A number of receptors and cell adhesion molecules play a key role in modifying the response of cells of lymphoid origin (such as B-, T- and NK cells) to self and tumor antigens, as well as to pathogenic organisms.
<p>Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of a crucial surveillance system that looks out for any derangement, usually caused by cancer or viral infection, in MHC Class I presentation. Somatic cells are also able to report internal functional impairment by displaying surface stress markers such as MICA. The presence of these molecules on somatic cells is picked up by C-lectin NK immune receptors.<p><p>Lymphoid cells are able to regulate their location and movement in accordance to their state of activation, and home in on tissues expressing the appropriate complementary ligands. For example, lymphoid cells may fine tune the presence and concentration of adhesion molecules belonging to the IgSF, Selectin and Integrin class that interact with a number of vascular markers of inflammation.<p><p>Furthermore, there are a number of avenues through which lymphoid cells may interact with antigen. This may be presented directly to a specific T-cell receptor in the context of an MHC molecule. Antigen-antibody complexes may anchor to the cell via a small number of lymphoid-specific Fc receptors that may, in turn, influence cell function further. Activated complement factor C3d binds to both antigen and to cell surface receptor CD21. In such cases, the far-reaching influence of CD19 on B-lymphocyte function is tempered by its interaction with CD21.
Fuchs A, Colonna M.; ''The role of NK cell recognition of nectin and nectin-like proteins in tumor immunosurveillance.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lenting PJ, Westerlaken GH, Denis CV, Akkerman JW, Meyaard L.; ''Efficient inhibition of collagen-induced platelet activation and adhesion by LAIR-2, a soluble Ig-like receptor family member.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Tabata S, Kuroki K, Wang J, Kajikawa M, Shiratori I, Kohda D, Arase H, Maenaka K.; ''Biophysical characterization of O-glycosylated CD99 recognition by paired Ig-like type 2 receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rosen DB, Bettadapura J, Alsharifi M, Mathew PA, Warren HS, Lanier LL.; ''Cutting edge: lectin-like transcript-1 is a ligand for the inhibitory human NKR-P1A receptor.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kaifu T, Escalière B, Gastinel LN, Vivier E, Baratin M.; ''B7-H6/NKp30 interaction: a mechanism of alerting NK cells against tumors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Binici J, Koch J.; ''BAG-6, a jack of all trades in health and disease.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Welte S, Kuttruff S, Waldhauer I, Steinle A.; ''Mutual activation of natural killer cells and monocytes mediated by NKp80-AICL interaction.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Fuchs A, Cella M, Giurisato E, Shaw AS, Colonna M.; ''Cutting edge: CD96 (tactile) promotes NK cell-target cell adhesion by interacting with the poliovirus receptor (CD155).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zajonc DM, Crispin MD, Bowden TA, Young DC, Cheng TY, Hu J, Costello CE, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Miller MJ, Brenner MB, Moody DB, Wilson IA.; ''Molecular mechanism of lipopeptide presentation by CD1a.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Latour S, Veillette A.; ''The SAP family of adaptors in immune regulation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Merck E, Gaillard C, Gorman DM, Montero-Julian F, Durand I, Zurawski SM, Menetrier-Caux C, Carra G, Lebecque S, Trinchieri G, Bates EE.; ''OSCAR is an FcRgamma-associated receptor that is expressed by myeloid cells and is involved in antigen presentation and activation of human dendritic cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Mizuno T, Yoshihara Y, Inazawa J, Kagamiyama H, Mori K.; ''cDNA cloning and chromosomal localization of the human telencephalin and its distinctive interaction with lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sawicki MW, Dimasi N, Natarajan K, Wang J, Margulies DH, Mariuzza RA.; ''Structural basis of MHC class I recognition by natural killer cell receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Cao E, Ramagopal UA, Fedorov A, Fedorov E, Yan Q, Lary JW, Cole JL, Nathenson SG, Almo SC.; ''NTB-A receptor crystal structure: insights into homophilic interactions in the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor family.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rabot M, Tabiasco J, Polgar B, Aguerre-Girr M, Berrebi A, Bensussan A, Strbo N, Rukavina D, Le Bouteiller P.; ''HLA class I/NK cell receptor interaction in early human decidua basalis: possible functional consequences.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
