Heme biosynthesis (Pan troglodytes)

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succinyl-CoA + glycinerate limiting stepFe2+Red - side productsdelta-aminolevulinateBlack - reactantsprotoporphyrinogen IXH+delta-aminolevulinateCPOXCO2H2Oprotoporphyrin IXhydroxymethylbilaneuroporphyrinogen IIIporphobilinogenPorphobilinogenURODO2protohemeO2UROSPPOXALAS1CO2ALADFECHHMBSH2ONH3CO2ALAS2coproporphyrinogen IIICoAH2O2H2O


Description

The enzymatic process that produces heme is properly called porphyrin synthesis, as all the intermediates are tetrapyrroles that are chemically classified are porphyrins. The process is highly conserved across biology. In humans, this pathway serves almost exclusively to form heme. In other species, it also produces similar substances such as cobalamin (vitamin B12).

The pathway is initiated by the synthesis of D-Aminolevulinic acid (dALA or δALA) from the amino acid glycine and succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The rate-limiting enzyme responsible for this reaction, ALA synthase, is strictly regulated by intracellular iron levels and heme concentration. A low-iron level, e.g., in iron deficiency, leads to decreased porphyrin synthesis, which prevents accumulation of the toxic intermediates. This mechanism is of therapeutic importance: infusion of heme arginate or hematin can abort attacks of porphyria in patients with an inborn error of metabolism of this process, by reducing transcription of ALA synthase.

The organs mainly involved in heme synthesis are the liver and the bone marrow, although every cell requires heme to function properly. Heme is seen as an intermediate molecule in catabolism of haemoglobin in the process of bilirubin metabolism.

Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme

Comments

HomologyConvert 
This pathway was inferred from Homo sapiens pathway WP561(r21860) with a 60% conversion rate.

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
117403view10:36, 21 May 2021EweitzModified title
106914view13:38, 17 September 2019MaintBotHMDB identifier normalization
89924view13:34, 6 October 2016MkutmonModified description
88639view14:51, 12 August 2016JmeliusOntology Term : 'heme biosynthetic pathway' added !
71958view23:27, 23 October 2013MaintBotremoved data source from nodes without identifier
69997view22:33, 11 July 2013MaintBotupdated to 2013 schema
41533view01:57, 2 March 2011MaintBotRemoved redundant pathway information and comments
35291view22:53, 11 February 2010Mills42Modified description
34269view21:53, 9 December 2009MaintBotAutomatic update of empty xrefs
33518view15:20, 30 November 2009MaintBotRemoved group label
30417view21:15, 29 July 2009MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
ALADGeneProduct464675 (Entrez Gene)
ALAS1GeneProduct460416 (Entrez Gene)
ALAS2GeneProduct473626 (Entrez Gene)
CO2MetaboliteHMDB01967 (HMDB)
CPOXGeneProduct460544 (Entrez Gene)
CoAMetaboliteHMDB01423 (HMDB)
FECHGeneProduct455437 (Entrez Gene)
H2O2MetaboliteHMDB03125 (HMDB)
H2OMetaboliteHMDB02111 (HMDB)
HMBSGeneProduct744366 (Entrez Gene)
NH3MetaboliteHMDB00051 (HMDB)
O2MetaboliteHMDB01377 (HMDB)
PPOXGeneProduct457450 (Entrez Gene)
PorphobilinogenMetaboliteHMDB00245 (HMDB)
URODGeneProduct456541 (Entrez Gene)
UROSGeneProduct450813 (Entrez Gene)
coproporphyrinogen IIIMetabolite
hydroxymethylbilaneMetabolite
porphobilinogenMetabolite
protohemeMetabolite
protoporphyrin IXMetabolite
uroporphyrinogen IIIMetabolite

Annotated Interactions

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