SIDS Susceptibility Pathways (Gallus gallus)

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4319493, 2113, 43, 47333111266335, 2765283312231220616371737361229183113131111842181311813139IVS-191_190insASoma MembraneG-alpha-iG2989TOtherPutative TRsmisc coding regionPutative TRSIDS Susceptibility PathwaysHNVagal ToneG-gamma BrownAdiposeCardiac myocyteIncreased brainstem hypoplasia with SIDSSph: SIDS Animal Model PhenotypeIncreased long-QT with SIDSOHSPhNerve TerminalcAMPPutative TRsK+Putative TRsSerotonin Synthesis and MetabolismFocal AdhesionsSPhOH2HONHNucleus+101A>GCell Membrane Slowly-Activating Potassium CurrentK+Putative TRRapidly-activating Potassium CurrentPutative TRsPutative TRHOBradycardiaAssociated with Infection and SIDSIncreased relative SIDS expression2+SleepcircadianO22HNOther NeuronalNucleusHNrs6295 (-1019)OHHOHeartG-alpha-sPutative TRsC825Tdepression4R/4RCaSerotonin Neuron SpecificationSerotonin SignalingTRrSerotonin producing raphe neuronSarcoplasmic ReticulumPutative TRSIDS associated polymorphismsTRr: Transcriptional RepressorNHrs2856966BrainOThermoregulationTRrMiscelaneous SIDS AssociatedG-alphaPutative TRsNHDecreased relative SIDS expressionPutative TRNo SIDS associated polymorphismsPutative TRG5477APutative TRInfant (<1 year in age)Putative TRsNa+G-betaOSPhHNG-alpha-qPutative TRs3834489102243526262440HTR2A5-HTKCNH2 MAOARYR2AVPNKX3-1RESTASCL1TLX3HES1C4BSLC6A4HES5CC2D1AMAOAKCNH2 CDCA7LCHRNB2ARKCNQ1KCNQ1VIPR1GATA3POU3F2POU3F2HTR1AIL10LMX1BRYR2NKX2-2L-TryptophanTPH1ADCYAP1PPARGC1BHSPD1DDCCREB1SCN5ATPH2CTCFDDCYBX1NR3C1GATA2TPH25-HTPTNFRESTIL6FEVCAV3IL6RCHRNB4PHOX2BTPH1EP300HTR1A5-HIAAPHOX2ACHRNA4C4ANFKB1RESTGNB3DEAF15-HTRETFEVCAV3SCN5AADCYAP1R1FOXM1SP1RORAEN15-HTVIPR2ECE1NicotineSP1NFYAPPARGC1AADCYAP12564332304122114468371523, 447294512


Description

In this model, we provide an integrated view of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) at the level of implicated tissues, signaling networks and genetics. The purpose of this model is to serve as an overview of research in this field and recommend new candidates for more focused or genome wide analyses. SIDS is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant (less than 1 year of age), almost always during deep sleep, where no cause of death can be found by autopsy. Factors that mediate SIDS are likely to be both biological and behavioral, such as sleeping position, environment and stress during a critical phase of infant development (http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/Sudden_Infant_Death_Syndrome.cfm). While no clear diagnostic markers currently exist, several polymorphisms have been identified which are significantly over-represented in distinct SIDS ethnic population. The large majority of these polymorphisms exist in genes associated with neuronal signaling, cardiac contraction and inflammatory response. These and other lines of evidence suggest that SIDS has a strong autonomic nervous system component (PMID:12350301). One of the neuronal nuclei most strongly implicated in SIDS has been the raphe nucleus of the brain stem. In this nuclei there are ultrastructural, cellular and molecular changes associated with SIDS relative to controls (PMID:19342987). This region of the brain is responsible for the large majority of serotonin that is produced in the human body and is functionally important in the regulation of normal cardiopulmonary activity, sleep and thermoregulation (see associated references).