de Jong A.; ''Activation of human T cells by CD1 and self-lipids.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wang J, Springer TA.; ''Structural specializations of immunoglobulin superfamily members for adhesion to integrins and viruses.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Brown D, Trowsdale J, Allen R.; ''The LILR family: modulators of innate and adaptive immune pathways in health and disease.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Molloy EJ.; ''Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM) family and the application of its antagonists.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kim JR, Horton NC, Mathew SO, Mathew PA.; ''CS1 (SLAMF7) inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines by activated monocytes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Barrow AD, Raynal N, Andersen TL, Slatter DA, Bihan D, Pugh N, Cella M, Kim T, Rho J, Negishi-Koga T, Delaisse JM, Takayanagi H, Lorenzo J, Colonna M, Farndale RW, Choi Y, Trowsdale J.; ''OSCAR is a collagen receptor that costimulates osteoclastogenesis in DAP12-deficient humans and mice.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Galibert L, Diemer GS, Liu Z, Johnson RS, Smith JL, Walzer T, Comeau MR, Rauch CT, Wolfson MF, Sorensen RA, Van der Vuurst de Vries AR, Branstetter DG, Koelling RM, Scholler J, Fanslow WC, Baum PR, Derry JM, Yan W.; ''Nectin-like protein 2 defines a subset of T-cell zone dendritic cells and is a ligand for class-I-restricted T-cell-associated molecule.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Boyington JC, Sun PD.; ''A structural perspective on MHC class I recognition by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Shiratori I, Ogasawara K, Saito T, Lanier LL, Arase H.; ''Activation of natural killer cells and dendritic cells upon recognition of a novel CD99-like ligand by paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
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Van Rhijn I, Moody DB.; ''CD1 and mycobacterial lipids activate human T cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rudolph MG, Stanfield RL, Wilson IA.; ''How TCRs bind MHCs, peptides, and coreceptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Arase N, Takeuchi A, Unno M, Hirano S, Yokosuka T, Arase H, Saito T.; ''Heterotypic interaction of CRTAM with Necl2 induces cell adhesion on activated NK cells and CD8+ T cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Cannon JP, O'Driscoll M, Litman GW.; ''Specific lipid recognition is a general feature of CD300 and TREM molecules.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Giustiniani J, Marie-Cardine A, Bensussan A.; ''A soluble form of the MHC class I-specific CD160 receptor is released from human activated NK lymphocytes and inhibits cell-mediated cytotoxicity.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Minas K, Liversidge J.; ''Is the CD200/CD200 receptor interaction more than just a myeloid cell inhibitory signal?''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zajonc DM, Girardi E.; ''Recognition of Microbial Glycolipids by Natural Killer T Cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
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Radaev S, Sun P.; ''Recognition of immunoglobulins by Fcgamma receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Strong RK.; ''Asymmetric ligand recognition by the activating natural killer cell receptor NKG2D, a symmetric homodimer.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pessino A, Sivori S, Bottino C, Malaspina A, Morelli L, Moretta L, Biassoni R, Moretta A.; ''Molecular cloning of NKp46: a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in triggering of natural cytotoxicity.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
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Speckman RA, Wright Daw JA, Helms C, Duan S, Cao L, Taillon-Miller P, Kwok PY, Menter A, Bowcock AM.; ''Novel immunoglobulin superfamily gene cluster, mapping to a region of human chromosome 17q25, linked to psoriasis susceptibility.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
