Peptide hormone biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)

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Bibliography

1. Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S, Raffin-Sanson ML, Sanders L, Montague CT, Hutton JC, O'Rahilly S.; ''Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
2. Fujiki Y, Rathnam P, Saxena BB.; ''Studies on the disulfide bonds in human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
3. Sairam MR, Li CH.; ''Human pituitary lutropin. Isolation, properties, and the complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
4. Rull K, Laan M.; ''Expression of beta-subunit of HCG genes during normal and failed pregnancy.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
5. Fares F.; ''The role of O-linked and N-linked oligosaccharides on the structure-function of glycoprotein hormones: development of agonists and antagonists.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
6. LEE TH, LERNER AB, BUETTNER-JANUSCH V.; ''On the structure of human corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
7. Beebe JS, Mountjoy K, Krzesicki RF, Perini F, Ruddon RW.; ''Role of disulfide bond formation in the folding of human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit into an alpha beta dimer assembly-competent form.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
8. Chin WW, Habener JF.; ''Thyroid-stimulating hormone subunits: evidence from endoglycosidase-H cleavage for late presecretory glycosylation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
9. Tager HS, Steiner DF.; ''Peptide hormones.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

External references

DataNodes

Name	Type	Database reference	Comment
ACTIVIN	Complex	R-HSA-1449689 (Reactome)
CGA	Protein	P01215 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CGA	Protein	P01215 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CGB3	Protein	P0DN86 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CGB3	Protein	P0DN86 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Ca2+	Metabolite	CHEBI:29108 (ChEBI)
FSHB	Protein	P01225 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FSHB	Protein	P01225 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Follitropin	Complex	R-HSA-378947 (Reactome)
Gonadotropin	Complex	R-HSA-378941 (Reactome)
INHA	Protein	P05111 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INHBA	Protein	P08476 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INHBB	Protein	P09529 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INHBC	Protein	P55103 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INHBE	Protein	P58166 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INHIB	Complex	R-HSA-1449688 (Reactome)
LHB	Protein	P01229 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LHB	Protein	P01229 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PC1:calcium cofactor	Complex	R-HSA-378974 (Reactome)
PCSK1	Protein	P29120 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POMC(1-241)	Protein	P01189 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POMC(138-176)	Protein	P01189 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TSHB	Protein	P01222 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TSHB	Protein	P01222 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Thyrotropin	Complex	R-HSA-378994 (Reactome)
glyco-Lutropin	Complex	R-HSA-378969 (Reactome)
homoINHB		R-HSA-1449699 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

Source	Target	Type	Database reference	Comment
ACTIVIN		Arrow	R-HSA-378975 (Reactome)
CGA			R-HSA-378952 (Reactome)
CGA			R-HSA-378956 (Reactome)
CGA			R-HSA-378975 (Reactome)
CGA			R-HSA-378978 (Reactome)
CGB3			R-HSA-378978 (Reactome)
FSHB			R-HSA-378975 (Reactome)
	Follitropin	Arrow	R-HSA-378975 (Reactome)
	Gonadotropin	Arrow	R-HSA-378978 (Reactome)
INHIB		TBar	R-HSA-378975 (Reactome)
LHB			R-HSA-378956 (Reactome)
PC1:calcium cofactor		mim-catalysis	R-HSA-265301 (Reactome)
POMC(1-241)			R-HSA-265301 (Reactome)
	POMC(138-176)	Arrow	R-HSA-265301 (Reactome)
			R-HSA-265301 (Reactome)	Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) is a 39-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. It is often produced in response to biological stress (along with corticotropin-releasing hormone). Its principal effects are increased production of androgens and cortisol. Corticotropin is processed from the precursor pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The enzyme that performs the cleavage of POMC to corticotropin is prohormone convertase 1 (PC1). In addition to corticotropin, POMC is processed into other small, biologically active fragments. These include lipotropins, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphins.
			R-HSA-378952 (Reactome)	Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) is a glycopeptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. Like other glycoprotein hormones, TSH consists of a common alpha subunit and a beta subunit unique to TSH which determines its specificty. TSH binds to TSH receptor to stimulate the release of the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (Chin and Habener 1981).
			R-HSA-378956 (Reactome)	Luteinizing hormone (LH, lutropin) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In females it can trigger ovulation whereas in males it stimulates testosterone production. Like other glycoproteins, lutropin is composed of a common alpha subunit bound to a unique beta subunit (Sairam MR and Li CH, 1975). The beta subunit is responsible for lutropin's interaction with the LH receptor. N-Linked oligosaccharides terminating with the sequence SO(4)-4-GalNAcbeta1,4-GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha are present on the pituitary hormones LH, thyrotropin, and pro-opiomelanocortin. These sulfated structures are essential for their biologic function (Fares 2006).
			R-HSA-378975 (Reactome)	Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the reproductive processes of the human body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction. In the female ovary, FSH stimulates the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturation. In males, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein, required for spermatogenesis. Like the other glycoprotein hormones, FSH consists of a common alpha subunit and a unique beta subunit. Inhibins and activins are two closely related complexes which inhibit and activate respectively, FSH synthesis and secretion (Bilezikjian et al, 2006).
			R-HSA-378978 (Reactome)	Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy. Its role is to maintain progesterone production by preventing the disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and thus sustain the growing foetus (Rull & Laan 2005). Gonadotropin comprises an alpha subunit (CGA), common to the pituitary gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH and TSH) and a distinct beta subunit (CGB3), unique for each hormone which confers receptor and biological specificity. The subunits are bound by six intrachain disulfide bonds, required for dimer formation (Beebe et al. 1990)
TSHB			R-HSA-378952 (Reactome)
	Thyrotropin	Arrow	R-HSA-378952 (Reactome)
	glyco-Lutropin	Arrow	R-HSA-378956 (Reactome)