Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Homo sapiens)

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22, 26, 27, 30, 38...2, 7459, 73, 11418, 361027, 76, 10158, 881055794, 10515, 28, 54, 118, 13410, 111071303679, 93, 11644, 117108, 1221321276146, 62, 125, 128109, 12793, 1164, 12, 50, 60, 12152, 9916, 23, 31, 100, 12032, 48, 91, 119, 13556, 1233572, 9513, 81, 103, 12114, 8042, 84, 86, 897, 76, 1017, 76, 10145, 87, 137133513340, 77, 11147, 5334, 852912264, 1267, 76, 101988, 55, 9020, 1042, 7470, 110, 1151361, 5, 6792, 112659, 24, 41, 63, 96...19, 2117, 25, 49, 68, 71...75, 1051314372, 1113778, 79, 93, 116L-Amino Acids Di-peptides Di-peptides L-Amino Acids synaptic vesiclemitochondrial matrixSLC7A10SLC3A2 heterodimer cytosolHistidine/di-peptides SLC7A8SLC3A2 heterodimer Di-peptides/tri-peptides Di-peptides/tri-peptides SLC7A9SLC3A1 heterodimer Di-peptides Tri-peptides lysosomal lumenlate endosome lumenTri-peptides Golgi lumenSLC7A11SLC3A2 heterodimer SLC7A5SLC3A2 heterodimer L-Amino Acids SLC7A7SLC3A2 heterodimer SLC7A6SLC3A2 heterodimer early endosome lumenL-Ser ligands of SLC38A2Acids transported by SMCT1SLC6A12ligands of SLC38A5SANa+SLC38A1ligands of SLC38A5Na+Cl-ligands of SLC16A10SLC3A2 Ca2+Na+L-Phe SLC12A3H+SLC6A18Na+SLC5A5SLC7A2-2SLC38A2L-His L-Leu SLC7A6SLC3A2 heterodimerL-Lys Cys ligands of SLC6A19alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineNa+SLC32A1ligands of SLC43A1 and SLC43A2SLC7A2-1Na+SLC6A20K+Cl-ligands of SLC38A1Gly alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineL-His L-GlnNa+/K+/Ca2+ exchanger proteinsK+SLC3A1 L-Tyr H+I-L-AlaL-Ile SLC9A7/8Na+Na+ligands of SLC38A3PiNa+H+Na+Na+Ca2+H+L-Ser Na+SLC7A7SLC3A2 heterodimerL-GluCl-ligands of SLC38A2PiL-SerL-Phe SLC6A6Na+SLC7A7 L-Asn Cl-SLC26 chloride transportersPiNa+GlyGlu L-Pro H+ligands of SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 isoform BNa+ligands of SLC16A10ligands of SLC7A5SLC1A4Ca2+Na+Cl-CysSLC36A2arginine, cystine, lysineAcids transported by SMCT1HCO3-Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteins SLC7A8 SLC9A1-5L-Phe L-Thr Na+Na+alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineNa+Cl-Na+HCO3-L-Trp L-Asp H+L-His L-Trp L-Asn Na+L-ProH+L-Glu Li+SLC7A8SLC3A2 heterodimerligands of SLC6A12 Inhibitory amino acidsH+MALL-Thr ligands of SLC6A19ligands of SLC7A10Na+L-Gln ligands of SLC6A14Cl-MALligands of SLC7A8SLC7A6 H+L-Tyr L-Met L-Gln ligands of SLC36A2ligands of SLC7A5Cl-ligands of SLC43A1 and SLC43A2Na+PEPT cotransportersSLC1A4Na+ligands of SLC36A2L-Ala ligands of SLC7A8Na+Na+SLC1A5SLC16A10Na+Na+/HCO3- symporter proteinsNa+ligands of SLC6A6Na+KCC cotransportersSLC38A5SACysSLC7A3ligands of SLC6A12 Cys SLC43A1Na+Na+Cl-HCO3-K+L-Pro alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineL-Met Cl-L-Leu H+HCO3-Ca2+Cl-L-SerInhibitory amino acidsK+SO4H+SLC3A2 SLC6A14NKCC cotransportersVGLUTsligands of SLC7A10H+SLC3A2 Na+/Ca2+ exchanger proteinsalanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineCl-SLC43A2H+ligands of SLC6A15L-Ile Na+Na+SLC7A10SLC3A2 heterodimerL-Asn L-Ala Na+Na+ligands of SLC36A1H+Na+L-Leualanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineNa+L-LeuI-K+SLC3A2 ligands of SLC7A2, isoform AL-Val PiL-Asp ligands of SLC7A3L-Asp ligands of SLC38A4L-Ala Na+ligands of SLC36A1SLC3A2 SLC26A1,2Ca2+H+L-Trp SLC1A4SLC9A6Cl-K+Cl-ligands of SLC6A15SLC7A5SLC3A2 heterodimerH+Na+Cl-Na+PiL-ThrSO4PiNa+SLC24A6Cl-L-Lys L-Met SLC7A9SLC3A1 heterodimerType III Na+/Pi cotransportersSLC7A5 Na+Gly High-affinity glutamate transporter ligandsligands of SLC6A14SLC7A11SLC3A2 heterodimerL-AlaDi-peptides/tri-peptidesL-AlaNa+ligands of SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 isoform BNa+Na+SLC7A10 Cl-Na+L-GlnL-Cys L-Arg SLC5A8L-Glu H+Electrogenic Na+/Pi cotransportersL-ProSLC6A19Gly SLC38A3K+H+Na+PiCl-Li+SLC34A3H+Na+L-ThrCl-/HCO3- exchanger proteinsH+L-Tyr SO4K+ligands of SLC7A2, isoform AHistidine/di-peptidesH+Histidine/di-peptidesNa+L-Ile Na+alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineL-Thr High-affinity glutamate transporter ligandsGluL-GluH+Na+H+L-Gln PHT cotransportersNa+H+Di-peptides/tri-peptidesNa+arginine, cystine, lysineL-ArgH+H+SLC25A10SLC7A11 Na+SLC9A9L-ArgNa+Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteinsH+Na+Cl-alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineGluNa+SLC17A5SLC36A1PiNa+L-Pro L-Ser Na+SLC17A1Cl-Na+SLC38A4L-Val SLC6A15L-Arg SLC1A4ligands of SLC38A3L-Arg CysNa+ligands of SLC38A4GlyNa+L-GlnCysEAATsligands of SLC6A6SLC7A1L-Leu ligands of SLC7A3L-Alaligands of SLC38A1SLC7A9 L-Val SLC3A2 Ca2+L-Lys L-Gln3757729872


Description

Teleologically, one might argue that inorganic cation and anion transport would be evolutionarily among the oldest transport functions. Eight families comprise the group that transports exclusively inorganic cations and anions across membranes : SLC4 plays a pivotal role in mediating Na+- and/or Cl–-dependent transport of basic anions [e.g. HCO3–, (CO3)2–] in various tissues and cell types (in addition to pH regulation, specific members of this family also contribute to vectorial trans-epithelial base transport in several organ systems including the kidney, pancreas, and eye) (Pushkin A and Kurtz I, 2006); SLC8 is a group of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (SLC8A1 is involved in cardiac contractility) (Quednau BD et al, 2004); SLC24 is a group of Na+/Ca2+ or Na+/K+ exchangers (Altimimi HF and Schnetkamp PP, 2007); SLC9 comprises Na+/H+ exchanger proteins involved in the electroneutral exchange of sodium ion and protons (Orlowski J and Grinstein S, 2004); SLC12 functions as Na+, K+ and Cl– ion electroneutral symporters (Hebert SC et al, 2004); SLC26 is the trans-epithelial multifunctional anion (e.g. sulfate, oxalate, HCO3–, Cl–) exchanger family, important in cartilage development, production of thyroid hormone, sound amplification in the cochlea etc (Sindic A et al, 2007; Dorwart MR et al, 2008; Ashmore J, 2008). SLC34 is an important Type II Na+/(HPO4)2– symporter (Forster IC et al, 2006; Virkki LV et al, 2007); SLC20 was originally identified as a viral receptor, and functions as a Type III Na+/(H2PO4)– symporter (Collins JF et al, 2004; Virkki LV et al, 2007). Eight SLC gene families are involved in the transport of amino acids and oligopeptides. Original Pathway at Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#DB=gk_current&FOCUS_SPECIES_ID=48887&FOCUS_PATHWAY_ID=425393