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Dando J, Wilkinson KW, Ortlepp S, King DJ, Brady RL.; ''A reassessment of the MAdCAM-1 structure and its role in integrin recognition.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Clark GJ, Cooper B, Fitzpatrick S, Green BJ, Hart DN.; ''The gene encoding the immunoregulatory signaling molecule CMRF-35A localized to human chromosome 17 in close proximity to other members of the CMRF-35 family.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sun Y, Senger K, Baginski TK, Mazloom A, Chinn Y, Pantua H, Hamidzadeh K, Ramani SR, Luis E, Tom I, Sebrell A, Quinones G, Ma Y, Mukhyala K, Sai T, Ding J, Haley B, Shadnia H, Kapadia SB, Gonzalez LC, Hass PE, Zarrin AA.; ''Evolutionarily conserved paired immunoglobulin-like receptor α (PILRα) domain mediates its interaction with diverse sialylated ligands.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Gorczynski R, Chen Z, Kai Y, Lee L, Wong S, Marsden PA.; ''CD200 is a ligand for all members of the CD200R family of immunoregulatory molecules.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pogge von Strandmann E, Simhadri VR, von Tresckow B, Sasse S, Reiners KS, Hansen HP, Rothe A, Böll B, Simhadri VL, Borchmann P, McKinnon PJ, Hallek M, Engert A.; ''Human leukocyte antigen-B-associated transcript 3 is released from tumor cells and engages the NKp30 receptor on natural killer cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Scharf L, Li NS, Hawk AJ, Garzón D, Zhang T, Fox LM, Kazen AR, Shah S, Haddadian EJ, Gumperz JE, Saghatelian A, Faraldo-Gómez JD, Meredith SC, Piccirilli JA, Adams EJ.; ''The 2.5 Å structure of CD1c in complex with a mycobacterial lipid reveals an open groove ideally suited for diverse antigen presentation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Falco M, Biassoni R, Bottino C, Vitale M, Sivori S, Augugliaro R, Moretta L, Moretta A.; ''Identification and molecular cloning of p75/AIRM1, a novel member of the sialoadhesin family that functions as an inhibitory receptor in human natural killer cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Batuwangala T, Shepherd D, Gadola SD, Gibson KJ, Zaccai NR, Fersht AR, Besra GS, Cerundolo V, Jones EY.; ''The crystal structure of human CD1b with a bound bacterial glycolipid.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kumaresan PR, Lai WC, Chuang SS, Bennett M, Mathew PA.; ''CS1, a novel member of the CD2 family, is homophilic and regulates NK cell function.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Bromley SK, Burack WR, Johnson KG, Somersalo K, Sims TN, Sumen C, Davis MM, Shaw AS, Allen PM, Dustin ML.; ''The immunological synapse.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Toapanta FR, Ross TM.; ''Complement-mediated activation of the adaptive immune responses: role of C3d in linking the innate and adaptive immunity.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Moody DB, Zajonc DM, Wilson IA.; ''Anatomy of CD1-lipid antigen complexes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sivori S, Vitale M, Morelli L, Sanseverino L, Augugliaro R, Bottino C, Moretta L, Moretta A.; ''p46, a novel natural killer cell-specific surface molecule that mediates cell activation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Yusuf-Makagiansar H, Anderson ME, Yakovleva TV, Murray JS, Siahaan TJ.; ''Inhibition of LFA-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 as a therapeutic approach to inflammation and autoimmune diseases.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Barral DC, Brenner MB.; ''CD1 antigen presentation: how it works.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Silk JD, Salio M, Brown J, Jones EY, Cerundolo V.; ''Structural and functional aspects of lipid binding by CD1 molecules.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kelley J, Walter L, Trowsdale J.; ''Comparative genomics of natural killer cell receptor gene clusters.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Vilches C, Parham P.; ''KIR: diverse, rapidly evolving receptors of innate and adaptive immunity.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lebbink RJ, de Ruiter T, Adelmeijer J, Brenkman AB, van Helvoort JM, Koch M, Farndale RW, Lisman T, Sonnenberg A, Lenting PJ, Meyaard L.; ''Collagens are functional, high affinity ligands for the inhibitory immune receptor LAIR-1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Barrow AD, Palarasah Y, Bugatti M, Holehouse AS, Byers DE, Holtzman MJ, Vermi W, Skjødt K, Crouch E, Colonna M.; ''OSCAR is a receptor for surfactant protein D that activates TNF-α release from human CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lebbink RJ, van den Berg MC, de Ruiter T, Raynal N, van Roon JA, Lenting PJ, Jin B, Meyaard L.; ''The soluble leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor (LAIR)-2 antagonizes the collagen/LAIR-1 inhibitory immune interaction.