Abacavir transport and metabolism (Homo sapiens)

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154, 137, 1416, 18179122, 11, 193, 8, 10, 12512ABCG2 dimer ADH1A dimer NT5C2 tetramer cytosolendoplasmic reticulum membraneADALZn H+abacavir 5'-carboxylic acidH2OUDPADH1A Zn2+ Zn2+ carbovir monophosphateadenosine phosphotransferaseABCB1NAD+UDPGTcarbovirADH1A dimerabacavirGUK1NT5C2 InoH2Oabacavir monophosphateADPATPcyclopropylamineAde-RibADALZnPCK1SLC22A1,2,3NT5C2 tetramerHC-ABCG2 Mg2+ ADPAMPABCG2 dimerabacavirADPcarbovir triphosphateIMPPicarbovir diphosphateATPUDP-GlcANADHADAL ATPabacavir 5’-glucuronide988, 1013191, 6


Description

Abacavir is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiretroviral activity, widely used in combination with other drugs to treat HIV-1 infection (Yuen et al. 2008). Its uptake across the plasma membrane is mediated by organic cation transporters SLC22A1, 2, and 3; the transport proteins ABCB1 and ABCG2 mediate its efflux. Abacavir itself is a prodrug. Activation requires phosphorylation by a cytosolic adenosine phosphotransferase and deamination by ADAL deaminase to yield carbovir monophosphate. Cytosolic nucleotide kinases convert carbovir monophosphate to carbovir triphosphate, the active HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Abacavir can be glucuronidated or oxidized to a 5'-carboxylate; these are the major forms in which it is excreted from the body. Original Pathway at Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#DB=gk_current&FOCUS_SPECIES_ID=48887&FOCUS_PATHWAY_ID=2161522