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  82. Forster IC, Loo DD, Eskandari S.; ''Stoichiometry and Na+ binding cooperativity of rat and flounder renal type II Na+-Pi cotransporters.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  83. Kishita Y, Pajak A, Bolar NA, Marobbio CM, Maffezzini C, Miniero DV, Monné M, Kohda M, Stranneheim H, Murayama K, Naess K, Lesko N, Bruhn H, Mourier A, Wibom R, Nennesmo I, Jespers A, Govaert P, Ohtake A, Van Laer L, Loeys BL, Freyer C, Palmieri F, Wredenberg A, Okazaki Y, Wedell A.; ''Intra-mitochondrial Methylation Deficiency Due to Mutations in SLC25A26.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  84. Rasola A, Galietta LJ, Barone V, Romeo G, Bagnasco S.; ''Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a GABA/betaine transporter from human kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  85. Liu W, Liang R, Ramamoorthy S, Fei YJ, Ganapathy ME, Hediger MA, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH.; ''Molecular cloning of PEPT 2, a new member of the H+/peptide cotransporter family, from human kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  86. Höglund PJ, Adzic D, Scicluna SJ, Lindblom J, Fredriksson R.; ''The repertoire of solute carriers of family 6: identification of new human and rodent genes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  87. Brett CL, Wei Y, Donowitz M, Rao R.; ''Human Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 6 is found in recycling endosomes of cells, not in mitochondria.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  88. Prié D, Huart V, Bakouh N, Planelles G, Dellis O, Gérard B, Hulin P, Benqué-Blanchet F, Silve C, Grandchamp B, Friedlander G.; ''Nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis associated with hypophosphatemia caused by mutations in the type 2a sodium-phosphate cotransporter.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  89. Liang R, Fei YJ, Prasad PD, Ramamoorthy S, Han H, Yang-Feng TL, Hediger MA, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH.; ''Human intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter. Cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  90. Chen Z, Fei YJ, Anderson CM, Wake KA, Miyauchi S, Huang W, Thwaites DT, Ganapathy V.; ''Structure, function and immunolocalization of a proton-coupled amino acid transporter (hPAT1) in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  91. Fujiwara H, Tatsumi K, Miki K, Harada T, Miyai K, Takai S, Amino N.; ''Congenital hypothyroidism caused by a mutation in the Na+/I- symporter.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  92. Coady MJ, Chang MH, Charron FM, Plata C, Wallendorff B, Sah JF, Markowitz SD, Romero MF, Lapointe JY.; ''The human tumour suppressor gene SLC5A8 expresses a Na+-monocarboxylate cotransporter.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  93. Nakauchi J, Matsuo H, Kim DK, Goto A, Chairoungdua A, Cha SH, Inatomi J, Shiokawa Y, Yamaguchi K, Saito I, Endou H, Kanai Y.; ''Cloning and characterization of a human brain Na(+)-independent transporter for small neutral amino acids that transports D-serine with high affinity.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  94. Town M, Jean G, Cherqui S, Attard M, Forestier L, Whitmore SA, Callen DF, Gribouval O, Broyer M, Bates GP, van't Hoff W, Antignac C.; ''A novel gene encoding an integral membrane protein is mutated in nephropathic cystinosis.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  95. Bergwitz C, Roslin NM, Tieder M, Loredo-Osti JC, Bastepe M, Abu-Zahra H, Frappier D, Burkett K, Carpenter TO, Anderson D, Garabedian M, Sermet I, Fujiwara TM, Morgan K, Tenenhouse HS, Juppner H.; ''SLC34A3 mutations in patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria predict a key role for the sodium-phosphate cotransporter NaPi-IIc in maintaining phosphate homeostasis.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  96. Aula N, Salomäki P, Timonen R, Verheijen F, Mancini G, Månsson JE, Aula P, Peltonen L.; ''The spectrum of SLC17A5-gene mutations resulting in free sialic acid-storage diseases indicates some genotype-phenotype correlation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  97. Hästbacka J, de la Chapelle A, Mahtani MM, Clines G, Reeve-Daly MP, Daly M, Hamilton BA, Kusumi K, Trivedi B, Weaver A.; ''The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate transporter: positional cloning by fine-structure linkage disequilibrium mapping.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  98. Closs EI, Gräf P, Habermeier A, Cunningham JM, Förstermann U.; ''Human cationic amino acid transporters hCAT-1, hCAT-2A, and hCAT-2B: three related carriers with distinct transport properties.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  99. Bassi MT, Gasol E, Manzoni M, Pineda M, Riboni M, Martín R, Zorzano A, Borsani G, Palacín M.; ''Identification and characterisation of human xCT that co-expresses, with 4F2 heavy chain, the amino acid transport activity system xc-.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  100. Fiermonte G, Palmieri L, Todisco S, Agrimi G, Palmieri F, Walker JE.; ''Identification of the mitochondrial glutamate transporter. Bacterial expression, reconstitution, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of two human isoforms.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  101. Nakanishi T, Sugawara M, Huang W, Martindale RG, Leibach FH, Ganapathy ME, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V.; ''Structure, function, and tissue expression pattern of human SN2, a subtype of the amino acid transport system N.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  102. Prasad PD, Wang H, Huang W, Kekuda R, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V.; ''Human LAT1, a subunit of system L amino acid transporter: molecular cloning and transport function.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  103. Kim KH, Shcheynikov N, Wang Y, Muallem S.; ''SLC26A7 is a Cl- channel regulated by intracellular pH.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  104. Howard HC, Mount DB, Rochefort D, Byun N, Dupré N, Lu J, Fan X, Song L, Rivière JB, Prévost C, Horst J, Simonati A, Lemcke B, Welch R, England R, Zhan FQ, Mercado A, Siesser WB, George AL, McDonald MP, Bouchard JP, Mathieu J, Delpire E, Rouleau GA.; ''The K-Cl cotransporter KCC3 is mutant in a severe peripheral neuropathy associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  105. Wang H, Huang W, Sugawara M, Devoe LD, Leibach FH, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V.; ''Cloning and functional expression of ATA1, a subtype of amino acid transporter A, from human placenta.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  106. Mastroianni N, De Fusco M, Zollo M, Arrigo G, Zuffardi O, Bettinelli A, Ballabio A, Casari G.; ''Molecular cloning, expression pattern, and chromosomal localization of the human Na-Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (SLC12A3).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  107. Miyauchi S, Gopal E, Fei YJ, Ganapathy V.; ''Functional identification of SLC5A8, a tumor suppressor down-regulated in colon cancer, as a Na(+)-coupled transporter for short-chain fatty acids.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  108. Bröer A, Wagner C, Lang F, Bröer S.; ''Neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 displays substrate-induced Na+ exchange and a substrate-gated anion conductance.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  109. Zerangue N, Kavanaugh MP.; ''ASCT-1 is a neutral amino acid exchanger with chloride channel activity.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  110. Ni B, Du Y, Wu X, DeHoff BS, Rosteck PR, Paul SM.; ''Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a human brain-specific Na(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  111. Chong SS, Kristjansson K, Zoghbi HY, Hughes MR.; ''Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding a human renal sodium phosphate transport protein and its assignment to chromosome 6p21.3-p23.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  112. Simon DB, Nelson-Williams C, Bia MJ, Ellison D, Karet FE, Molina AM, Vaara I, Iwata F, Cushner HM, Koolen M, Gainza FJ, Gitleman HJ, Lifton RP.; ''Gitelman's variant of Bartter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  113. Bröer S.; ''Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  114. Schweinfest CW, Henderson KW, Suster S, Kondoh N, Papas TS.; ''Identification of a colon mucosa gene that is down-regulated in colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114876view16:38, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113322view11:39, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112533view15:49, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101446view11:31, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100984view21:10, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100520view19:44, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100067view16:27, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99618view15:00, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99226view12:44, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93794view13:36, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93330view11:20, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86415view09:17, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83267view10:36, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81376view12:54, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76845view08:07, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76549view11:53, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
75882view09:53, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75582view10:41, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
74937view13:46, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74581view08:37, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamReactome46
45061view20:00, 6 October 2011KhanspersOntology Term : 'transport pathway' added !
42151view22:00, 4 March 2011MaintBotAutomatic update
39962view05:58, 21 January 2011MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
Acids transported by SMCT1MetaboliteREACT_19944 (Reactome)
Acids transported by SMCT1MetaboliteREACT_20122 (Reactome)
Ca2+MetaboliteCHEBI:29108 (ChEBI)
Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteins REACT_20307 (Reactome)
Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteinsREACT_20076 (Reactome)
Cl-MetaboliteCHEBI:17996 (ChEBI)
Cys MetaboliteCHEBI:17561 (ChEBI)
CysMetaboliteCHEBI:17561 (ChEBI)
Di-peptides/tri-peptidesComplexREACT_20441 (Reactome)
Di-peptides/tri-peptidesComplexREACT_20481 (Reactome)
EAATsREACT_19879 (Reactome)
Electrogenic Na+/Pi cotransportersREACT_20196 (Reactome)
Glu MetaboliteCHEBI:16015 (ChEBI)
GluMetaboliteCHEBI:16015 (ChEBI)
Gly MetaboliteCHEBI:15428 (ChEBI)
GlyMetaboliteCHEBI:15428 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
HCO3-MetaboliteCHEBI:17544 (ChEBI)
High-affinity glutamate transporter ligandsMetaboliteREACT_19595 (Reactome)
High-affinity glutamate transporter ligandsMetaboliteREACT_20284 (Reactome)
Histidine/di-peptidesComplexREACT_20346 (Reactome)
Histidine/di-peptidesMetaboliteREACT_20464 (Reactome)
I-MetaboliteCHEBI:16382 (ChEBI)
Inhibitory amino acidsMetaboliteREACT_19773 (Reactome)
Inhibitory amino acidsMetaboliteREACT_19986 (Reactome)
K+MetaboliteCHEBI:29103 (ChEBI)
KCC cotransportersREACT_19723 (Reactome)
L-Ala MetaboliteCHEBI:16977 (ChEBI)
L-AlaMetaboliteCHEBI:16977 (ChEBI)
L-Arg MetaboliteCHEBI:16467 (ChEBI)
L-ArgMetaboliteCHEBI:16467 (ChEBI)
L-Asn MetaboliteCHEBI:17196 (ChEBI)
L-Asp MetaboliteCHEBI:17053 (ChEBI)
L-Cys MetaboliteCHEBI:17561 (ChEBI)
L-Gln MetaboliteCHEBI:18050 (ChEBI)
L-GlnMetaboliteCHEBI:18050 (ChEBI)
L-Glu MetaboliteCHEBI:16015 (ChEBI)
L-GluMetaboliteCHEBI:16015 (ChEBI)
L-His MetaboliteCHEBI:15971 (ChEBI)
L-Ile MetaboliteCHEBI:17191 (ChEBI)
L-Leu MetaboliteCHEBI:15603 (ChEBI)
L-LeuMetaboliteCHEBI:15603 (ChEBI)
L-Lys MetaboliteCHEBI:18019 (ChEBI)
L-Met MetaboliteCHEBI:16643 (ChEBI)
L-Phe MetaboliteCHEBI:17295 (ChEBI)
L-Pro MetaboliteCHEBI:17203 (ChEBI)
L-ProMetaboliteCHEBI:17203 (ChEBI)
L-Ser MetaboliteCHEBI:17115 (ChEBI)
L-SerMetaboliteCHEBI:17115 (ChEBI)
L-Thr MetaboliteCHEBI:16857 (ChEBI)
L-ThrMetaboliteCHEBI:16857 (ChEBI)
L-Trp MetaboliteCHEBI:16828 (ChEBI)
L-Tyr MetaboliteCHEBI:17895 (ChEBI)
L-Val MetaboliteCHEBI:16414 (ChEBI)
Li+MetaboliteCHEBI:49713 (ChEBI)
MALMetaboliteCHEBI:30797 (ChEBI)
NKCC cotransportersREACT_20085 (Reactome)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteinsREACT_19659 (Reactome)
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger proteinsREACT_20277 (Reactome)
Na+/HCO3- symporter proteinsREACT_20393 (Reactome)
Na+/K+/Ca2+ exchanger proteinsREACT_20166 (Reactome)
Na+MetaboliteCHEBI:29101 (ChEBI)
PEPT cotransportersREACT_19865 (Reactome)
PHT cotransportersREACT_19869 (Reactome)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
SAMetaboliteCHEBI:21622 (ChEBI)
SLC12A3ProteinP55017 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC16A10ProteinQ8TF71 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC17A1ProteinQ14916 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC17A5ProteinQ9NRA2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC1A4ProteinP43007 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC1A5ProteinQ15758 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC24A6ProteinQ6J4K2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC25A10ProteinQ9UBX3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC26 chloride transportersREACT_19871 (Reactome)
SLC26A1,2REACT_19980 (Reactome)