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zen K, Liu Y, McCall IC, Wu T, Lee W, Babbin BA, Nusrat A, Parkos CA.; ''Neutrophil migration across tight junctions is mediated by adhesive interactions between epithelial coxsackie and adenovirus receptor and a junctional adhesion molecule-like protein on neutrophils.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Arnett KL, Harrison SC, Wiley DC.; ''Crystal structure of a human CD3-epsilon/delta dimer in complex with a UCHT1 single-chain antibody fragment.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Clark GJ, Green BJ, Hart DN.; ''The CMRF-35H gene structure predicts for an independently expressed member of an ITIM/ITAM pair of molecules localized to human chromosome 17.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Carter RH, Barrington RA.; ''Signaling by the CD19/CD21 complex on B cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nishimura T.; ''Expression of potential lymphocyte trafficking mediator molecules in the mammary gland.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Vitale M, Falco M, Castriconi R, Parolini S, Zambello R, Semenzato G, Biassoni R, Bottino C, Moretta L, Moretta A.; ''Identification of NKp80, a novel triggering molecule expressed by human NK cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Chen K, Huang J, Gong W, Zhang L, Yu P, Wang JM.; ''CD40/CD40L dyad in the inflammatory and immune responses in the central nervous system.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sieling PA, Chatterjee D, Porcelli SA, Prigozy TI, Mazzaccaro RJ, Soriano T, Bloom BR, Brenner MB, Kronenberg M, Brennan PJ.; ''CD1-restricted T cell recognition of microbial lipoglycan antigens.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Garcia-Alles LF, Collmann A, Versluis C, Lindner B, Guiard J, Maveyraud L, Huc E, Im JS, Sansano S, Brando T, Julien S, Prandi J, Gilleron M, Porcelli SA, de la Salle H, Heck AJ, Mori L, Puzo G, Mourey L, De Libero G.; ''Structural reorganization of the antigen-binding groove of human CD1b for presentation of mycobacterial sulfoglycolipids.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Deng L, Mariuzza RA.; ''Structural basis for recognition of MHC and MHC-like ligands by natural killer cell receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Klimosch SN, Bartel Y, Wiemann S, Steinle A.; ''Genetically coupled receptor-ligand pair NKp80-AICL enables autonomous control of human NK cell responses.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Tomfohrde J, Silverman A, Barnes R, Fernandez-Vina MA, Young M, Lory D, Morris L, Wuepper KD, Stastny P, Menter A.; ''Gene for familial psoriasis susceptibility mapped to the distal end of human chromosome 17q.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kjer-Nielsen L, Dunstone MA, Kostenko L, Ely LK, Beddoe T, Mifsud NA, Purcell AW, Brooks AG, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J.; ''Crystal structure of the human T cell receptor CD3 epsilon gamma heterodimer complexed to the therapeutic mAb OKT3.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Clark GJ, Ju X, Tate C, Hart DN.; ''The CD300 family of molecules are evolutionarily significant regulators of leukocyte functions.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nakamura K, Funakoshi H, Miyamoto K, Tokunaga F, Nakamura T.; ''Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human scavenger receptor with C-type lectin (SRCL), a novel member of a scavenger receptor family.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Jones EY, Harlos K, Bottomley MJ, Robinson RC, Driscoll PC, Edwards RM, Clements JM, Dudgeon TJ, Stuart DI.; ''Crystal structure of an integrin-binding fragment of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 at 1.8 A resolution.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Griewank K, Borowski C, Rietdijk S, Wang N, Julien A, Wei DG, Mamchak AA, Terhorst C, Bendelac A.; ''Homotypic interactions mediated by Slamf1 and Slamf6 receptors control NKT cell lineage development.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Meyaard L, Adema GJ, Chang C, Woollatt E, Sutherland GR, Lanier LL, Phillips JH.; ''LAIR-1, a novel inhibitory receptor expressed on human mononuclear leukocytes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Uhrberg M.; ''The KIR gene family: life in the fast lane of evolution.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Varki A, Angata T.; ''Siglecs--the major subfamily of I-type lectins.