ABC-family proteins mediated transport (Homo sapiens)

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2, 30, 541, 1218, 20, 36, 606, 37, 4315, 32, 46, 48, 5010, 41, 5918, 20, 36, 604, 11, 13, 53, 5816, 19, 28, 29, 38...8, 9, 33, 34, 40...49, 557, 15, 17, 25, 47263, 5, 14, 2421, 354422, 4523, 27, 3931, 42, 524, 11, 13, 53, 58lysosomal lumenendoplasmic reticulum lumentransport vesicleperoxisomal matrixcytosolmitochondrial matrixATPEIF2S1 LCFAorganic anionKCNJ11:ABCC9EIF2S1 H2OATPCl-CHOLABCB9 ATPCHOL23mer peptideporphyrinIvacaftorADPABCA cholesteroltransportersa xenobioticABCA8/B1/B5ABCD3 ABCA7-1:ApoA1complexABCA7-dependentphospholipidsABCE1:RNASEL dimerPiRNASEL dimerATPPiADPABCD2 EIF2S2 ABCG5 ABCF1ADPLFCAABCG1 dimerPiADPPEX19H2OATPPiK+ATPH2OADPH2OCFTRH2OPiABCF1 CHOLCl-ABCD1-3 dimersABCC9 PEX19 ABCA7-dependentphospholipidsABCE1atRALABCG5:ABCG8CHOLADPADPMTABC3 dimerADPATPEIF2S3 23mer peptideATPCHOLH2OH2OhemePiH2OADPAPOA1(25-266) ABCG4 dimerABCA7 PiEIF2S1:EIF2S2:EIF2S3PiABCB6 ATPABCCsPiCHOLKCNJ11 porphyrinCFTR G551D atRALCFTR G551DABCE1 Heme transportersADPABCG1 ABCD1 EIF2S2 ABCG4 PisterolsH2OADPPEX19:ABCD1/2/3Ivacaftor PEX3ATPATPH2OhemeIvacaftor:CFTR G551DH2OPiADPRNASEL PiABCB9 dimerABCF1:EIF2S1:EIF2S2:EIF2S3HCO3-ATPABCG8 RNASEL HCO3-H2OEIF2S3 K+organic aniona xenobioticsterolsABCA4


Description

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of active transporters involves a large number of functionally diverse transmembrane proteins. They transport a variety of compounds through membranes against steep concentration gradients at the cost of ATP hydrolysis. These substrates include amino acids, lipids, inorganic ions, peptides, saccharides, peptides for antigen presentation, metals, drugs, and proteins. The ABC transporters not only move a variety of substrates into and out of the cell, but are also involved in intracellular compartmental transport. Energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to transport the substrate across the membrane against a concentration gradient. Human genome contains 48 ABC genes; 16 of these have a known function and 14 are associated with a defined human disease (Dean et al. 2001, Borst and Elferink 2002, Rees et al. 2009). Source:Reactome.