SLC32A1ProteinQ9H598 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC34A3ProteinQ8N130 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC36A1ProteinQ7Z2H8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC36A2ProteinQ495M3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC38A1ProteinQ9H2H9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC38A2ProteinQ96QD8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC38A3ProteinQ99624 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC38A4ProteinQ969I6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC38A5ProteinQ8WUX1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC3A1 ProteinQ07837 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC3A2 ProteinP08195 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC43A1ProteinO75387 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC43A2ProteinQ8N370 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A5ProteinQ92911 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A8ProteinQ8N695 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A12ProteinP48065 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A14ProteinQ9UN76 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A15ProteinQ9H2J7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A18ProteinQ96N87 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A19ProteinQ695T7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A20ProteinQ9NP91 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC6A6ProteinP31641 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A10 SLC3A2 heterodimerComplexREACT_15256 (Reactome)
SLC7A10 ProteinQ9NS82 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A11 SLC3A2 heterodimerComplexREACT_16127 (Reactome)
SLC7A11 ProteinQ9UPY5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A1ProteinP30825 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A2-1ProteinP52569-1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A2-2ProteinP52569-2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A3ProteinQ8WY07 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A5 SLC3A2 heterodimerComplexREACT_14214 (Reactome)
SLC7A5 ProteinQ01650 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A6 SLC3A2 heterodimerComplexREACT_17753 (Reactome)
SLC7A6 ProteinQ92536 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A7 SLC3A2 heterodimerComplexREACT_17357 (Reactome)
SLC7A7 ProteinQ9UM01 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A8 SLC3A2 heterodimerComplexREACT_14666 (Reactome)
SLC7A8 ProteinQ9UHI5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC7A9 SLC3A1 heterodimerComplexREACT_17730 (Reactome)
SLC7A9 ProteinP82251 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC9A1-5REACT_20090 (Reactome)
SLC9A6ProteinQ92581 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC9A7/8REACT_20455 (Reactome)
SLC9A9ProteinQ8IVB4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SO4MetaboliteCHEBI:16189 (ChEBI)
Type III Na+/Pi cotransportersREACT_19685 (Reactome)
VGLUTsREACT_19634 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineMetaboliteREACT_14477 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineMetaboliteREACT_14614 (Reactome)
arginine, cystine, lysineMetaboliteREACT_17488 (Reactome)
arginine, cystine, lysineMetaboliteREACT_17929 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC16A10MetaboliteREACT_14064 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC16A10MetaboliteREACT_14325 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A1MetaboliteREACT_14867 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A1MetaboliteREACT_15239 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A2MetaboliteREACT_15066 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A2MetaboliteREACT_15209 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A1MetaboliteREACT_14092 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A1MetaboliteREACT_14635 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A2MetaboliteREACT_13984 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A2MetaboliteREACT_14296 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A3MetaboliteREACT_13991 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A3MetaboliteREACT_14234 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A4MetaboliteREACT_14058 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A4MetaboliteREACT_14105 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A5MetaboliteREACT_13843 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A5MetaboliteREACT_14636 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC43A1 and SLC43A2MetaboliteREACT_13952 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC43A1 and SLC43A2MetaboliteREACT_14610 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 MetaboliteREACT_14225 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 MetaboliteREACT_14644 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14MetaboliteREACT_15161 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14MetaboliteREACT_15206 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15MetaboliteREACT_13883 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15MetaboliteREACT_14097 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19MetaboliteREACT_15160 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19MetaboliteREACT_15227 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6MetaboliteREACT_14486 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6MetaboliteREACT_14671 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 isoform BMetaboliteREACT_15195 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 isoform BMetaboliteREACT_17674 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A10MetaboliteREACT_15039 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A10MetaboliteREACT_15265 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A2, isoform AMetaboliteREACT_15006 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A2, isoform AMetaboliteREACT_15174 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A3MetaboliteREACT_15019 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A3MetaboliteREACT_15247 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A5MetaboliteREACT_14158 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A5MetaboliteREACT_14292 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A8MetaboliteREACT_14072 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC7A8MetaboliteREACT_14264 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
Acids transported by SMCT1ArrowREACT_19245 (Reactome)
Acids transported by SMCT1REACT_19245 (Reactome)
Ca2+ArrowREACT_19164 (Reactome)
Ca2+ArrowREACT_19339 (Reactome)
Ca2+ArrowREACT_19367 (Reactome)
Ca2+REACT_19164 (Reactome)
Ca2+REACT_19339 (Reactome)
Ca2+REACT_19367 (Reactome)
Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteins mim-catalysisREACT_19235 (Reactome)
Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteinsmim-catalysisREACT_19263 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_13561 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_13704 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_14802 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_19223 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_19235 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_19263 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_19291 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_19385 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowREACT_19417 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_13561 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_13704 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_14802 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_19223 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_19235 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_19263 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_19291 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_19385 (Reactome)
Cl-REACT_19417 (Reactome)
CysArrowREACT_13618 (Reactome)
CysArrowREACT_15324 (Reactome)
CysREACT_13618 (Reactome)
CysREACT_15324 (Reactome)
Di-peptides/tri-peptidesArrowREACT_19313 (Reactome)
Di-peptides/tri-peptidesREACT_19313 (Reactome)
EAATsmim-catalysisREACT_19362 (Reactome)
Electrogenic Na+/Pi cotransportersmim-catalysisREACT_19133 (Reactome)
GluArrowREACT_15324 (Reactome)
GluArrowREACT_19233 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_13564 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_13659 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_14785 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_14841 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19142 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19218 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19224 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19233 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19253 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19291 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19297 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19303 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19313 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19330 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19362 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_19377 (Reactome)
H+REACT_13564 (Reactome)
H+REACT_13659 (Reactome)
H+REACT_14785 (Reactome)
H+REACT_14841 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19142 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19218 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19224 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19233 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19253 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19291 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19297 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19303 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19313 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19330 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19362 (Reactome)
H+REACT_19377 (Reactome)
HCO3-ArrowREACT_19235 (Reactome)
HCO3-ArrowREACT_19247 (Reactome)
HCO3-ArrowREACT_19263 (Reactome)
HCO3-ArrowREACT_19291 (Reactome)
HCO3-REACT_19235 (Reactome)
HCO3-REACT_19247 (Reactome)
HCO3-REACT_19263 (Reactome)
HCO3-REACT_19291 (Reactome)
High-affinity glutamate transporter ligandsArrowREACT_19362 (Reactome)
High-affinity glutamate transporter ligandsREACT_19362 (Reactome)
Histidine/di-peptidesArrowREACT_19377 (Reactome)
Histidine/di-peptidesREACT_19377 (Reactome)
I-ArrowREACT_19340 (Reactome)
I-REACT_19340 (Reactome)
Inhibitory amino acidsArrowREACT_19142 (Reactome)
Inhibitory amino acidsREACT_19142 (Reactome)
K+ArrowREACT_19223 (Reactome)
K+ArrowREACT_19339 (Reactome)
K+ArrowREACT_19362 (Reactome)
K+ArrowREACT_19385 (Reactome)
K+REACT_19223 (Reactome)
K+REACT_19339 (Reactome)
K+REACT_19362 (Reactome)
K+REACT_19385 (Reactome)
KCC cotransportersmim-catalysisREACT_19385 (Reactome)
L-AlaArrowREACT_13419 (Reactome)
L-AlaArrowREACT_13455 (Reactome)
L-AlaArrowREACT_13611 (Reactome)
L-AlaREACT_13419 (Reactome)
L-AlaREACT_13455 (Reactome)
L-AlaREACT_13611 (Reactome)
L-ArgArrowREACT_15318 (Reactome)
L-ArgArrowREACT_15441 (Reactome)
L-ArgREACT_15318 (Reactome)
L-ArgREACT_15441 (Reactome)
L-GlnArrowREACT_13419 (Reactome)
L-GlnArrowREACT_13611 (Reactome)
L-GlnREACT_13419 (Reactome)
L-GlnREACT_13611 (Reactome)
L-GluREACT_15324 (Reactome)
L-GluREACT_19233 (Reactome)
L-LeuArrowREACT_15318 (Reactome)
L-LeuArrowREACT_15441 (Reactome)
L-LeuArrowREACT_15542 (Reactome)
L-LeuREACT_15318 (Reactome)
L-LeuREACT_15441 (Reactome)
L-LeuREACT_15542 (Reactome)
L-ProArrowREACT_13591 (Reactome)
L-ProREACT_13591 (Reactome)
L-SerArrowREACT_13745 (Reactome)
L-SerREACT_13745 (Reactome)
L-ThrArrowREACT_13531 (Reactome)
L-ThrREACT_13531 (Reactome)
Li+ArrowREACT_19367 (Reactome)
Li+REACT_19367 (Reactome)
MALArrowREACT_115667 (Reactome)
MALArrowREACT_14803 (Reactome)
MALREACT_115667 (Reactome)
MALREACT_14803 (Reactome)
NKCC cotransportersmim-catalysisREACT_19223 (Reactome)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger proteinsmim-catalysisREACT_19291 (Reactome)
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger proteinsmim-catalysisREACT_19164 (Reactome)
Na+/HCO3- symporter proteinsmim-catalysisREACT_19247 (Reactome)
Na+/K+/Ca2+ exchanger proteinsmim-catalysisREACT_19339 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13419 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13449 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13455 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13531 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13561 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13564 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13590 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13591 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13593 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13611 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13618 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13659 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13704 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_13745 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_14802 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_14843 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_15318 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_15441 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19133 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19157 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19164 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19211 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19218 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19223 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19224 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19245 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19247 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19253 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19291 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19303 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19339 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19340 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19362 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19410 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowREACT_19417 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13419 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13449 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13455 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13531 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13561 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13564 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13590 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13591 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13593 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13611 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13618 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13659 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13704 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_13745 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_14802 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_14843 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_15318 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_15441 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19133 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19157 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19164 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19211 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19218 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19223 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19224 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19245 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19247 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19253 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19291 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19303 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19339 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19340 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19362 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19410 (Reactome)