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Clark GJ, Ju X, Azlan M, Tate C, Ding Y, Hart DN.; ''The CD300 molecules regulate monocyte and dendritic cell functions.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wang J, Li Y, Kinjo Y, Mac TT, Gibson D, Painter GF, Kronenberg M, Zajonc DM.; ''Lipid binding orientation within CD1d affects recognition of Borrelia burgorferi antigens by NKT cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Borrego F, Kabat J, Kim DK, Lieto L, Maasho K, Peña J, Solana R, Coligan JE.; ''Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I specific receptors expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nedvetzki S, Sowinski S, Eagle RA, Harris J, Vély F, Pende D, Trowsdale J, Vivier E, Gordon S, Davis DM.; ''Reciprocal regulation of human natural killer cells and macrophages associated with distinct immune synapses.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pende D, Bottino C, Castriconi R, Cantoni C, Marcenaro S, Rivera P, Spaggiari GM, Dondero A, Carnemolla B, Reymond N, Mingari MC, Lopez M, Moretta L, Moretta A.; ''PVR (CD155) and Nectin-2 (CD112) as ligands of the human DNAM-1 (CD226) activating receptor: involvement in tumor cell lysis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Del Nagro CJ, Otero DC, Anzelon AN, Omori SA, Kolla RV, Rickert RC.; ''CD19 function in central and peripheral B-cell development.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kogure A, Shiratori I, Wang J, Lanier LL, Arase H.; ''PANP is a novel O-glycosylated PILRα ligand expressed in neural tissues.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hernández-Caselles T, Martínez-Esparza M, Pérez-Oliva AB, Quintanilla-Cecconi AM, García-Alonso A, Alvarez-López DM, García-Peñarrubia P.; ''A study of CD33 (SIGLEC-3) antigen expression and function on activated human T and NK cells: two isoforms of CD33 are generated by alternative splicing.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
In view of the highly variable nature of antibody proteins, this biological object is an approximate and fragmented representation of an IgM/IgD antibody, given the limitations of Ig chain enumeration in UniProt. A single mRNA transcript is alternatively spliced to give either IgM or IgD. Thus unactivated B cells contain both classes of antibody.
Antigen-bound antibody bound to lymphoid Fc gamma receptors
A hallmark of human NK cells is the expression of HLA class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIRs are not only variably expressed on the level of single NK cells but they are also highly polymorphic and polygenic (i.e. the gene content of the KIR cluster varies from individual to individual).
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
T cells distinguish foreign material from self through presentation of fragments of the antigen by the MHC cell surface receptors. Only if an MHC molecule presents an appropriate antigenic peptide will a cellular immune response be triggered. The orchestration of recognition and signaling events, from the initial recognition of antigenic peptides to the lysis of the target cell, is performed in a localized environment on the T cell, called the immunological synapse, and requires the coordinated activities of several T-Cell Receptor (TCR)-associated molecules. This particular reaction depicts the interaction of the TCR with MHC Class I molecules on somatic cell, requiring the support of CD3 and CD8 proteins.
Most cells of the immune system express receptors for the Fc region of IgG. This heterogeneous family of molecules plays a critical role in immunity, by linking the humoral to the cellular responses. NK cells and B cells have been shown to express exclusively Fc-gamma RIIIa and RIIb respectively.
NK cells express adhesion molecules that allow interaction with their tumour targets, promoting their lysis.
For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.
NK cells express adhesion molecules that allow interaction with their tumour targets, promoting their lysis.
For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.
CD160 is a GPI-anchored lymphocyte surface receptor in which expression is mostly restricted to the highly cytotoxic NK cells. MHC class I molecules bind to CD160 receptors on circulating NK lymphocytes and this triggers their cytotoxic activity and cytokine production. NK cells stimulated by IL-15 secrete soluble CD160 protein that binds to MHC-I molecules, resulting in the inhibition of the cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte activity and of the CD160-mediated NK cell
cytotoxicity.