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Bibliography

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  1. Spychała J, Madrid-Marina V, Fox IH.; ''High Km soluble 5'-nucleotidase from human placenta. Properties and allosteric regulation by IMP and ATP.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Garvey EP, Krenitsky TA.; ''A novel human phosphotransferase highly specific for adenosine.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. McDowell JA, Chittick GE, Ravitch JR, Polk RE, Kerkering TM, Stein DS.; ''Pharmacokinetics of [(14)C]abacavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitor, administered in a single oral dose to HIV-1-infected adults: a mass balance study.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Johnson MA, Fridland A.; ''Phosphorylation of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine by cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase of human lymphoid cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Miller WH, Daluge SM, Garvey EP, Hopkins S, Reardon JE, Boyd FL, Miller RL.; ''Phosphorylation of carbovir enantiomers by cellular enzymes determines the stereoselectivity of antiviral activity.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Yuen GJ, Weller S, Pakes GE.; ''A review of the pharmacokinetics of abacavir.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Wakabayashi K, Nakagawa H, Tamura A, Koshiba S, Hoshijima K, Komada M, Ishikawa T.; ''Intramolecular disulfide bond is a critical check point determining degradative fates of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCG2 protein.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Yin SJ, Bosron WF, Magnes LJ, Li TK.; ''Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase: purification and kinetic characterization of the beta 2 beta 2, beta 2 beta 1, alpha beta 2, and beta 2 gamma 1 "Oriental" isoenzymes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Pan G, Giri N, Elmquist WF.; ''Abcg2/Bcrp1 mediates the polarized transport of antiretroviral nucleosides abacavir and zidovudine.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  10. Minuesa G, Volk C, Molina-Arcas M, Gorboulev V, Erkizia I, Arndt P, Clotet B, Pastor-Anglada M, Koepsell H, Martinez-Picado J.; ''Transport of lamivudine [(-)-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine] and high-affinity interaction of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with human organic cation transporters 1, 2, and 3.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  11. Shaik N, Giri N, Pan G, Elmquist WF.; ''P-glycoprotein-mediated active efflux of the anti-HIV1 nucleoside abacavir limits cellular accumulation and brain distribution.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  12. Faletto MB, Miller WH, Garvey EP, St Clair MH, Daluge SM, Good SS.; ''Unique intracellular activation of the potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent 1592U89.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  13. Lange LG, Sytkowski AJ, Vallee BL.; ''Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase: purification, composition, and catalytic features.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  14. Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM.; ''Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  15. Ravitch JR, Moseley CG.; ''High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for abacavir and its two major metabolites in human urine and cerebrospinal fluid.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  16. Murakami E, Bao H, Mosley RT, Du J, Sofia MJ, Furman PA.; ''Adenosine deaminase-like protein 1 (ADAL1): characterization and substrate specificity in the hydrolysis of N(6)- or O(6)-substituted purine or 2-aminopurine nucleoside monophosphates.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  17. Walldén K, Stenmark P, Nyman T, Flodin S, Gräslund S, Loppnau P, Bianchi V, Nordlund P.; ''Crystal structure of human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II: insights into allosteric regulation and substrate recognition.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  18. Doyle LA, Yang W, Abruzzo LV, Krogmann T, Gao Y, Rishi AK, Ross DD.; ''A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  19. Walsh JS, Reese MJ, Thurmond LM.; ''The metabolic activation of abacavir by human liver cytosol and expressed human alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
112294view15:12, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101443view11:31, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100981view21:09, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100517view19:43, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100063view16:27, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99615view15:00, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
93965view13:48, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93563view11:27, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
92310view06:19, 20 May 2017EgonwOntology Term : 'xenobiotic metabolic pathway' added !
87032view14:51, 15 July 2016MkutmonOntology Term : 'abacavir drug pathway' added !
86664view09:23, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83598view13:39, 27 November 2015Anweshaimproved layout
83313view10:45, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81340view12:50, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
78029view14:19, 13 November 2014AnweshaImproved Layout
76926view08:19, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76631view12:00, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76515view11:41, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
75962view10:02, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75664view10:56, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75019view13:53, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74663view08:43, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
ABCB1ProteinP08183 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCG2 dimerComplexREACT_26835 (Reactome)
ADAL ZnComplexREACT_122370 (Reactome)
ADAL ProteinQ6DHV7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADH1A ProteinP07327 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADH1A dimerComplexREACT_5753 (Reactome)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
AMPMetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
Ade-RibMetaboliteCHEBI:16335 (ChEBI)
GUK1ProteinQ16774 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
HC-ABCG2 ProteinQ9UNQ0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17202 (ChEBI)
InoMetaboliteCHEBI:17596 (ChEBI)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:15846 (ChEBI)
NADHMetaboliteCHEBI:16908 (ChEBI)