Genes associated with serotonin synthesis and receptivity have some of the strongest genetic association with SIDS. Principle among these genes is the serotonin transporter SLC6A4 and the serotonin receptor HTR1A. SLC6A4 exhibits decreased expression in the raphe nucleus of the medulla oblongata and polymorphisms specifically associated with SIDS (PMID:19342987). In 75% of infants with SIDS, there is decreased HTR1A expression relative to controls along with an increase in the number of raphe serotonin neurons (PMID:19342987). Over-expression of the mouse orthologue of the HTR1A gene in the juvenile mouse medulla produces an analogous phenotype to SIDS with death due to bradycardia and hypothermia (PMID:18599790). These genes as well as those involved in serotonin synthesis are predicted to be transcriptionally regulated by a common factor, FEV (human orthologue of PET-1). PET-1 knock-out results in up to a 90% loss of serotonin neurons (PMID:12546819), while polymorphisms in FEV are over-represented in African American infants with SIDS. In addition to FEV, other transcription factors implicated in the regulation of these genes (Putative transcriptional regulators (TRs)) and FEV are also listed (see associated references). In addition to serotonin, vasopressin signaling and its regulation by serotonin appear to be important in a common pathway of cardiopulmonary regulation (PMID:2058745). A protein that associates with vasopressin signaling, named pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (ADCYAP1), results in a SIDS like phenotype, characterized by a high increase in spontaneous neonatal death, exacerbated by hypothermia and hypoxia (PMID:14608012), when disrupted in mice. Protein for this gene is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS), including autonomic control centers (PMID:12389210). ADCYAP1 and HTR1A are both predicted to be transcriptionally regulated by REST promoter binding. Regulation of G-protein coupled signaling pathways is illustrated for these genes, however, it is not clear whether ADCYAP1 acts directly upon raphe serotonin neurons.

Another potentially important class of receptors in SIDS is nicotine. Receptors for nicotine are expressed in serotonin neurons of the raphe throughout development (PMID:18986852). Application of nicotine or cigarette smoke is sufficient to inhibit electrical activity of raphe serotonin neurons (PMID:17515803) and chronic nicotine infusion in rats decreases expression of SLC6A4 (PMID:18778441). Furthermore, nicotine exposure reduces both HTR1A and HTR2A immunoreactivity in several nuclei of the brainstem (PMID:17451658).

In addition to CNS abnormalities, several studies have identified a critical link between cardiac arrhythmia (long QT syndrome) and SIDS (PMID:18928334). A number of genetic association studies identified functionally modifying mutations in critical cardiac channels in as many as 10% of all SIDS cases (PMID:18928334). These mutations have been predicted to predispose infants for long QT syndrome and sudden death. The highest proportion of SIDS associated mutations (both inherited and sporadic) is found in the sodium channel gene SCN5A. Examination of putative transcriptional regulators for these genes, highlights a diverse set of factors as well as a relatively common one (SP1).

Finally, several miscellaneous mutations have been identified in genes associated with inflammatory response and thermoregulation. Infection is considered a significant risk factor for SIDS (PMID:19114412). For inflammatory associated genes, such as TNF alpha, interleukin 10 and complement component 4, many of these mutations are only significant in the presence of infection and SIDS. In addition to these mutations, cerebrospinal fluid levels of IL6 are increased in SIDS cases as well as IL6R levels in the arcuate nucleus of the brain, another major site of serotonin synthesis (PMID:19396608). Genes such as ILR6 and ADCYAP1 are also associated with autoimmune disorders, thus SIDS may also be associated with autoinflammation of autonomic centers in the brain. Regulation of thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue has been proposed be an important component of SIDS, given that SIDS incidence is highest in the winter time and that animal models of SIDS demonstrate variation in body temperature. Interestingly, activation of raphe HTR1A decreases both shivering and peripheral vasoconstriction in piglets (18094064). Although a putative significant polymorphism was identified in the thermoregulator gene HSP60, this only occurred in one SIDS case. It is important to note that in the large majority of all these studies, sleeping position and smoking were among the most significant risk factors for SIDS.

In loving memory of Milo Salomonis (http://www.milosalomonis.org).

