Activated PKN1 stimulates transcription of AR-regulated genes KLK2 and KLK3 (Homo sapiens)
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Description
PKN1, activated by phosphorylation at threonine T774, binds activated AR (androgen receptor) and promotes transcription from AR-regulated promoters. On one hand, phosphorylated PKN1 promotes the formation of a functional complex of AR with the transcriptional coactivator NCOA2 (TIF2) (Metzger et al. 2003). On the other hand, binding of phosphorylated PKN1, in complex with the activated AR, to androgen-reponsive promoters of KLK2 and KLK3 (PSA) genes, leads to PKN1-mediated histone phosphorylation. PKN1-phosphorylated histones recruit histone demethylases KDM4C (JMJD2C) and KDM1A (LSD1), and the ensuing demethylation of histones associated with the promoter regions of KLK2 and KLK3 genes increases their transcription (Metzger et al. 2005, Metzger et al. 2008).
Source:Reactome.
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Bibliography
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- Hutchinson CL, Lowe PN, McLaughlin SH, Mott HR, Owen D.; ''Mutational analysis reveals a single binding interface between RhoA and its effector, PRK1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Owen D, Lowe PN, Nietlispach D, Brosnan CE, Chirgadze DY, Parker PJ, Blundell TL, Mott HR.; ''Molecular dissection of the interaction between the small G proteins Rac1 and RhoA and protein kinase C-related kinase 1 (PRK1).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Yoshinaga C, Mukai H, Toshimori M, Miyamoto M, Ono Y.; ''Mutational analysis of the regulatory mechanism of PKN: the regulatory region of PKN contains an arachidonic acid-sensitive autoinhibitory domain.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Torbett NE, Casamassima A, Parker PJ.; ''Hyperosmotic-induced protein kinase N 1 activation in a vesicular compartment is dependent upon Rac1 and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Flynn P, Mellor H, Casamassima A, Parker PJ.; ''Rho GTPase control of protein kinase C-related protein kinase activation by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Palmer RH, Dekker LV, Woscholski R, Le Good JA, Gigg R, Parker PJ.; ''Activation of PRK1 by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. A comparison with protein kinase C isotypes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Modha R, Campbell LJ, Nietlispach D, Buhecha HR, Owen D, Mott HR.; ''The Rac1 polybasic region is required for interaction with its effector PRK1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Hamaguchi T, Ito M, Feng J, Seko T, Koyama M, Machida H, Takase K, Amano M, Kaibuchi K, Hartshorne DJ, Nakano T.; ''Phosphorylation of CPI-17, an inhibitor of myosin phosphatase, by protein kinase N.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Dettori R, Sonzogni S, Meyer L, Lopez-Garcia LA, Morrice NA, Zeuzem S, Engel M, Piiper A, Neimanis S, Frödin M, Biondi RM.; ''Regulation of the interaction between protein kinase C-related protein kinase 2 (PRK2) and its upstream kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Hutchinson CL, Lowe PN, McLaughlin SH, Mott HR, Owen D.; ''Differential binding of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC to protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) isoforms PRK1, PRK2, and PRK3: PRKs have the highest affinity for RhoB.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Collazos A, Michael N, Whelan RD, Kelly G, Mellor H, Pang LC, Totty N, Parker PJ.; ''Site recognition and substrate screens for PKN family proteins.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Maesaki R, Ihara K, Shimizu T, Kuroda S, Kaibuchi K, Hakoshima T.; ''The structural basis of Rho effector recognition revealed by the crystal structure of human RhoA complexed with the effector domain of PKN/PRK1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Mukai H, Toshimori M, Shibata H, Takanaga H, Kitagawa M, Miyahara M, Shimakawa M, Ono Y.; ''Interaction of PKN with alpha-actinin.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Metzger E, Yin N, Wissmann M, Kunowska N, Fischer K, Friedrichs N, Patnaik D, Higgins JM, Potier N, Scheidtmann KH, Buettner R, Schüle R.; ''Phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 11 establishes a novel chromatin mark for transcriptional regulation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Matsuzawa K, Kosako H, Inagaki N, Shibata H, Mukai H, Ono Y, Amano M, Kaibuchi K, Matsuura Y, Azuma I, Inagaki M.; ''Domain-specific phosphorylation of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein by PKN.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Whetstine JR, Nottke A, Lan F, Huarte M, Smolikov S, Chen Z, Spooner E, Li E, Zhang G, Colaiacovo M, Shi Y.; ''Reversal of histone lysine trimethylation by the JMJD2 family of histone demethylases.