NT5C2 ProteinP49902 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NT5C2 tetramerComplexREACT_3347 (Reactome)
PCK1ProteinP35558 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
SLC22A1,2,3ProteinREACT_121588 (Reactome)
UDP-GlcAMetaboliteCHEBI:17200 (ChEBI)
UDPMetaboliteCHEBI:17659 (ChEBI)
UDPGTREACT_122792 (Reactome)
Zn2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29105 (ChEBI)
abacavir 5'-carboxylic acidMetaboliteCHEBI:64192 (ChEBI)
abacavir 5’-glucuronideMetaboliteCHEBI:64189 (ChEBI)
abacavir monophosphateMetaboliteCHEBI:64112 (ChEBI)
abacavirMetaboliteCHEBI:421707 (ChEBI)
adenosine phosphotransferaseREACT_124880 (Reactome)
carbovir diphosphateMetaboliteCHEBI:64172 (ChEBI)
carbovir monophosphateMetaboliteCHEBI:64116 (ChEBI)
carbovir triphosphateMetaboliteCHEBI:64174 (ChEBI)
carbovirMetaboliteCHEBI:421843 (ChEBI)
cyclopropylamineMetaboliteCHEBI:34660 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ABCB1REACT_120947 (Reactome)
ABCG2 dimerREACT_121056 (Reactome)
ADAL ZnREACT_121193 (Reactome)
ADH1A dimerREACT_121302 (Reactome)
ADPArrowREACT_120894 (Reactome)
ADPArrowREACT_120913 (Reactome)
ADPArrowREACT_120947 (Reactome)
ADPArrowREACT_121056 (Reactome)
AMPREACT_120830 (Reactome)
ATPREACT_120894 (Reactome)
ATPREACT_120913 (Reactome)
ATPREACT_120947 (Reactome)
ATPREACT_121056 (Reactome)
Ade-RibArrowREACT_120830 (Reactome)
GUK1REACT_120913 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_121302 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120947 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121056 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121193 (Reactome)
IMPREACT_120749 (Reactome)
InoArrowREACT_120749 (Reactome)
NAD+REACT_121302 (Reactome)
NADHArrowREACT_121302 (Reactome)
NT5C2 tetramerREACT_120749 (Reactome)
PCK1REACT_120894 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_120947 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_121056 (Reactome)
REACT_120749 (Reactome) NT5C2 catalyzes the reaction of carbovir and IMP to form carbovir monophosphate and inosine (Johnson and Fridland 1989; Miller et al. 1992). The enzyme was originally identified as a high-Km soluble 5'-nucleotidase most active on IMP and GMP (Spychala et al. 1988). Its active form is a tetramer (Wallden et al. 2007).
REACT_120830 (Reactome) Cytosolic adenosine phosphotransferase catalyzes the reaction of abacavir and AMP to form abacavir monophosphate and adenosine (Faletto et al. 1997). This enzymatic activity has been purified from human placenta and is distinct from known human kinases (Garvey and Krenitsky 1992) but has not been associated with a known human gene.
REACT_120894 (Reactome) Cytosolic PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) catalyzes the reaction of carbovir diphosphate and ATP to form carbovir triphosphate and ADP. The activity of human PCK1 and relative inactivity of human nucleoside diphosphate kinase are inferred from the properties of the purified rat and bovine enzymes in vitro (Miller et al. 1992).
REACT_120913 (Reactome) Cytosolic GUK1 (guanylate kinase 1) catalyzes the reaction of carbovir monophosphate and ATP to form carbovir diphosphate and ADP. The activity of human GUK1 is inferred from that of the corresponding pig protein (Miller et al. 1992).
REACT_120923 (Reactome) A member of the UDPGT (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) enzyme family is thought to catalyze the reaction of abacavir and UDP-glucuronate to form UDP and abacavir-5'-glucuronate, one of the major forms in which abacavir is excreted from the body (McDowell et al. 1999; Ravitch and Moseley 2001). The specific UDPGT family enzyme family member or members that catalyze this reaction have not been identified.
REACT_120947 (Reactome) The ABCB1 transporter associated with the plasma membrane mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of a variety of xenobiotic molecules. Its ability to transport abacavir is inferred from studies of the corresponding mouse protein (Shaik et al. 2007).
REACT_121056 (Reactome) ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2), associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of abacavir (Doyle et al. 1998). The active form of ABCG2 is a homodimer stabilized by an interchain disulfide bond (Wakabayashi et al. 2007). The abacavir specificity of the human ABCG2 transporter is inferred from studies of the corresponding mouse protein (Pan et al. 2007).
REACT_121193 (Reactome) Cytosolic ADAL (Adenosine DeAminase-Like) catalyzes the reaction of abacavir monophosphate and water to form carbovir monophosphate and cyclopropylamine. The active form of the enzyme is a protein monomer complexed with a zinc ion (Murakami et al. 2011).
REACT_121207 (Reactome) Organic cation transporters 1 (OCT1, SLC22A1), 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2) and 3 (OCT3, SLC22A3) associated with the plasma membrane all mediate the influx of abacavir. The three transporters have similar affinities for abacavir (Minuesa et al. 2009) but differ in the tissues in which they are expressed and in their distributions on the surfaces of polarized cells (reviewed by Klaasen and Aleksunes 2010).
REACT_121302 (Reactome) Cytosolic ADH alpha dimer catalyzes the reaction of abacavir and NAD to form abacavir 5'-carboxylate and NADH + H+. Abacavir 5'-carboxylate is one of the major forms in which abacavir is excreted from the body. Studies with purified enzymes in vitro indicate that only the alpha isoform of ADH has this activity. These studies also suggest that the reaction proceeds in two steps via an unstable aldehyde intermediate (Walsh et al. 2002). Whether conversion of the aldehyde to the carboxylate is spontaneous or also catalyzed by ADH has not been established.
SLC22A1,2,3REACT_121207 (Reactome)
UDP-GlcAREACT_120923 (Reactome)
UDPArrowREACT_120923 (Reactome)
UDPGTREACT_120923 (Reactome)
abacavir 5'-carboxylic acidArrowREACT_121302 (Reactome)
abacavir 5’-glucuronideArrowREACT_120923 (Reactome)
abacavir monophosphateArrowREACT_120830 (Reactome)
abacavir monophosphateREACT_121193 (Reactome)
abacavirArrowREACT_120947 (Reactome)
abacavirArrowREACT_121056 (Reactome)
abacavirREACT_120830 (Reactome)
abacavirREACT_120923 (Reactome)
abacavirREACT_120947 (Reactome)
abacavirREACT_121056 (Reactome)
abacavirREACT_121302 (Reactome)
adenosine phosphotransferaseREACT_120830 (Reactome)
carbovir diphosphateArrowREACT_120913 (Reactome)
carbovir diphosphateREACT_120894 (Reactome)
carbovir monophosphateArrowREACT_120749 (Reactome)
carbovir monophosphateArrowREACT_121193 (Reactome)
carbovir monophosphateREACT_120913 (Reactome)
carbovir triphosphateArrowREACT_120894 (Reactome)
carbovirREACT_120749 (Reactome)
cyclopropylamineArrowREACT_121193 (Reactome)
Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP2712"
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