Role of carnosine in muscle contraction (Homo sapiens)

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <Pathway xmlns="http://pathvisio.org/GPML/2013a" Name="Role of Carnosine in muscle contraction" Version="20181220" Organism="Homo sapiens"><Comment Source="WikiPathways-description">Carnosine is known to be an antioxidant, a metal chelator, a Ca(2+) and enzyme regulator. It also functions as an inhibitor of protein glycosylation and protein-protein cross-linking. Carnosine has also been linked to overcoming muscle fatigue, and can only be transported into a working muscle cell. 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RelY="-1.0" ArrowHead="mim-conversion"/> </Graphics> <Xref Database="" ID=""/> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="de25b"> <Comment>synthesized in gray matter of mammalian brain</Comment> <Graphics ZOrder="32783" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="459.5" Y="451.5" GraphRef="e6275" RelX="0.0" RelY="-1.0"/> <Point X="522.0" Y="402.5" GraphRef="aa476" RelX="0.0" RelY="1.0" ArrowHead="mim-conversion"/> </Graphics> <Xref Database="" ID=""/> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="bd754"> <Comment>Methylation</Comment> <Graphics ZOrder="32784" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="567.0" Y="390.0" GraphRef="aa476" RelX="1.0" RelY="0.0"/> <Point X="618.0" Y="390.0" GraphRef="a1349" RelX="-1.0" RelY="0.0" ArrowHead="mim-conversion"/> </Graphics> <Xref Database="" ID=""/> </Interaction> <Interaction GraphId="ef31f"> <Graphics ZOrder="32785" LineThickness="1.0"> <Point X="230.6790123456795" Y="294.5" GraphRef="a095e" RelX="-0.5" RelY="-1.0"/> <Point X="370.5517423985782" Y="195.44648471130262" 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</Label> <Shape GraphId="f3973"> <Attribute Key="org.pathvisio.CellularComponentProperty" Value="Cell"/> <Attribute Key="org.pathvisio.DoubleLineProperty" Value="Double"/> <Graphics CenterX="455.6522633744852" CenterY="65.75" Width="239.0" Height="102.5" ZOrder="16384" FontSize="12" Valign="Middle" ShapeType="RoundedRectangle" LineThickness="3.0" Color="c0c0c0" Rotation="0.0"/> </Shape> <InfoBox CenterX="0.0" CenterY="0.0"/> <Biopax> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="c4d"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">2206021</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">The histidine-containing dipeptides, carnosine and anserine: distribution, properties and biological significance.</bp:TITLE> <bp:SOURCE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Adv Enzyme Regul</bp:SOURCE> <bp:YEAR rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">1990</bp:YEAR> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Boldyrev AA</bp:AUTHORS> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Severin SE</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="a76"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">16327029</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Physiological role of carnosine in contracting muscle.</bp:TITLE> <bp:SOURCE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab</bp:SOURCE> <bp:YEAR rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">2005</bp:YEAR> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Begum G</bp:AUTHORS> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Cunliffe A</bp:AUTHORS> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Leveritt M</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="fa5"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Detection, characterization and quantification of carnosine and other histidyl derivatives in cardiac and skeletal muscle</bp:TITLE> <bp:SOURCE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 967, pp. 241-249</bp:SOURCE> <bp:YEAR rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">1988</bp:YEAR> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">J.J. O'Dowd</bp:AUTHORS> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">D.J. Robins</bp:AUTHORS> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">D.J. Miller</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="eee"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">5678152</bp:ID> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">[Intensity of biosynthesis of anserine and carnosine by intact and denervated muscles in chickens].</bp:TITLE> <bp:SOURCE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Biokhimiia</bp:SOURCE> <bp:YEAR rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">1968</bp:YEAR> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Dobrynina OV</bp:AUTHORS> <bp:AUTHORS rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Gorbunova AV</bp:AUTHORS> </bp:PublicationXref> <bp:PublicationXref xmlns:bp="http://www.biopax.org/release/biopax-level3.owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" rdf:id="f8a"> <bp:ID rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/> <bp:DB rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">PubMed</bp:DB> <bp:TITLE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Carnosinase and homocarnosinosis</bp:TITLE> <bp:SOURCE rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">J. 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