Glycogen metabolism (Gallus gallus)

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Ser/Thr Protein Phosphatase 2APhosphorylase KinaseSynthesisGlycolysisDegradationPYGMGSK3APHKA2CALM2Glucose 1-phosphatePPP2R2BPPP2R1BPHKG1PPP2CBGlycogencAMPPPP2R5APYGLGlycogenPPP2R3BGSK3BPHKG2RCJMB04_2f16PPP2R5DGlycogen (n+1)GYS2GYG1PPP2R5CUGP2PPP2R5BGlucose-1-phosphatePPP2R2CGlucose-6-phosphateAGLGBE1UGP2GYG2GYS1PHKBGlucosePHKA1PPP2R5EPPP2R3ACALM3Glycogen (n+1)PPP2CAPGM1PPP2R4RCJMB04_5f2UDP-glucoseCALM1PPP2R1A


Description

Glycogen is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues. Within skeletal musle and liver glucose is stored as glycogen. In the liver, glycogen synthesis and degradation are regulated to maintain blood-glucose levels as required to meet the needs of the organism as a whole. In contrast, in muscle, these processes are regulated to meet the energy needs of the muscle itself.

Glycogen synthesis Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic. This means that glycogen synthesis requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from UTP, which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in reaction catalysed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP-glucose by the enzyme glycogen synthase, which progressively lengthens the glycogen chain with (α1→4) bonded glucose. As glycogen synthase can only lengthen an existing chain, the protein glycogenin is needed to initiate the synthesis of glycogen. The glycogen-branching enzyme, amylo (α1→4) to (α1→6) transglycosylase, catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of 6-7 glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C-6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule. The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues, and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains.

Glycogen degradation Glycogen degradation consists of three steps: (1) the release of glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen, (2) the remodeling of the glycogen substrate to permit further degradation, and (3) the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate for further metabolism.

Information partly derived from "Biochemistry" by Stryer and Wikipedia.

Comments

HomologyConvert 
This pathway was inferred from Homo sapiens pathway WP500(r21730) with a 61% conversion rate.

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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
117200view10:33, 18 May 2021EweitzModified title
106128view12:02, 16 August 2019MaintBotHMDB identifier normalization
89813view11:49, 6 October 2016MkutmonModified description
72379view13:21, 13 November 2013EgonwRemoved a few data sources where no identifier was given.
70238view21:26, 15 July 2013MaintBotupdated to 2013 schema
67309view10:34, 26 June 2013Christine ChichesterOntology Term : 'glycogen metabolic pathway' added !
40949view22:53, 1 March 2011MaintBotRemoved redundant pathway information and comments
35730view23:40, 12 February 2010AlexanderPico
33877view17:52, 9 December 2009MaintBotAutomatic update of empty xrefs
33505view15:14, 30 November 2009MaintBotRemoved group label
30404view21:11, 29 July 2009MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
AGLGeneProduct424474 (Entrez Gene)
CALM1GeneProduct396523 (Entrez Gene)
CALM2GeneProduct
CALM3GeneProduct416692 (Entrez Gene)
GBE1GeneProduct427964 (Entrez Gene)
GSK3AGeneProduct
GSK3BGeneProduct418335 (Entrez Gene)
GYG1GeneProduct425050 (Entrez Gene)
GYG2GeneProduct418660 (Entrez Gene)
GYS1GeneProduct378934 (Entrez Gene)
GYS2GeneProduct418201 (Entrez Gene)
Glucose 1-phosphateMetaboliteHMDB01586 (HMDB)
Glucose-1-phosphateMetabolite
Glucose-6-phosphateMetabolite
GlucoseMetabolite
Glycogen (n+1)Metabolite
GlycogenMetabolite
PGM1GeneProduct424691 (Entrez Gene)
PHKA1GeneProduct422181 (Entrez Gene)
PHKA2GeneProduct418612 (Entrez Gene)
PHKBGeneProduct415741 (Entrez Gene)
PHKG1GeneProduct417543 (Entrez Gene)
PHKG2GeneProduct
PPP2CAGeneProduct416318 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2CBGeneProduct396021 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R1AGeneProduct
PPP2R1BGeneProduct777130 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R2BGeneProduct416350 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R2CGeneProduct422858 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R3AGeneProduct424733 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R3BGeneProduct418670 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R4GeneProduct426329 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5AGeneProduct421372 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5BGeneProduct
PPP2R5CGeneProduct423460 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5DGeneProduct421250 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5EGeneProduct423512 (Entrez Gene)
PYGLGeneProduct378909 (Entrez Gene)
PYGMGeneProduct
RCJMB04_2f16GeneProduct421248 (Entrez Gene)
RCJMB04_5f2GeneProduct419523 (Entrez Gene)
UDP-glucoseMetaboliteHMDB00286 (HMDB)
UGP2GeneProduct373900 (Entrez Gene)
cAMPMetaboliteHMDB00058 (HMDB)

Annotated Interactions

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