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Metzger E, Wissmann M, Yin N, Müller JM, Schneider R, Peters AH, Günther T, Buettner R, Schüle R.; ''LSD1 demethylates repressive histone marks to promote androgen-receptor-dependent transcription.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Zong H, Raman N, Mickelson-Young LA, Atkinson SJ, Quilliam LA.; ''Loop 6 of RhoA confers specificity for effector binding, stress fiber formation, and cellular transformation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Metzger E, Müller JM, Ferrari S, Buettner R, Schüle R.; ''A novel inducible transactivation domain in the androgen receptor: implications for PRK in prostate cancer.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Misaki K, Mukai H, Yoshinaga C, Oishi K, Isagawa T, Takahashi M, Ohsumi K, Kishimoto T, Ono Y.; ''PKN delays mitotic timing by inhibition of Cdc25C: possible involvement of PKN in the regulation of cell division.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Kato T, Gotoh Y, Hoffmann A, Ono Y.; ''Negative regulation of constitutive NF-kappaB and JNK signaling by PKN1-mediated phosphorylation of TRAF1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
History
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External references
DataNodes
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Name | Type | Database reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
2OG | Metabolite | CHEBI:30915 (ChEBI) | |
6-Dehydrotestosterone | Metabolite | CHEBI:29117 (ChEBI) | |
ADP | Metabolite | CHEBI:16761 (ChEBI) | |
AR | Protein | P10275 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
AR:Androgen | Complex | R-HSA-5625732 (Reactome) | |
ATP | Metabolite | CHEBI:15422 (ChEBI) | |
CH2O | Metabolite | CHEBI:16842 (ChEBI) | |
CO2 | Metabolite | CHEBI:16526 (ChEBI) | |
DHTEST | Metabolite | CHEBI:16330 (ChEBI) | |
HIST1H4 | Protein | P62805 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
KDM1A | Protein | O60341 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
KDM1A | Protein | O60341 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
KDM4C | Protein | Q9H3R0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
KDM4C | Protein | Q9H3R0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
KLK2 Gene | Protein | ENSG00000167751 (ENSEMBL) | |
KLK2,3
Gene:Nucleosome with Me3K-10-H3 | Complex | R-HSA-5625764 (Reactome) | |
KLK2,3 genes | R-HSA-5625769 (Reactome) | ||
KLK2,KLK3 | R-HSA-5625882 (Reactome) | ||
KLK3 Gene | Protein | ENSG00000142515 (ENSEMBL) | |
Me3K-10-H3F3A | Protein | P84243 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
Me3K-10-HIST1H3A | Protein | P68431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
Me3K-10-HIST2H3A | Protein | Q71DI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
NCOA2 | Protein | Q15596 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
NCOA2 | Protein | Q15596 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
O2 | Metabolite | CHEBI:15379 (ChEBI) | |
RHO GTPases activate PKNs | Pathway | R-HSA-5625740 (Reactome) | Protein kinases N (PKN), also known as protein kinase C-related kinases (PKR) feature a C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain and three RHO-binding motifs at the N-terminus. RHO GTPases RHOA, RHOB, RHOC and RAC1 bind PKN1, PKN2 and PKN3 (Maesaki et al. 1999, Zhong et al. 1999, Owen et al. 2003, Modha et al. 2008, Hutchinson et al. 2011, Hutchinson et al. 2013), bringing them in proximity to the PIP3-activated co-activator PDPK1 (PDK1) (Flynn et al. 2000, Torbett et al. 2003). PDPK1 phosphorylates PKNs on a highly conserved threonine residue in the kinase activation loop, which is a prerequisite for PKN activation. Phosphorylation of other residues might also be involved in activation (Flynn et al. 2000, Torbett et al. 2003, Dettori et al. 2009). PKNs are activated by fatty acids like arachidonic acid and phospholipids in vitro, but the in vivo significance of this activation remains unclear (Palmer et al. 1995, Yoshinaga et al. 1999). PKNs play important roles in diverse functions, including regulation of cell cycle, receptor trafficking, vesicle transport and apoptosis. PKN is also involved in the ligand-dependent transcriptional activation by the androgen receptor. More than 20 proteins and several peptides have been shown to be phosphorylated by PKN1 and PKN2, including CPI-17 (Hamaguchi et al. 2000), alpha-actinin (Mukai et al. 1997), adducin (Collazos et al. 2011), CDC25C (Misaki et al. 2001), vimentin (Matsuzawa et al. 1997), TRAF1 (Kato et al. 2008), CLIP170 (Collazos et al. 2011) and EGFR (Collazos et al. 2011). There are no known substrates for PKN3 (Collazos et al. 2011). |