Na+REACT_19417 (Reactome)
PEPT cotransportersmim-catalysisREACT_19313 (Reactome)
PHT cotransportersmim-catalysisREACT_19377 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_14803 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_19133 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_19157 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_19211 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_19410 (Reactome)
PiREACT_14803 (Reactome)
PiREACT_19133 (Reactome)
PiREACT_19157 (Reactome)
PiREACT_19211 (Reactome)
PiREACT_19410 (Reactome)
REACT_115667 (Reactome) Sulfate leaves the mitochondrion with the help of the dicarboxylate carrier, via antiport with malate (Crompton et al. 1974, Fiemont et al. 1999)
REACT_13410 (Reactome) SLC16A10 mediates the reversible facilitated diffusion of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan across the plasma membrane. The process is Na+-independent and not coupled to H+ transport. As measured by Northern blotting SLC16A10 is widely expressed in the body but especially abundant in kidney. In situ hybridization studies indicate that the gene product is abundant in kidney proximal tubules (Kim et al. 2001; Kim et al. 2002; Park et al. 2005).
REACT_13419 (Reactome) SLC1A5, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the exchange of extracellular alanine for cytosolic glutamine (Broer et al. 2000).
REACT_13449 (Reactome) SLC38A2 (ATA2), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of neutral amino acids, especially alanine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine, proline, and threonine in a sodium ion-dependent transport process. Northern blotting experiments indicate gene expression in placenta and heart, and at lower levels in other tissues including brain, lung, skeletal muscle, spleen, stomach, testis, kidney, and intestine (Hatanaka et al. 2000).
REACT_13455 (Reactome) SLC1A4, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the exchange of alanine and an extracellular sodium ion for a cytosolic sodium ion and any one of the four amino acids alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteine (Zerangue and Kavanaugh 1996).
REACT_13479 (Reactome) SLC43A1 (LAT3), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine in a biphasic and sodium ion-independent transport process. Northern blotting experiments indicate gene expression in liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle, and at lower levels in many tissues including kidney and intestine (Babu et al. 2003).
REACT_13482 (Reactome) SLC7A8, complexed with SLC3A2 in the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of neutral amino acids. The process is Na+-independent and not coupled to H+ transport. As measured by Northern blotting SLC7A8 is widely expressed in the body. In situ hybridization studies indicate that the gene product is abundant in kidney proximal tubules (Pineda et al. 1999; Park et al. 2005)
REACT_13531 (Reactome) SLC1A4, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the exchange of threonine and an extracellular sodium ion for a cytosolic sodium ion and any one of the four amino acids alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteine (Zerangue and Kavanaugh 1996).
REACT_13561 (Reactome) The plasma membrane transport protein SLC6A12 (BGT-1) mediates the uptake of GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) and betaine and, less efficiently, of diminobutyrate (DABA) and beta-alanine. Together with each amino acid molecule, 3 sodium ions and 2 chloride ions are taken up. In the body, SLC6A12 is expressed in the proximal tubules of the kidney and cells of the central nervous system (Rasola et al. 1995; Matskevitch et al. 1999).
REACT_13564 (Reactome) SLC38A5 (SN2), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of asparagine, glutamine, histidine, serine and, with lower efficiency, alanine and glycine. Indirect assays suggest that amino acid uptake is coupled to the uptake of sodium ion(s) and the export of H+. Northern blotting experiments indicate gene expression in brain and stomach, and at lower levels in liver, lung, and intestine (Nakanishi et al. 2001).
REACT_13590 (Reactome) SLC38A1 (ATA1), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of neutral amino acids, especially alanine, asparagine, glutamine, methionine, and serine in a sodium ion-dependent transport process. Northern blotting experiments indicate gene expression in placenta and heart, and at lower levels in other tissues including brain, lung, skeletal muscle, spleen, stomach and testis, but not kidney or intestine (Wang et al. 2000).
REACT_13591 (Reactome) SLC6A20, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of proline plus a sodium ion. The human protein is expressed in the intestine and kidney (Takanaga et al. 2005).
REACT_13593 (Reactome) SLC6A15, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of a broad range of amino acids plus a sodium ion, transporting branched-chain amiono acids and methionine most efficiently. The human protein is expressed in the brain (Takanaga et al. 2005).
REACT_13611 (Reactome) SLC1A5, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the exchange of extracellular glutamine for cytosolic alanine (Broer et al. 2000).
REACT_13618 (Reactome) SLC1A4, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the exchange of cysteine and an extracellular sodium ion for a cytosolic sodium ion and any one of the four amino acids alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteine (Zerangue and Kavanaugh 1996).
REACT_13642 (Reactome) SLC7A5, complexed with SLC3A2 in the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of neutral amino acids. The process is Na+-independent and not coupled to H+ transport. As measured by Northern blotting SLC7A5 is widely expressed in the body. In situ hybridization studies indicate that the gene product is widely expressed in the body but not in the kidney (Pineda et al. 1999; Prasad et al. 1999).
REACT_13659 (Reactome) SLC38A3 (SN1), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of glutamine, histidine, and, with lower efficiency, alanine and asparagine. Uptake of one molecule of amino acid is coupled to the uptake of two sodium ions and the export of one H+. Northern blotting experiments indicate gene expression in liver and kidney, and at much lower levels in brain, lung, skeletal muscle, spleen, stomach, testis, kidney, and intestine (Fei et al. 2000; Nakanishi et al. 2001).
REACT_13677 (Reactome) The protein SLC6A18 was first identified as an amino acid transporter based on sequence similarity to other members of the SLC6 protein family (Hoglund et al. 2005). It is annotated here as mediating glycine uptake based on the phenotype of mice homozygous for a null mutation in the homologous gene (Quan et al. 2004).
REACT_13704 (Reactome) The plasma membrane transport protein SLC6A6 mediates the uptake of taurine and beta-alanine. Together with each amino acid molecule, 2 sodium ions and 1 chloride ion are taken up. SLC6A6 is widely expressed in the body (Ramamoorthy et al. 1994).
REACT_13736 (Reactome) SLC38A4 (ATA3), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the sodium-independent uptake of arginine and lysine. SLC38A4 was first identified on the basis of its similarity to SLC38A1 and SLC38A2. Like those two transporters, it can mediate the sodium-dependent uptake of neutral amino acids in cultured cells transfected with an expression vector, but it does so very inefficiently and its role, if any, in neutral amino acid uptake in vivo is unclear. By Northern blotting, SLC38A4 is abundant in liver and undetectable in all other tissues tested, including heart, placenta, kidney, and intestine (Hatanaka et al. 2001).
REACT_13741 (Reactome) SLC43A2 (LAT4), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine in a biphasic and sodium ion-independent transport process. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization experiments indicate gene expression in kidney and intestine (Bodoy et al. 2005).
REACT_13745 (Reactome) SLC1A4, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the exchange of serine and an extracellular sodium ion for a cytosolic sodium ion and any one of the four amino acids alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteine (Zerangue and Kavanaugh 1996).
REACT_14785 (Reactome) SLC36A1 (PAT1), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of glycine, alanine, and proline coupled to the uptake of a proton. Northern blotting experiments indicate gene expression principally in the intestine (Chen et al. 2003).
REACT_14802 (Reactome) SLC6A14, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of multiple basic and nonpolar amino acids as well as beta-alanine. Uptake of one amino acid molecule is accompanied by uptake of two sodium ions and a chloride ion. As assessed by Northern blotting, SLC6A14 is expressed at high levels in lung but only at low levels, if at all, in intestine or kidney (Sloan and Mager 1999; Anderson et al. 2008).
REACT_14803 (Reactome) SLC25A10, the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediates the reversible exchange of mitochondrial malate for cytosolic phosphate (Fiermonte et al. 1999).
REACT_14813 (Reactome) SLC7A3 mediates the uptake of cationic amino acids across the plasma membranes of non-epithelial cells (Vekony et al. 2001).
REACT_14841 (Reactome) SLC36A2 (PAT2), associated with the plasma membrane, has been shown in a limited set of tests in vitro to mediate the uptake of glycine and proline coupled to the uptake of a proton (Boll et al. 2003). PAT2 is most abundantly expressed in kidney and muscle.
REACT_14843 (Reactome) SLC6A19, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of neutral amino acids. Uptake of an amino acid molecule is accompanied by uptake of a sodium ion. The protein is abundant in cells in the small intestine and kidney. Its deficiency is associated with Hartnup disorder, the failure to take up neutral amino acids efficiently from the gut lumen and to reabsorb them in the proximal kidney tubule (Kleta et al. 2004; Seow et al, 2004).
REACT_14845 (Reactome) SLC7A2, isoform B, mediates the uptake of cationic amino acids across the plasma membranes of non-epithelial cells (Broer 2008; Closs et al. 1997; Furesz et al. 2002).
REACT_14848 (Reactome) SLC7A2, isoform A, mediates the uptake of cationic amino acids across the plasma membranes of non-epithelial cells (Broer 2008; Closs et al. 1997).
REACT_14850 (Reactome) SLC7A1 mediates the uptake of cationic amino acids across the plasma membranes of non-epithelial cells (Broer 2008; Closs et al. 1997; Furesz et al. 2002; Kamath et al. 1999).
REACT_14851 (Reactome) SLC7A10, complexed with SLC3A2 in the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of small neutral amino acids. The process is Na+-independent. As measured by Northern blotting SLC7A10 is widely expressed in the body (Nakauchi et al. 2000).
REACT_15318 (Reactome) SLC7A6 as a heterodimer with SLC3A2 in the plasma membrane mediates the exchange of arginine for leucine and a sodium ion. The physiological concentrations of arginine and leucine are expected to favor arginine export. By the criterion of Northern blotting, SLC7A6 is expressed in a variety of tissues (Broer et al. 2000).
REACT_15324 (Reactome) SLC7A11 as a heterodimer with SLC3A2 in the plasma membrane mediates the exchange of glutamate and cysteine. Under physiological conditions, cytosolic glutamate concentrations are high and cysteine concentrations are low, so glutamate is exported and cysteine imported. SLC7A11 is widely expressed in the body (Bassi et al. 2001; Gasol et al. 2004).
REACT_15441 (Reactome) SLC7A7 as a heterodimer with SLC3A2 in the plasma membrane mediates the exchange of arginine for leucine and a sodium ion. The physiological concentrations of arginine and leucine are expected to favor arginine export. By the criterion of Northern blotting, SLC7A6 is predominantly expressed in the kidney (Pfeiffer et al. 2000).
REACT_15542 (Reactome) SLC7A9 as a heterodimer with SLC3A1 in the plasma membrane mediates the exchange of arginine, lysine, or cystine for leucine. The physiological concentrations of these amino acids favor leucine export and arginine / lysine / cystine import. Defects in SLC7A9 and SLC3A1 are associated with cystinuria. In the body, this transport process is prominent in the kidney (Mizoguchi et al. 2001).
REACT_19133 (Reactome) SLC34A1 encodes Na+/Pi cotransporter (NaPi-IIa) which is expressed in the kidney in the renal proximal tubule (Magagnin S et al, 1993). SLC34A2 encodes NaPi-IIb which is abundantly expressed in lung and to a lesser degree in tissues of epithelial origin including small intestine, pancreas, prostate, and kidney (Field JA et al, 1999). Both NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIb cotransport divalent Pi (HPO4[2-]) with three Na+ ions (electrogenic transport).