Comments

HomologyConvert 
This pathway was inferred from Homo sapiens pathway WP706(r30282) with a 62% conversion rate.

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
38184view20:59, 23 August 2010KhanspersDeleted pathway: human-specific
33864view17:47, 9 December 2009MaintBotAutomatic update of empty xrefs
33490view15:10, 30 November 2009MaintBotRemoved group label
31539view21:47, 13 August 2009MaintBotFixed text labels
30388view21:05, 29 July 2009MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
5-HIAAMetabolite
5-HTMetaboliteHMDB00259 (HMDB)
5-HTPMetaboliteHMDB00472 (HMDB)
ADCYAP1GeneProduct408251 (Entrez Gene)
ADCYAP1R1GeneProduct420386 (Entrez Gene)
ARGeneProduct422165 (Entrez Gene)
ASCL1GeneProduct386573 (Entrez Gene)
AVPGeneProduct396101 (Entrez Gene)
C4AGeneProduct
C4BGeneProduct
CAV3GeneProduct378796 (Entrez Gene)
CC2D1AGeneProduct
CDCA7LGeneProduct420608 (Entrez Gene)
CHRNA4GeneProduct395606 (Entrez Gene)
CHRNB2GeneProduct395605 (Entrez Gene)
CHRNB4GeneProduct395613 (Entrez Gene)
CREB1GeneProduct395099 (Entrez Gene)
CTCFGeneProduct396274 (Entrez Gene)
DDCGeneProduct420947 (Entrez Gene)
DEAF1GeneProduct423017 (Entrez Gene)
ECE1GeneProduct395459 (Entrez Gene)
EN1GeneProduct771008 (Entrez Gene)
EP300GeneProduct418000 (Entrez Gene)
FEVGeneProduct
FOXM1GeneProduct
GATA2GeneProduct416018 (Entrez Gene)
GATA3GeneProduct419106 (Entrez Gene)
GNB3GeneProduct427945 (Entrez Gene)
HES1GeneProduct395128 (Entrez Gene)
HES5GeneProduct419392 (Entrez Gene)
HSPD1GeneProduct424059 (Entrez Gene)
HTR1AGeneProduct431581 (Entrez Gene)
HTR2AGeneProduct428070 (Entrez Gene)
IL10GeneProduct428264 (Entrez Gene)
IL6GeneProduct395337 (Entrez Gene)
IL6RGeneProduct
KCNH2 GeneProduct
KCNQ1GeneProduct423090 (Entrez Gene)
L-TryptophanMetaboliteHMDB00929 (HMDB)
LMX1BGeneProduct396312 (Entrez Gene)
MAOAGeneProduct
NFKB1GeneProduct396033 (Entrez Gene)
NFYAGeneProduct419917 (Entrez Gene)
NKX2-2GeneProduct428549 (Entrez Gene)
NKX3-1GeneProduct
NR3C1GeneProduct416343 (Entrez Gene)
NicotineMetaboliteHMDB01934 (HMDB)
PHOX2AGeneProduct
PHOX2BGeneProduct395548 (Entrez Gene)
POU3F2GeneProduct
PPARGC1AGeneProduct422815 (Entrez Gene)
PPARGC1BGeneProduct416148 (Entrez Gene)
RESTGeneProduct422623 (Entrez Gene)
RETGeneProduct396107 (Entrez Gene)
RORAGeneProduct415377 (Entrez Gene)
RYR2GeneProduct421508 (Entrez Gene)
SCN5AGeneProduct395947 (Entrez Gene)
SLC6A4GeneProduct404747 (Entrez Gene) Contains an alternative promoter in the first and possibly second intron.
SP1GeneProduct395303 (Entrez Gene)
TLX3GeneProduct395867 (Entrez Gene)
TNFGeneProduct
TPH1GeneProduct
TPH2GeneProduct408026 (Entrez Gene)
VIPR1GeneProduct395329 (Entrez Gene)
VIPR2GeneProduct420453 (Entrez Gene)
YBX1GeneProduct386575 (Entrez Gene)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions
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