelX="14.0" RelY="-20.0" ArrowHead="mim-catalysis" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-156526" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d0d71"> <Comment Source="Reactome">Metabolites that are formed from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) include AFQ1, AFM1 and AFP1 (Gallagher et al. 1996). These metabolites and other naturally occurring aflatoxins (G1, B2 and G2) are poorer substrates for epoxidation and, consequently, are less mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic than AFB1. AFB1 metabolites can be useful biomarkers of human exposure to aflatoxins and AFM1, AFQ1 and AFP1 have all been detected in human urine samples (Groopman et al. 1985). Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A5 are the predominant enzymes involved in AFQ1 (3-hydroxy aflatoxin) production (Raney et al. 1992).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>a11</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>b8b</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>f99</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="269.0" Y="323.0" /> <Point X="200.0" Y="323.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="a2d50" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="c955d" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="d04a5" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423664" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d3d41"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="460.0" Y="908.0" GraphRef="ee66a" RelX="0.0" RelY="0.6800000000000637" /> <Point X="460.0" Y="911.0" GraphRef="b1f62" RelX="-0.015384615384615385" RelY="-1.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423694" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d42de"> <Comment Source="Reactome">To be excreted in urine, glutathione conjugates undergo several hydrolysis steps to form mercapturic acids which are readily excreted. The first step is the hydrolysis of a gamma-glutamyl residue from the conjugate catalysed by gamma-glutamyltransferases (GGTs). These are membrane-bound, heterodimeric enzymes composed of light and heavy peptide chains. GGT1 and 2 are well characterised while GGT3P, 5, 6 and 7 are putative transferases. Extracellular glutathione or its conjugates can be hydrolysed to give cysteinylglycine (CG, or CG conjugates) and free glutamate (L-Glu) (Heisterkamp et al. 2008, Tate &amp; Ross 1977, Pawlak et al. 1989).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>ad0</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>bbb</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>e1f</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="1486.0" Y="686.0" /> <Point X="1486.0" Y="736.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="c1772" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="a6a3b" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="cf876" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5433072" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d62f9"> <Comment Source="Reactome">Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) requires microsomal oxidation to produce epoxides which cause the toxic and carcinogenic effects. In humans, cytochrome P450 enzymes produce epoxide stereoisomers of AFB1, the most potent being aflatoxin exo-8,9-oxide (AFNBO). CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 can also produce aflatoxin B1-endo-8,9-epoxide (Raney et al. 1992, Ueng et al. 1995).</Comment> <BiopaxRef>ab8</BiopaxRef> <BiopaxRef>c68</BiopaxRef> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="637.0" Y="314.0" /> <Point X="594.0" Y="384.0" /> <Anchor Position="0.0" Shape="None" GraphId="e225e" /> <Anchor Position="0.99" Shape="None" GraphId="cc3ca" /> <Anchor Position="0.5" Shape="None" GraphId="a6cf7" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423672" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d8e89"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="346.0" Y="680.0" GraphRef="bb087" RelX="-0.8700000000000045" RelY="0.5" /> <Point X="328.0" Y="683.0" GraphRef="cf94a" RelX="-0.01818181818181818" RelY="-1.0" ArrowHead="Arrow" /> </Graphics> <Xref Database="Reactome" ID="R-HSA-5423728" /> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="d9940"> <Graphics ConnectorType="Segmented" ZOrder="12288" 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Catalytic properties, subunit structure, and localization of the gamma-glutamyl binding site on the light subunit.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Tate SS, Ross ME.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="b1d"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">23682772</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Human GGT2 does not autocleave into a functional enzyme: A cautionary tale for interpretation of microarray data on redox signaling.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">West MB, Wickham S, Parks EE, Sherry DM, Hanigan MH.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="b8b"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">3931076</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Aflatoxin metabolism in humans: detection of metabolites and nucleic acid adducts in urine by affinity chromatography.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Groopman JD, Donahue PR, Zhu JQ, Chen JS, Wogan GN.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="d45"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">11904223</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">The 3-D structure of microsomal glutathione transferase 1 at 6 A resolution as determined by electron crystallography of p22(1)2(1) crystals.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Holm PJ, Morgenstern R, Hebert H.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="df8"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">12435844</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">The toxicology of aflatoxins as a basis for public health decisions.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Wild CP, Turner PC.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="d2c"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">9576847</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Molecular cloning, expression and catalytic activity of a human AKR7 member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily: evidence that the major 2-carboxybenzaldehyde reductase from human liver is a homologue of rat aflatoxin B1-aldehyde reductase.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Ireland LS, Harrison DJ, Neal GE, Hayes JD.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="ad0"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">2573352</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Different 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xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="ab5"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">16385575</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Efficient activation of aflatoxin B1 by cytochrome P450 2A13, an enzyme predominantly expressed in human respiratory tract.