Defects in SLC34A1 are the cause of hypophosphatemic nephrolithiasis/osteoporosis type 1 (NPHLOP1) (Prie D et al, 2002). Defects in SLC34A2 are a cause of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (Corut A et al, 2006).
REACT_19142 (Reactome) Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory
transmitter of the vertebrate retina. The gene SLC32A1 encodes the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT, also called vesicular GABA transporter VGAT) (Jellali A et al, 2002). VIAAT is a proton-coupled amino acid antiporter, uptaking the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine into synaptic vesicles in exchange for protons. This process is driven by the H+-ATPase, providing the driving force for uptake of these neurotransmitters. The protein is expressed throughout the terminal ends of horizontal cells of the retina.

REACT_19157 (Reactome) Four SLC17 genes are thought to encode type I Na+-dependent phosphate co-transporters in humans. SLC17A1 (NPT1) encodes Na+-dependent phosphate co-transporter 1 (Na/Pi-4). It is abundant in human kidney cortex, liver and brain and is important for the resorption of phosphate by the kidney. It does this by actively transporting phosphate into cells via Na+ cotransport in the renal brush border membrane (Chong SS et al, 1993).

Three close relatives of NPT1 have been identified through genomic analysis and designated NPT3 (SLC17A2), NPT4 (SLC17A3) and a putative small intestine sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter (SLC17A4). None of these three proteins have been functionally characterized yet.
REACT_19164 (Reactome) The NCX (SCL8, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger) family is one of three families that control Ca2+ flux across the plasma membrane or intracellular compartments. They extrude Ca2+ from the cell, using the electrochemical gradient of Na+ as it flows into the cell. One Ca2+ is exchanged for three Na+. During this electrogenic exchange, the membrane potential is altered. NCX1 (SLC8A1) has a ubiquitous expression profile (highest expression in heart, brain and kidney) and was originally cloned and characterized from human cardiac muscle (Komuro I et al, 1992). Both NCX2 (SLC8A2) (Li Z et al, 1994) and NCX3 (SLC8A3) (Gabellini N et al, 2002) are expressed in the brain.
REACT_19211 (Reactome) SLC34A3 is almost exclusively expressed in the kidney and encodes the Na+/Pi cotransporter NaPi-IIc (Segawa H et al, 2002). The protein is located at apical membranes of proximal tubules. It cotransports two Na+ ions with every Pi (electroneutral transport). Defects in SLC34A3 are the cause of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH) (Bergwitz C et al, 2006)
REACT_19218 (Reactome) NHE7 and 8 (SLC9A7,8) (Nakamura N et al, 2005) are expressed ubiquitously and thought to play a housekeeping role in pH homeostasis in the trans-golgi network.
REACT_19223 (Reactome) Two genes (SLC12A1 and SLC12A2) encode Na+,K+/2Cl- cotransporters (NKCC2 and NKCC1 respectively). SLC12A1 (Simon DB et al, 1996) is kidney-specific whilst SLC12A2 (Payne JA et al, 1995) is ubiquitously expressed. Two Cl- ions are electroneutrally transported into cells with a Na+ ion and a K+ ion.
REACT_19224 (Reactome) NHE1 (SLC9A1) is present in most cells and is the most extensively characterized member of this family (Sardet C et al, 1989). NHE2-4 (SLC9A2-4) (Malakooti J et al, 1999; Brant SR et al, 1995) are expressed mainly in the kidney and GI tract. NHE5 (SLC9A5) (Baird NR et al, 1999) is highly expressed in neuronal-enriched areas of the CNS.
REACT_19233 (Reactome) There are two classes of glutamate transporters; the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) which depend on an electrochemical gradient of Na+ ions and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) which don't. Together, these transporters uptake and release glutamate to mediate this neurotransmitter's excitatory signal and are part of the glutamate-gluatamine cycle.