After interaction with its ligand HLA-E, which is expressed on normal cells, the C-type lectin inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A suppresses activation signaling processes. CD94/NKG2A receptors continuously recycle from the cell surface through endosomal compartments and back again in a process that requires energy and the cytoskeleton. This steady state process appears to be largely unaffected by exposure to ligand.
CD19 is a lymphocyte cell surface molecule that functions as a general response regulator or rheostat, which defnes signalling thresholds. These responses are infuenced by signals transduced through a CD19-CD21 cell surface receptor complex, where the binding of complement C3d to CD21 links humoral immune responses with the innate immune system. The CD19-CD21 complex is composed of at least four non-covalently associated proteins: CD19, CD21(complement receptor 2),CD81 and CD225.
A hallmark of human NK cells is the expression of HLA class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIRs are not only variably expressed on the level of single NK cells but they are also highly polymorphic and polygenic (i.e. the gene content of the KIR cluster varies from individual to individual).
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
Leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors [LILRs, also known as Ig-like transcripts (ILTs)] are a family of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors encoded within the leukocyte receptor complex and are expressed by immune cell types of both myeloid and lymphoid lineage. Several members of the LILR family recognize major histocompatibility complex class I. The immunomodulatory role of LILR receptors indicates that they may exert an influence on signaling pathways of both innate and adaptive immune systems.
Signaling mechanisms are employed that are similar to the ones adopted by the closely related killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs). ITIMs recruit inhibitory phosphatases that dephosphorylate ITIM and ITAM domains in order to influence intracellular signaling cascades. In contrast, activating LILRs, which lack any signaling domains of their own, rely on association with an adaptor protein such as FceRI-gamma to transmit their signal through its intracellular ITAMs.
A hallmark of human NK cells is the expression of HLA class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIRs are not only variably expressed on the level of single NK cells but they are also highly polymorphic and polygenic (i.e. the gene content of the KIR cluster varies from individual to individual).
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
A hallmark of human NK cells is the expression of HLA class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIRs are not only variably expressed on the level of single NK cells but they are also highly polymorphic and polygenic (i.e. the gene content of the KIR cluster varies from individual to individual).
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
Integrins play a central role in mediating lymphocyte
adhesion to a number of surfaces. LFA-1 interacts with ICAMs
1-3 that are typically expressed on other immune system cells.
ICAM-4 also interacts with LFA-1, and is known to be
expressed on telencepahlic neurons.
VCAM-1 regulates
lymphocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells via Very
Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4).
To function in a circulating mode, leukocytes express LFA-1 and VLA-4 in a low ligand binding capacity. When leukocytes reach sites of imflammation, these integrins are switched to a higher binding state to guide the complex process of transmigration, tethering, rolling, arrest, adhesion and shape change.
Signal cascades between LFA-1 and VLA-4 may cross-talk affecting binding affinities in a reciprocal fashion.
Integrins play a central role in mediating lymphocyte
adhesion to a number of surfaces. LFA-1 interacts with ICAMs
1-3 that are typically expressed on other immune system cells.
ICAM-4 also interacts with LFA-1, and is known to be
expressed on telencepahlic neurons.
VCAM-1 regulates
lymphocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells via Very
Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4).
To function in a circulating mode, leukocytes express LFA-1 and VLA-4 in a low ligand binding capacity. When leukocytes reach sites of imflammation, these integrins are switched to a higher binding state to guide the complex process of transmigration, tethering, rolling, arrest, adhesion and shape change.
Signal cascades between LFA-1 and VLA-4 may cross-talk affecting binding affinities in a reciprocal fashion.
A hallmark of human NK cells is the expression of HLA class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIRs are not only variably expressed on the level of single NK cells but they are also highly polymorphic and polygenic (i.e. the gene content of the KIR cluster varies from individual to individual).
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
NKG2D is an activating immunoreceptor. By engaging NKG2D, HlA Class I-like molecules such as MICA, MICB, ULBP1-4 and RAE-1 provide powerful costimulation for NK cells and T-cells and can determine the magnitude and outcome of certain effector functions. NKG2D ligands are upregulated on the surfaces of cells under conditions of stress, for example infection or tumorigenesis, and therefore act as molecular flags to the immune system that something is wrong.