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">He XY, Tang L, Wang SL, Cai QS, Wang JS, Hong JY.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="ab8"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">1504254</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">The endo-8,9-epoxide of aflatoxin B1: a new metabolite.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Raney KD, Coles B, Guengerich FP, Harris TM.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="f98"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">8145281</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Glutathione conjugation and conversion to mercapturic acids can occur as an intrahepatic process.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Hinchman CA, Ballatori N.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="a90"> <bp:ID 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rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">DeJong JL, Morgenstern R, Jörnvall H, DePierre JW, Tu CP.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="b8a"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">11409944</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Reduction of aflatoxin B1 dialdehyde by rat and human aldo-keto reductases.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Guengerich FP, Cai H, McMahon M, Hayes JD, Sutter TR, Groopman JD, Deng Z, Harris TM.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="d90"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">12933810</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Essential roles of zinc ligation and enzyme dimerization for catalysis in the aminoacylase-1/M20 family.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Lindner HA, Lunin VV, Alary A, Hecker R, Cygler M, Ménard R.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="c68"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">7766804</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Oxidation of aflatoxin B1 by bacterial recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Ueng YF, Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="c28"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">12727802</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Characterization of the rat aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase gene, AKR7A1. Structure and chromosomal localization of AKR7A1 as well as identification of antioxidant response elements in the gene promoter.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Ellis EM, Slattery CM, Hayes JD.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="ff7"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">8812420</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Structural organization of the human microsomal glutathione S-transferase gene (GST12).</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Kelner MJ, Stokely MN, Stovall NE, Montoya MA.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="e34"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">12144777</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Crystal structure of human renal dipeptidase involved in beta-lactam hydrolysis.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Nitanai Y, Satow Y, Adachi H, Tsujimoto M.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="be9"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">8439558</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Cloning and structural analysis of genomic DNA for human renal dipeptidase.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS 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xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="e1f"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">18357469</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">The human gamma-glutamyltransferase gene family.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Heisterkamp N, Groffen J, Warburton D, Sneddon TP.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="d4a"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">16458422</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Aflatoxin B1-induced DNA damage and its repair.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Bedard LL, Massey TE.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="a11"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">8975785</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">The kinetics of aflatoxin B1 oxidation by human cDNA-expressed and human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Gallagher EP, Kunze KL, Stapleton PL, Eaton DL.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="ab9"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">8703034</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Identification and characterization of a novel human microsomal glutathione S-transferase with leukotriene C4 synthase activity and significant sequence identity to 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and leukotriene C4 synthase.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Jakobsson PJ, Mancini JA, Ford-Hutchinson AW.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="fde"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">7764673</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Gene structural analysis and expression of human renal dipeptidase.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Satoh S, Ohtsuka K, Keida Y, Kusunoki C, Konta Y, Niwa M, Kohsaka M.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="a79"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">23599745</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries: Geographical distribution, mechanism of action and prevention.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Hamid AS, Tesfamariam IG, Zhang Y, Zhang ZG.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="f95"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">18416522</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Protection against aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity by expression of the cloned aflatoxin B1-aldehyde reductases rat AKR7A1 and human AKR7A3.</bp:TITLE> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Bodreddigari S, Jones LK, Egner PA, Groopman JD, Sutter CH, Roebuck BD, Guengerich FP, Kensler TW, Sutter TR.</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:openControlledVocabulary xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#"> <bp:TERM xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">aflatoxin metabolic pathway</bp:TERM> <bp:ID xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PW:0001366</bp:ID> <bp:Ontology xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Pathway Ontology</bp:Ontology> </bp:openControlledVocabulary> </Biopax> </Pathway>

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