Three members of the SLC17A gene family (7, 6 and 8) encode VGLUTs 1-3 respectively (Ni B et al, 1996; Takamori S et al, 2001; Takamori S et al, 2002 respectively). VGLUT1 (brain-specific Na+-dependent phopshate transporter, BNPI) and VGLUT2 (differentiation-associated Na+-dependent phosphate transporter, DNPI) were identified first and originally characterized as phosphate transporters. However, they are localized to synaptic vesicles, not the plasma membrane (like EAATs) and transport the organic anion glutamate into synaptic vesicles. This uptake is thought to be coupled to the proton electrochemical gradient generated by a vacuolar type H+-ATPase. They are all expressed in the CNS in neuron-rich areas but VGLUT3 is also expressed on astrocytes and in liver and kidney.
REACT_19235 (Reactome) The proteins responsible for the exchange of Cl- with HCO3- are members of the SLC4 (1-3) and SLC26 (3, 4 and 6) transporter families. SLC4 members are discussed in the section "Bicarbonate transporters".

SLC26A3 (Chloride anion exchanger, Down-regulated in adenoma, DRA) is expressed in the mucosa of the colon and helps mediate electrolyte and fluid absorption (Schweinfest CW et al, 1993). Defects in SLC26A3 cause congenital chloride diarrhea (CLD), a disease characterized by watery stools containing an excess of chloride (Hoeglund P et al, 1996).

SLC26A4 (Pendrin) is highly expressed in the adult thyroid and its activity is necessary for production of thyroid hormone. (Everett et al, 1997). Mutations in this gene are associated with Pendred syndrome, an autosomal-recessive disease. It is the most common form of syndromic deafness (Everett et al, 1997). Pendred syndrome is also characterized by hypothyroidism.

SLC26A6 encodes a protein involved in transporting chloride, oxalate, sulfate and bicarbonate (Waldegger S et al, 2001). It is ubiquitously expressed, the highest levels present in kidney and pancreas.
REACT_19245 (Reactome) The human tumour suppressor gene SLC5A8 encodes for a sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1, SMCT1 (also called AIT) and is abundantly expressed in the colon (Coady MJ et al, 2004; Myauchi S et al, 2004). When the human protein is expressed in Xenopus oocytes, it was found to transport small monocarboxylates, co-transporting Na+ ions electrogenically (3 Na+ ions co-transported with 1 carboxylate).
REACT_19247 (Reactome) Some members of the SLC4A family couple the transport of bicarbonate (HCO3-) to the movement of sodium ions (Na+), they being members 4, 5, 7 and 9. SLC4A4 (NBCe1) is an electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter with a Na+:HCO3- stoichiometry of 1:3, although it can also be 1:2 (Burnham CE et al, 1997). SLC4A4 encodes a protein which is expressed in the kidney and pancreas, with lesser expression in many other tissues (Abuladze N et al, 1998). Mutations in SLC4A4 cause permanent isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA) (results in accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to effectively acidify urine) with ocular abnormalities (Igarashi T et al, 1999).

SLC4A5 encodes a protein which is expressed in liver, spleen and testes, with lower levels expressed in parts of the brain and kidney (Sassani P et al, 2002). It may have a housekeeping function in regulating the pH of these tissues (Pushkin A et al, 2000). SLC4A7 (NBC3, NBCn1) encodes a protein which performs electroneutral cotransport of Na+ and HCO3- with a 1:1 stoichiometry. It is highly expressed in testes and spleen and, to a lesser extent, in many other tissues including heart, muscle, kidney and GI tract (Pushkin A et al, 1999).