SUCCA | Metabolite | CHEBI:15741 (ChEBI) | |
TEST | Metabolite | CHEBI:17347 (ChEBI) | |
androst-4-en-3,17-dione | Metabolite | CHEBI:16422 (ChEBI) | |
p-T12, Me2K-10-HIST1H3A | Protein | P68431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12, Me2K-10-HIST2H3A | Protein | Q71DI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12, Me3K-10-HIST1H3A | Protein | P68431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12, Me3K-10-HIST2H3A | Protein | Q71DI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12, Me2K-10-H3F3A | Protein | P84243 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12,Me3K-10-H3F3A | Protein | P84243 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12,MeK-10-HIST1H3A | Protein | P68431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12,MeK-H3F3A | Protein | P84243 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12,MeK-HIST2H3A | Protein | Q71DI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12-H3F3A | Protein | P84243 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12-HIST1H3A | Protein | P68431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T12-HIST2H3A | Protein | Q71DI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T774-PKN1 | Protein | Q16512 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with Me3K-10-H3 | Complex | R-HSA-5625776 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12, Me3K-10-H3:KDM4C | Complex | R-HSA-5625795 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,Me3K-10-H3 | Complex | R-HSA-5625782 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12-H3 | Complex | R-HSA-5625874 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12-Me2K-10-H3 | Complex | R-HSA-5625789 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,Me2K-10-H3:KDM1A | Complex | R-HSA-5625850 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,MeK-10-H3:KDM1A | Complex | R-HSA-5625863 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:NCOA2 | Complex | R-HSA-5625718 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen | Complex | R-HSA-5625734 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen | Complex | R-HSA-5625736 (Reactome) | |
p-T774-PKN1 | Protein | Q16512 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) |
Annotated Interactions
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Source | Target | Type | Database reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
2OG | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | |||
2OG | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | |||
2OG | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | |||
ADP | Arrow | R-HSA-5625784 (Reactome) | ||
AR:Androgen | R-HSA-5625717 (Reactome) | |||
ATP | R-HSA-5625784 (Reactome) | |||
CH2O | Arrow | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | ||
CH2O | Arrow | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | ||
CH2O | Arrow | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | ||
CO2 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | ||
CO2 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | ||
CO2 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | ||
KDM1A | Arrow | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | ||
KDM1A | R-HSA-5625849 (Reactome) | |||
KDM4C | Arrow | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | ||
KDM4C | R-HSA-5625796 (Reactome) | |||
KLK2,3
Gene:Nucleosome with Me3K-10-H3 | R-HSA-5625774 (Reactome) | |||
KLK2,3 genes | R-HSA-5625883 (Reactome) | |||
KLK2,KLK3 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625883 (Reactome) | ||
NCOA2 | R-HSA-5625745 (Reactome) | |||
O2 | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | |||
O2 | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | |||
O2 | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | |||
R-HSA-5625717 (Reactome) | Activated PKN1 binds androgen-activated AR (androgen receptor) (Metzger et al. 2003). | |||
R-HSA-5625738 (Reactome) | Binding of activated PKN1 to the androgen-activated AR (androgen receptor) promotes translocation of the p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen complex into the nucleus (Metzger et al. 2003). | |||
R-HSA-5625745 (Reactome) | Binding of PKN1 to androgen-activated AR (androgen receptor) promotes the formation of a functional complex of AR with the transcriptional coactivator NCOA2 (TIF2) (Metzger et al. 2003). | |||
R-HSA-5625774 (Reactome) | PKN1 in complex with the activated AR (androgen receptor) binds promoters of KLK2 and KLK3 (PSA) genes (Metzger et al. 2008). | |||
R-HSA-5625784 (Reactome) | PKN1 (PRK1), recruited to promoters of KLK2 and KLK3 (PSA) genes through association with the activated androgen receptor (AR), phosphorylates promoter-bound nucleosomes on threonine residue T12 (also labeled as T11 in literature) of histone 3, creating the H3T11 mark (Metzger et al. 2008). | |||