While not ubiquitously distributed, CD200 is expressed on a wide range of cell types including thymocytes, B-cells, activated T-cells, follicular dendritic cells,
endothelium, CNS neurons in the central nervous system, cells in reproductive organs, keratinocytes and renal glomeruli.
CD200R is a myeloid-inhibitory receptor, despite the absence of classical ITIMs in the cytoplasmic portion of the protein.
Interestingly, CD200 is also expressed on neurons within the CNS and would be predicted to modulate activation of microglia through CD200R.
Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MADCAM1) is present in the endothelium of mucosa, and binds alpha-4 beta-7 integrin and L-selectin, regulating both the passage and retention of leukocytes in mucosal tissues. MADCAM1 has been shown to be present as a homodimer.
NK cells express adhesion molecules that allow interaction with their tumour targets, promoting their lysis.
For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.
A hallmark of human NK cells is the expression of HLA class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIRs are not only variably expressed on the level of single NK cells but they are also highly polymorphic and polygenic (i.e. the gene content of the KIR cluster varies from individual to individual).
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
A hallmark of human NK cells is the expression of HLA class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). KIRs are not only variably expressed on the level of single NK cells but they are also highly polymorphic and polygenic (i.e. the gene content of the KIR cluster varies from individual to individual).
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
L-selectin plays a major role in leukocyte traffic through lymph node high endothelial venules.
Both MAdCAM and GlyCAM-1 are major L-selectin ligands produced by these venules and mediate leukocyte rolling, particularly in lymphocytes. They are also expressed in mammary tissue and play an important role in the transfer of immune cells into milk secretions.
The adhesive properties of CD34 and its potential role in homing lymphocytes to lymphoid tissues mimics the mechanims leukocytes adopt to travel to inflammatory sites.
NK cells express adhesion molecules that allow interaction with their tumour targets, promoting their lysis.
For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.
CD40 is a member of the Tumour Necrosis Factor receptor family and its ligand CD40L is a type II transmembrane protein of the TNF superfamily. The latter is expressed preferentially on T-cells and platelets. In the immune system, CD40-CD40L interaction affects some key processes such as immune cell activation, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. CD40-CD40L interaction also upregulates costimulatory molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, LFA-3, B7.1, B7.2, class II MHC, and CD40 itself).
<p>Molecules such as KIRs and LILRs form part of a crucial surveillance system that looks out for any derangement, usually caused by cancer or viral infection, in MHC Class I presentation. Somatic cells are also able to report internal functional impairment by displaying surface stress markers such as MICA. The presence of these molecules on somatic cells is picked up by C-lectin NK immune receptors.<p><p>Lymphoid cells are able to regulate their location and movement in accordance to their state of activation, and home in on tissues expressing the appropriate complementary ligands. For example, lymphoid cells may fine tune the presence and concentration of adhesion molecules belonging to the IgSF, Selectin and Integrin class that interact with a number of vascular markers of inflammation.<p><p>Furthermore, there are a number of avenues through which lymphoid cells may interact with antigen. This may be presented directly to a specific T-cell receptor in the context of an MHC molecule. Antigen-antibody complexes may anchor to the cell via a small number of lymphoid-specific Fc receptors that may, in turn, influence cell function further. Activated complement factor C3d binds to both antigen and to cell surface receptor CD21. In such cases, the far-reaching influence of CD19 on B-lymphocyte function is tempered by its interaction with CD21.
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There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.
For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
Signaling mechanisms are employed that are similar to the ones adopted by the closely related killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs). ITIMs recruit inhibitory phosphatases that dephosphorylate ITIM and ITAM domains in order to influence intracellular signaling cascades. In contrast, activating LILRs, which lack any signaling domains of their own, rely on association with an adaptor protein such as FceRI-gamma to transmit their signal through its intracellular ITAMs.