SLC4A9 (AE4) was originally thought to exchange Cl- with HCO3- (hence the name AE4) but this has not been reported. Consensus has emerged that it is indeed a Na+/HCO3- co-transporter (Lipovich L et al, 2001). It is predominantly expressed in the kidney, salivary glands, testes, thyroid glands and trachea (Parker MD et al, 2001).
REACT_19248 (Reactome) Group 3 members (SLC26A7 and 9) function as ion channels. SLC26A7 encodes an ion channel which is abundantly expressed in medullary collecting duct cells of the kidney, high endothelial venule enothelial cells (HEVEC) and gastric parietal cells (Vincourt JB et al, 2002; Lohi H et al, 2002). SLC26A9 encodes an ion channel which is predominantly expressed on the lumenal side of the bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium of lung (Lohi H et al, 2002). Both these ion channels appear to transport Cl- without cotransport of HCO3- (Kim KH et al, 2005; Dorwart MR et al, 2007).
REACT_19251 (Reactome) SLC5A8 encodes for the apical iodide transporter, AIT (also known as SMCT1). As well as functioning as a Na+-dependent monocarboxylate co-transporter, AIT also mediates iodide transport from the thyrocyte into the colloid lumen through the apical membrane (Rodriguez AM et al, 2002). AIT, together with NIS (see previous reaction), mediates iodide transfer from blood to the colloid lumen of thyrocytes.
REACT_19253 (Reactome) NHE6 (SLC9A6) (Brett CL et al, 2002; Nakamura N et al, 2005) is expressed ubiquitously and thought to play a housekeeping role in pH homeostasis in early endosomes.
REACT_19263 (Reactome) The proteins responsible for the exchange of Cl- with HCO3- are members of the SLC4 (1-3) and SLC26 (3, 4, 6, 7 and 9) transporter families. The SLC26 members are discussed under the section "Multifunctional anion exchangers".

SLC4A1 (Band 3, AE1, anion exchanger 1) was the first bicarbonate transporter gene to be cloned and sequenced (Lux SE et al, 1989). It is ubiquitous throughout vertebrates and in humans, is present on erythrocytes and the basolateral surfaces of kidney cells. The erythrocyte and kidney forms are different isoforms of the same protein (Kollert-Jons A et al, 1993). Mutations of erythroid AE1 determine the Diego blood group system (Bruce LJ et al, 1994). A more serious consequence of mutated erythroid AE1 is Hereditary spherocytosis (a disorder leading to haemolytic anaemia) (Jarolim P et al, 1995). Defects in the kidney form of AE1 cause distal (type1) renal tubular acidosis (an inability to acidify urine) (Bruce LJ et al, 1997).

SLC4A2 (Non-erythroid band 3-like protein, AE2, anion exchanger 2) is widely expressed and is considered to be the 'housekeeping' isoform of the bicarbonate transporters (Demuth DR et al, 1986). SLC4A3 (Cardiac/brain band 3-like protein, AE3) is expressed in heart and brain (Yannoukakos D et al, 1994).


REACT_19291 (Reactome) Two genes encode Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchangers; SLC4A8 (NDCBE1) and 10 (NCBE). SLC4A8 (NDCBE1) encodes a exchanger protein which mediates Na+:HCO3- transport with a stoichiometry of 1:2:1 (Na+/HCO3-/Cl-). This protein is highly expressed in brain and spine and moderately expressed in trachea, thyroid, and kidney (Amlal H et al, 1999). SLC4A10 (NCBE, NBCn2) encodes a Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger protein (Parker MD et al, 2008). It transports extracellular Na+ and HCO3- into cells in exchange for intracellular Cl- and H+, thus raising the intracellular pH.
REACT_19297 (Reactome) SLC17A5 encodes a lysosomal sialic acid transporter, Sialin (AST, membrane glycoprotein HP59) (Verheijen FW et al, 1999; Fu C et al, 2001). Lysosomes export sialic acid which is derived from the degradation of glycosylated membrane proteins. This export is dependent in the proton electrochemical gradient across the lysosomal membrane. It is present in the pathological tumor vasculature of the lung, breast, colon, and ovary, but not in the normal vasculature, suggesting that the protein may be critical to pathological angiogenesis. Sialin is not expressed in a variety of normal tissues, but is significantly expressed in human fetal lung. Defects in SLC17A5 cause Salla disease (SD) and infantile sialic acid storage disorder (ISSD, also called N-acetylneuraminic acid storage disease (NSD)). Both are sialic acid storage diseases (SASDs) which are autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by hypotonia, cerebellar ataxia and mental retardation in very young infants (Verheijen FW et al, 1999; Aula N et al, 2000).
REACT_19303 (Reactome) NHE9 (SLC9A9) (Nakamura N et al, 2005) is expressed ubiquitously and thought to play a housekeeping role in pH homeostasis in the late endosome membrane.
REACT_19313 (Reactome) The prototypical transporters of the SLC15 gene family are PEPT1 and PEPT2, which mediate the uptake of every possible di- and tri-peptide. PEPT1 (PTR1) is expressed mainly in the intestine (Liang R et al, 1995; Saito H et al, 1997) while PEPT2 (PTR2) is expressed in the kidney (Liu W et al, 1995).
REACT_19330 (Reactome) The SLC26A1 and 2 genes encode proteins that facilitate sulfate uptake into cells. The mechanism by which these transporters work is unclear but may be enhanced by extracellular halides or acidic pH environments, cotransporting protons electroneutrally. SLC26A1 encodes the sulfate anion transporter 1 (SAT1) (Regeer et al. 2003) which can transport sulfate and oxalate across the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells. It is most abundantly expressed in the liver and kidney, with lower levels expressed in many other parts of the body. SLC26A2 is ubiquitously expressed and encodes a sulfate transporter (Diastrophic dysplasia protein, DTD, DTDST) (Hastbacka et al. 1994). This transporter provides sulfate for proteoglycan sulfation which is needed for cartilage development. Defects in SLC26A2 are implicated in the pathogenesis of several human chondrodysplasias.
REACT_19339 (Reactome) The five members of the NCKX (SLC24) family are all able to exchange one Ca2+ and one K+ for four Na+. They play a major role in the phototransduction cascade by controlling the Ca2+ concentration of the outer segments of retinal rod and cone cells during light and dark conditions. NCKX1 (SLC24A1) encodes an exchanger protein which is the most extensively studied member (Tucker JE et al, 1998). It is highly expressed in the eye. Other members are expressed in the brain and skin as well as the eye (Prinsen CF et al, 2000; Kraev A et al, 2001; Li XF et al, 2002; Lamason RL et al, 2005).
REACT_19340 (Reactome) Human SLC5A5 encodes a Na+/I- symporter, NIS (Smanik PA et al, 1996). NIS is localized in the basolateral membrane facing the bloodstream and mediates iodide accumulation into thyrocytes.Defects in SLC5A5 cause congenital hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis type 1 (CHDH1) (Fujiwara H et al, 1997). NIS, together with AIT (see next reaction), mediates iodide transfer from blood to the colloid lumen of thyrocytes.
REACT_19362 (Reactome) There are two classes of glutamate transporters; the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) which depend on an electrochemical gradient of Na+ ions and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) which don't. Together, these transporters uptake and release glutamate to mediate this neurotransmitter's excitatory signal and are part of the glutamate-gluatamine cycle.

The SLC1 gene family includes five high-affinity glutamate transporters encoded by SLC1, 2, 3, 6 and 7. These transporters can mediate transport of L-Glutamate, L-Aspartate and D-Aspartate with cotransport of 3 Na+ ions and H+ and antiport of a K+ ion. This mechanism allows glutamate into cells against a concentration gradient. This is a crucial factor in the protection of neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity in the CNS.

SLC1A1 encodes an excitatory amino-acid carrier 1 (EAAC1, also called EAAT3) (Shashidharan P et al, 1994; Arriza JL et al, 1994) and is abundant particularly in brain but also in liver, muscle, ovary, testis and in retinoblastoma cell lines. In the kidney, EAAC1 is present at apical membranes of proximal tubes. Defects in SLC1A1 may be a cause of dicarboxylicamino aciduria (glutamate-aspartate transport defect in the kidney and intestine). SLC1A2 encodes the glial-type high affinity glutamate transporter (GLT1, EAAT2) (Arriza JL et al, 1994). GLT1 is expressed mainly in the brain and is essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft.

SLC1A3 encodes a sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter 1 (GLAST1, EAAT1). It is particularly abundant in the cerebellum and, like GLT1, plays a role in terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate (Arriza JL et al, 1994). Defects in SLC1A3 are the cause of episodic ataxia type 6 (EA6), characterized by episodic ataxia, seizures, migraine and alternating hemiplegia (Jen JC et al, 2005).