R-HSA-5625796 (Reactome) | Phosphorylation of histone 3 at threonine residue T12 (also labeled in literature as T11) by PKN1 enables recruitment of demethylase KDM4C (JMJD2C) to trimethylated histone 3 at KLK2 and KLK3 promoters (Metzger et al. 2008). KDM4C specifically binds to trimethylated lysine residues (Whetstine et al. 2006). | |||
R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | KDM4C (JMJD2C) demethylates trimethylated lysine K10 of histone 3 in nucleosomes associated with promoters of KLK2 and KLK3 (PSA) genes (Metzger et al. 2008), converting it to dimethylated lysine (Whetstine et al. 2006). | |||
R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | PKN1-mediated phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine residue T12 (also labeled in literature as Thr11) enables demethylation of histone H3 lysine K10 (also labeled in literature as K9) by demethylase KDM1A (LSD1) (Metzger et al. 2008). KDM1A acts on dimethylated and monomethylated H3K9 at AR-regulated promoters (Metzger et al. 2005), so it is shown that demethylation of dimethylated H3K9 (Me2K-10-H3) by KDM1A happens after demethylation of trimethylated H3K9 (Me3K-10-H3) by KDM4C (JMJD2C). | |||
R-HSA-5625849 (Reactome) | PKN1-mediated phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine residue 12 (also labeled in literature as Thr11) enables recruitment of KDM1A (LSD1) demethylase to AR-regulated promoters KLK2 and KLK3 (PSA) (Metzger et al. 2008). | |||
R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | PKN1-mediated phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine residue T12 (also labeled in literature as Thr11) enables demethylation of histone H3 lysine K10 (also labeled in literature as K9) by demethylase KDM1A (LSD1) (Metzger et al. 2008). KDM1A acts on dimethylated and monomethylated H3K9 at AR-regulated promoters (Metzger et al. 2005), so it is shown that KDM1A-mediated demethylation of monomethylated H3K9 (MeK-10-H3) happens sequentially after KDM1A-mediated demethylation of dimethylated H3K9 (Me2K-10-H3). | |||
R-HSA-5625883 (Reactome) | PKN1-facilitated demethylation of histones at promoters of KLK2 and KLK3 genes stimulates transcription of KLK2 and KLK3 (Metzger et al. 2005, Metzger et al. 2008). | |||
SUCCA | Arrow | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | ||
SUCCA | Arrow | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | ||
SUCCA | Arrow | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with Me3K-10-H3 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625774 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with Me3K-10-H3 | R-HSA-5625784 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with Me3K-10-H3 | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-5625784 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12, Me3K-10-H3:KDM4C | Arrow | R-HSA-5625796 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12, Me3K-10-H3:KDM4C | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12, Me3K-10-H3:KDM4C | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,Me3K-10-H3 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625784 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,Me3K-10-H3 | R-HSA-5625796 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12-H3 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12-H3 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625883 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12-Me2K-10-H3 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625797 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12-Me2K-10-H3 | R-HSA-5625849 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,Me2K-10-H3:KDM1A | Arrow | R-HSA-5625849 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,Me2K-10-H3:KDM1A | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,Me2K-10-H3:KDM1A | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,MeK-10-H3:KDM1A | Arrow | R-HSA-5625848 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,MeK-10-H3:KDM1A | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:KLK2,KLK3 Gene:Nucleosome with p-T12,MeK-10-H3:KDM1A | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-5625870 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen:NCOA2 | Arrow | R-HSA-5625745 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen | Arrow | R-HSA-5625717 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen | Arrow | R-HSA-5625738 (Reactome) | ||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen | R-HSA-5625738 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen | R-HSA-5625745 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1:AR:Androgen | R-HSA-5625774 (Reactome) | |||
p-T774-PKN1 | R-HSA-5625717 (Reactome) |