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
adhesion to a number of surfaces. LFA-1 interacts with ICAMs 1-3 that are typically expressed on other immune system cells. ICAM-4 also interacts with LFA-1, and is known to be
expressed on telencepahlic neurons.VCAM-1 regulates lymphocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells via Very Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4).
To function in a circulating mode, leukocytes express LFA-1 and VLA-4 in a low ligand binding capacity. When leukocytes reach sites of imflammation, these integrins are switched to a higher binding state to guide the complex process of transmigration, tethering, rolling, arrest, adhesion and shape change.
Signal cascades between LFA-1 and VLA-4 may cross-talk affecting binding affinities in a reciprocal fashion.
adhesion to a number of surfaces. LFA-1 interacts with ICAMs 1-3 that are typically expressed on other immune system cells. ICAM-4 also interacts with LFA-1, and is known to be
expressed on telencepahlic neurons.VCAM-1 regulates lymphocyte adhesion to activated endothelial cells via Very Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4).
To function in a circulating mode, leukocytes express LFA-1 and VLA-4 in a low ligand binding capacity. When leukocytes reach sites of imflammation, these integrins are switched to a higher binding state to guide the complex process of transmigration, tethering, rolling, arrest, adhesion and shape change.
Signal cascades between LFA-1 and VLA-4 may cross-talk affecting binding affinities in a reciprocal fashion.
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
endothelium, CNS neurons in the central nervous system, cells in reproductive organs, keratinocytes and renal glomeruli.
CD200R is a myeloid-inhibitory receptor, despite the absence of classical ITIMs in the cytoplasmic portion of the protein.
Interestingly, CD200 is also expressed on neurons within the CNS and would be predicted to modulate activation of microglia through CD200R.For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
There are 15 functional KIR genes known to date, 11 encoding receptors with two immunoglobulin domains (KIR2D genes) and 4 with three domains (KIR3D genes). Inhibitory KIR genes are characterized by long cytoplasmic tails featuring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), which upon engagement transmit inhibitory signals leading to the general shutdown of NK cell effector functions. There are six inhibitory KIRs with clearly defined specificities, all of the inhibitory kind and all for HLA class I allotypes: KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 for HLA-C group 1, KIR2DL1 for HLA-C group 2, KIR3DL1 for HLA-B (Bw4 epitope), KIR3DL2 with HLA-A3 and KIR2DL4 with HLA-G.
In contrast, stimulatory KIR have short cytoplasmic tails lacking ITIM, but have a charged amino acid in the transmembrane region that provides a docking site for the activating adapter molecule DAP12. KIR2DS1 is known to bind HLA-C group 2 and KIR2DS2 binds HLA-C group 1.
Both MAdCAM and GlyCAM-1 are major L-selectin ligands produced by these venules and mediate leukocyte rolling, particularly in lymphocytes. They are also expressed in mammary tissue and play an important role in the transfer of immune cells into milk secretions.
The adhesive properties of CD34 and its potential role in homing lymphocytes to lymphoid tissues mimics the mechanims leukocytes adopt to travel to inflammatory sites.
For instance, the activating receptor CD226 is known to be involved in cytotoxic lymphocyte formation, as well as platelet adhesion to the endothelium. The cytoplasmic domain of CD226 contains binding motifs for members of the band 4.1 family of proteins, and for members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase homolog (MAGUK) family. These proteins connect the CD226 receptor to the cytoskeleton and may promote clustering with LFA-1 integrin (also discussed in this pathway), which is known to participate in CD226's signaling cascade. CD226 plays a role in transendothelial migration, where it facilitates adherence to endothelial cells and migration between cell junctions.
Nectin-2 binds CD226. It is ubiquitously expressed in cells of various tissues, especially in epithelial cells, neurons and fibroblasts. Like many other nectin and Necl proteins, nectin-2 serves as a viral entry receptor for alpha-herpesviruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The other CD226 ligand, Necl-5, was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus.
CD96, another ligand for Necl-5, is strongly upregulated in activated NK cells.
CRTAM is similarly up-regulated, and has been shown to to bind Necl-2, promoting NK cell cytotoxicity towards otherwise poorly immunogenic targets.