SLC1A6 encodes an excitatory amino-acid transporter 4 (EAAT4) (Fairman WA et al, 1995) and is predominantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. SLC1A7 encodes an excitatory amino acid transporter 5 (EAAT5, retinal glutamate transporter) (Arriza JL et al, 1997) which is highly expressed in the retina.
REACT_19367 (Reactome) SLC24A6 (NCKX6, NCLX) (Palty R et al, 2004) encodes a protein which can transport Li+ or Na+ in exchange for Ca2+ in an K+-independent manner (Cai X and Lytton J, 2004). Lithium exchange with calcium is shown here.
REACT_19377 (Reactome) A bioinformatics approach identified two further human transporters, PHT1 and PHT2 (Botka CW et al, 2000). These two transporters may be located on the lysosomal membrane for the proton-coupled export of histidine and di-peptides from lysosomal protein degradation.
REACT_19385 (Reactome) K+/Cl- cotransport is implicated not only in regulatory volume decrease, but also in transepithelial salt absorption, renal K+ secretion, myocardial K+ loss during ischemia and regulation of neuronal Cl- concentration. Four genes (SLC12A4-7) encode the K+/Cl- cotransporters KCC1-4 respectively. Cotransport of K+ and Cl- is electroneutral with a 1:1 stoichiometry. These cotransporters function as homomultimers or heteromultimers with other K+/Cl- cotransporters.
SLC12A4 encodes KCC1 (Gillen CM et al, 1996). KCC1 is ubiquitously expressed, suggesting a housekeeping role in the regulation of cell volume. SLC12A5 encodes KCC2 (Song L et al, 2002). KCC2's expression is restricted to neurons in the CNS and retina. It is thought KCC2 is important for Cl- homeostasis in neurons. SLC12A6 encodes KCC3 (Race JE et al, 1999; Mount DB et al, 1999). KCC3 is highly expressed in heart, brain, spinal cord, kidney, muscle, pancreas and placenta. Defects in SLC12A6 are a cause of agenesis of the corpus callosum with peripheral neuropathy (ACCPN) (Howard HC et al, 2002). SLC12A7 encodes KCC4 (Mount DB et al, 1999) which is widely expressed, especially in the kidney. It is thought to play a role in transepithelial transport of Cl- by the proximal tubule.
REACT_19410 (Reactome) There are two transporters of this type; The genes SLC20A1 and SLC20A2 encode for PiT1 (phosphate transporter 1) and PiT2 respectively. They both have a broad tissue distribution and may play a general housekeeping role in phosphate transport such as absorbing phosphate from interstitial fluid and in extracellular matrix and cartilage calcification as well as in vascular calcification. These proteins were originally described as retroviral receptors for the gibbin ape leukemia virus receptor 1 (GLVR1, now called PiT1) (O'Hara B et al, 1990) and GLVR2 (now called PiT2) (van Zeijl M et al, 1994). However, they were found to possess Na+-coupled phosphate cotransporter function (Fernandes I et al, 1999). The transport is electrogenic with a stoichiometry of 2:1 (Na+:Pi).
REACT_19417 (Reactome) The SLC12A3 gene encodes for the Thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (TSC). TSC mediates sodium and chloride removal from the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney (Mastroianni N et al, 1996). Defects in SLC12A3 are the cause of Gitelman syndrome (GS). GS is an autosomal recessive disorder that allows the kidneys to pass sodium, magnesium, chloride, and potassium into the urine, rather than being reabsorbed into the bloodstream (Simon DB et al, 1996). This cotransporter is the major target for thiazide-type diuretics, used in the treatment of hypertension, extracellular fluid overload and renal stone disease.
SAArrowREACT_19297 (Reactome)
SAREACT_19297 (Reactome)
SLC12A3mim-catalysisREACT_19417 (Reactome)
SLC16A10mim-catalysisREACT_13410 (Reactome)
SLC17A1mim-catalysisREACT_19157 (Reactome)
SLC17A5mim-catalysisREACT_19297 (Reactome)
SLC1A4mim-catalysisREACT_13455 (Reactome)
SLC1A4mim-catalysisREACT_13531 (Reactome)
SLC1A4mim-catalysisREACT_13618 (Reactome)
SLC1A4mim-catalysisREACT_13745 (Reactome)
SLC1A5mim-catalysisREACT_13419 (Reactome)
SLC1A5mim-catalysisREACT_13611 (Reactome)
SLC24A6mim-catalysisREACT_19367 (Reactome)
SLC25A10mim-catalysisREACT_115667 (Reactome)
SLC25A10mim-catalysisREACT_14803 (Reactome)
SLC26 chloride transportersmim-catalysisREACT_19248 (Reactome)
SLC26A1,2mim-catalysisREACT_19330 (Reactome)
SLC32A1mim-catalysisREACT_19142 (Reactome)
SLC34A3mim-catalysisREACT_19211 (Reactome)
SLC36A1mim-catalysisREACT_14785 (Reactome)
SLC36A2mim-catalysisREACT_14841 (Reactome)
SLC38A1mim-catalysisREACT_13590 (Reactome)
SLC38A2mim-catalysisREACT_13449 (Reactome)
SLC38A3mim-catalysisREACT_13659 (Reactome)
SLC38A4mim-catalysisREACT_13736 (Reactome)
SLC38A5mim-catalysisREACT_13564 (Reactome)
SLC43A1mim-catalysisREACT_13479 (Reactome)
SLC43A2mim-catalysisREACT_13741 (Reactome)
SLC5A5mim-catalysisREACT_19340 (Reactome)
SLC5A8mim-catalysisREACT_19245 (Reactome)
SLC5A8mim-catalysisREACT_19251 (Reactome)
SLC6A12mim-catalysisREACT_13561 (Reactome)
SLC6A14mim-catalysisREACT_14802 (Reactome)
SLC6A15mim-catalysisREACT_13593 (Reactome)
SLC6A18mim-catalysisREACT_13677 (Reactome)
SLC6A19mim-catalysisREACT_14843 (Reactome)
SLC6A20mim-catalysisREACT_13591 (Reactome)
SLC6A6mim-catalysisREACT_13704 (Reactome)
SLC7A10 SLC3A2 heterodimermim-catalysisREACT_14851 (Reactome)
SLC7A11 SLC3A2 heterodimermim-catalysisREACT_15324 (Reactome)
SLC7A1mim-catalysisREACT_14850 (Reactome)
SLC7A2-1mim-catalysisREACT_14845 (Reactome)
SLC7A2-2mim-catalysisREACT_14848 (Reactome)
SLC7A3mim-catalysisREACT_14813 (Reactome)
SLC7A5 SLC3A2 heterodimermim-catalysisREACT_13642 (Reactome)
SLC7A6 SLC3A2 heterodimermim-catalysisREACT_15318 (Reactome)
SLC7A7 SLC3A2 heterodimermim-catalysisREACT_15441 (Reactome)
SLC7A8 SLC3A2 heterodimermim-catalysisREACT_13482 (Reactome)
SLC7A9 SLC3A1 heterodimermim-catalysisREACT_15542 (Reactome)
SLC9A1-5mim-catalysisREACT_19224 (Reactome)
SLC9A6mim-catalysisREACT_19253 (Reactome)
SLC9A7/8mim-catalysisREACT_19218 (Reactome)
SLC9A9mim-catalysisREACT_19303 (Reactome)
SO4ArrowREACT_115667 (Reactome)
SO4ArrowREACT_19330 (Reactome)
SO4REACT_115667 (Reactome)
SO4REACT_19330 (Reactome)
Type III Na+/Pi cotransportersmim-catalysisREACT_19410 (Reactome)
VGLUTsmim-catalysisREACT_19233 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineArrowREACT_13455 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineArrowREACT_13531 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineArrowREACT_13618 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineArrowREACT_13745 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineREACT_13455 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineREACT_13531 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineREACT_13618 (Reactome)
alanine, serine, threonine, or cysteineREACT_13745 (Reactome)
arginine, cystine, lysineArrowREACT_15542 (Reactome)
arginine, cystine, lysineREACT_15542 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A1ArrowREACT_14785 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A1REACT_14785 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A2ArrowREACT_14841 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC36A2REACT_14841 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A1ArrowREACT_13590 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A1REACT_13590 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A2ArrowREACT_13449 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A2REACT_13449 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A3ArrowREACT_13659 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A3REACT_13659 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A5ArrowREACT_13564 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC38A5REACT_13564 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 ArrowREACT_13561 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A12 REACT_13561 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14ArrowREACT_14802 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A14REACT_14802 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15ArrowREACT_13593 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A15REACT_13593 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19ArrowREACT_14843 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A19REACT_14843 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6ArrowREACT_13704 (Reactome)
ligands of SLC6A6REACT_13704 (Reactome)
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