TCA cycle in senescence (Homo sapiens)

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6412, 3, 7414512, 3, 77ROSLipid synthesisGlutaminolysisNAD+/NADH ratioTranscriptionalregulationGlucose consumptionBRAFGlucoseAntioxidant defensesOncogene inducedsenescenceAcetyl-CoAOxaloacetateMDH1Oncogene inducedsenescenceNADP+AMPKMalateFatty acidoxidationFumarateTP53TCAcycleNAD+GOT1NADHLipidsME1NADPHalpha-ketoglutarateFHGlycolysisAOAPDK1PyruvatePDP2ME2PDH


Description

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a central enzyme in relation to the TCA cycle, as it converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. Its activity favours TCA cycle activity. PDH is downregulated by PDH kinase (PDK) and upregulated by PDH phosphatase (PDP). PDK and PDP are respectively down and upregulated in OIS, in particular in the case of the oncogene BRAFV600E (James et al., 2015; Wiley & Campisi, 2016). Due to these regulatory mechanisms, PDH is a crucial mediator of OIS for TCA activity.

Malic enzyme (ME) is another crucial enzyme in the TCA cycle. There appears to be a reciprocal regulation between p53 and ME, mediated through AMPK activation. Downregulation of ME leads to p53-mediated induction of senescence, while upregulation can suppress it (Jiang et al., 2013; Wiley & Campisi, 2016). Because ME uses NAD+/NADP+ and produces NADH/NADPH, downregulation of the enzyme also affects NADPH-dependent mechanisms, including antioxidant defenses. This in turn can cause accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate p53 through AMPK and cause senescence (Wiley & Campisi, 2016).

In OIS, accumulation of TCA intermediates has been observed, including alpha-ketoglutarate, citrate and malate (Kaplon et al., 2013). Further research showed that increased alpha-ketoglutarate has an effect on transcriptional regulation (Salama et al., 2014).

Lipids are also part of the input of the TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation has been observed to increase in OIS (Sabbatinelli et al., 2019).

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH1) also plays an important role in the TCA cycle and is part of the malate-aspartate shuttle. Lower levels of the enzyme were observed in DNA-damage induced and proliferative exhaustion-induced senescent cells. Downregulation of MDH1 also affects the NAD+/NADH ratio, known to be related to senescence. Other enzymes of the malate-aspartate shuttle also affect this ratio, such as the aspartate aminotransferase (GOT1). Factors influencing NAD metabolism in senescence have been addressed in more details in https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5046

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Bibliography

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  1. Wiley CD, Campisi J; ''From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells-Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence.''; Cell Metab, 2016 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Herranz N, Gil J; ''Mechanisms and functions of cellular senescence.''; J Clin Invest, 2018 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Olenchock BA, Vander Heiden MG; ''Pyruvate as a pivot point for oncogene-induced senescence.''; Cell, 2013 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Jiang P, Du W, Mancuso A, Wellen KE, Yang X; ''Reciprocal regulation of p53 and malic enzymes modulates metabolism and senescence.''; Nature, 2013 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Salama R, Sadaie M, Hoare M, Narita M; ''Cellular senescence and its effector programs.''; Genes Dev, 2014 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Kaplon J, Zheng L, Meissl K, Chaneton B, Selivanov VA, Mackay G, van der Burg SH, Verdegaal EM, Cascante M, Shlomi T, Gottlieb E, Peeper DS; ''A key role for mitochondrial gatekeeper pyruvate dehydrogenase in oncogene-induced senescence.''; Nature, 2013 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
124734view20:23, 7 December 2022Mkutmonfix publication references
119012view09:58, 9 June 2021EweitzOntology Term : 'citric acid cycle pathway' added !
118989view07:01, 7 June 2021Fehrhartadded ID for ROS
115340view14:10, 14 February 2021EgonwMade a few more pathways clickable
115225view20:28, 5 February 2021AlexanderPicoOntology Term : 'classic metabolic pathway' added !
115224view20:28, 5 February 2021AlexanderPicoOntology Term : 'cellular senescence pathway' added !
115116view09:16, 26 January 2021WayanM0
115115view09:14, 26 January 2021WayanM0
115112view08:55, 26 January 2021WayanM0New pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
AMPKProtein
AOAMetaboliteCHEBI:40823 (ChEBI)
Acetyl-CoAMetaboliteHMDB01206 (HMDB)
Antioxidant defensesPathwayWP2824 (WikiPathways)
BRAFGeneProductENSG00000157764 (Ensembl)
FHGeneProductENSG00000091483 (Ensembl)
Fatty acid oxidationPathwayWP143 (WikiPathways)
FumarateMetaboliteCHEBI:29806 (ChEBI)
GOT1GeneProductENSG00000120053 (Ensembl)
GlucoseMetaboliteCHEBI:17234 (ChEBI)
GlycolysisPathwayWP534 (WikiPathways)
LipidsMetaboliteCHEBI:18059 (ChEBI)
MDH1GeneProductENSG00000014641 (Ensembl)
ME1GeneProductENSG00000065833 (Ensembl)
ME2GeneProductENSG00000082212 (Ensembl)
MalateMetaboliteCHEBI:30797 (ChEBI)
NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:15846 (ChEBI)
NADHMetaboliteCHEBI:16908 (ChEBI)
NADP+MetaboliteCHEBI:18009 (ChEBI)
NADPHMetaboliteHMDB00221 (HMDB) Mitochondrial NADPH
Oncogene induced senescencePathwayWP3308 (WikiPathways)
OxaloacetateMetaboliteCHEBI:30744 (ChEBI)
PDHGeneProductENSG00000131828 (Ensembl)
PDK1GeneProductENSG00000152256 (Ensembl)
PDP2GeneProductENSG00000172840 (Ensembl)
PyruvateMetaboliteCHEBI:15361 (ChEBI)
ROSMetaboliteCHEBI:26523 (ChEBI)
TCA cyclePathwayWP78 (WikiPathways)
TP53GeneProductENSG00000141510 (Ensembl)
alpha-ketoglutarateMetaboliteCHEBI:16810 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

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