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Bibliography

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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
101456view11:32, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100994view21:11, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100530view19:45, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100077view16:29, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99628view15:01, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99234view12:44, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93773view13:35, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93299view11:19, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86383view09:16, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83823view13:07, 13 December 2015EgonwTypo: LFCA -> LCFA
83165view10:15, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
82708view09:11, 23 October 2015EgonwTypo: LFCA -> LCFA
81529view13:04, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76998view08:29, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76703view12:07, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76516view11:41, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76029view10:09, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75738view11:22, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75088view14:04, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74735view08:49, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamReactome46
44936view12:20, 6 October 2011MartijnVanIerselOntology Term : 'transport pathway' added !
42004view21:49, 4 March 2011MaintBotAutomatic update
39806view05:50, 21 January 2011MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
23mer peptideR-NUL-5223341 (Reactome)
23mer peptideR-NUL-5223344 (Reactome)
ABCA cholesterol transportersR-HSA-383207 (Reactome)
ABCA4ProteinP78363 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCA7 ProteinQ8IZY2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCA7-1:ApoA1 complexComplexR-HSA-382558 (Reactome)
ABCA7-dependent phospholipidsR-ALL-382526 (Reactome)
ABCA7-dependent phospholipidsR-ALL-382530 (Reactome)
ABCA8/B1/B5R-HSA-1467470 (Reactome)
ABCB6 ProteinQ9NP58 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCB9 ProteinQ9NP78 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCB9 dimerComplexR-HSA-5223347 (Reactome)
ABCC9 ProteinO60706 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCCsR-HSA-1454912 (Reactome)
ABCD1 ProteinP33897 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCD1-3 dimersR-HSA-1456465 (Reactome)
ABCD2 ProteinQ9UBJ2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCD3 ProteinP28288 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCE1 ProteinP61221 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCE1:RNASEL dimerComplexR-HSA-5223322 (Reactome)
ABCE1ProteinP61221 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCF1 ProteinQ8NE71 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCF1:EIF2S1:EIF2S2:EIF2S3ComplexR-HSA-5226905 (Reactome)
ABCF1ProteinQ8NE71 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCG1 ProteinP45844 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCG1 dimerComplexR-HSA-194222 (Reactome)
ABCG4 ProteinQ9H172 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCG4 dimerComplexR-HSA-1454940 (Reactome)
ABCG5 ProteinQ9H222 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCG5:ABCG8ComplexR-HSA-265452 (Reactome)
ABCG8 ProteinQ9H221 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
APOA1(25-266) ProteinP02647 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
CFTR G551D ProteinP13569 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CFTR G551DProteinP13569 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CFTRProteinP13569 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHOLMetaboliteCHEBI:16113 (ChEBI)
Cl-MetaboliteCHEBI:17996 (ChEBI)
EIF2S1 ProteinP05198 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
EIF2S1:EIF2S2:EIF2S3ComplexR-HSA-72515 (Reactome)
EIF2S2 ProteinP20042 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
EIF2S3 ProteinP41091 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
HCO3-MetaboliteCHEBI:17544 (ChEBI)
Heme transportersR-HSA-1369030 (Reactome)
Ivacaftor MetaboliteCHEBI:66901 (ChEBI)
Ivacaftor:CFTR G551DComplexR-HSA-5678990 (Reactome)
IvacaftorMetaboliteCHEBI:66901 (ChEBI)
K+MetaboliteCHEBI:29103 (ChEBI)
KCNJ11 ProteinQ14654 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
KCNJ11:ABCC9ComplexR-HSA-5678267 (Reactome)
LCFAMetaboliteCHEBI:15904 (ChEBI)
LFCAMetaboliteCHEBI:15904 (ChEBI)
MTABC3 dimerComplexR-HSA-1368982 (Reactome)
PEX19 ProteinP40855 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PEX19:ABCD1/2/3ComplexR-HSA-382586 (Reactome)
PEX19ProteinP40855 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PEX3ProteinP56589 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
RNASEL ProteinQ05823 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNASEL dimerComplexR-HSA-5357403 (Reactome)
a xenobioticMetaboliteCHEBI:35703 (ChEBI)
atRALMetaboliteCHEBI:17898 (ChEBI)
hemeMetaboliteCHEBI:17627 (ChEBI)
organic anionMetaboliteCHEBI:25696 (ChEBI)
porphyrinMetaboliteCHEBI:8337 (ChEBI)
sterolsR-ALL-265781 (Reactome)
sterolsR-ALL-265784 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
23mer peptideArrowR-HSA-5223317 (Reactome)
23mer peptideR-HSA-5223317 (Reactome)
ABCA cholesterol transportersmim-catalysisR-HSA-1369028 (Reactome)
ABCA cholesterol transportersmim-catalysisR-HSA-1369052 (Reactome)
ABCA4mim-catalysisR-HSA-1467466 (Reactome)
ABCA7-1:ApoA1 complexmim-catalysisR-HSA-382553 (Reactome)
ABCA7-dependent phospholipidsArrowR-HSA-382553 (Reactome)
ABCA7-dependent phospholipidsR-HSA-382553 (Reactome)
ABCA8/B1/B5mim-catalysisR-HSA-1467457 (Reactome)
ABCB9 dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-5223317 (Reactome)
ABCCsmim-catalysisR-HSA-1454916 (Reactome)
ABCD1-3 dimersArrowR-HSA-382613 (Reactome)
ABCD1-3 dimersmim-catalysisR-HSA-382575 (Reactome)
ABCE1:RNASEL dimerArrowR-HSA-5223305 (Reactome)
ABCE1R-HSA-5223305 (Reactome)
ABCF1:EIF2S1:EIF2S2:EIF2S3ArrowR-HSA-5227009 (Reactome)
ABCF1R-HSA-5227009 (Reactome)
ABCG1 dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-266082 (Reactome)
ABCG4 dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-1454928 (Reactome)
ABCG5:ABCG8mim-catalysisR-HSA-265783 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1369028 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1369052 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1369065 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1454916 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1454928 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1467457 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1467466 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-265783 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-266082 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-382553 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-382560 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-382575 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-383190 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-5223317 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-5678992 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1369028 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1369052 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1369065 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1454916 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1454928 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1467457 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1467466 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-265783 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-266082 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-382553 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-382560 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-382575 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-383190 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-5223317 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-5678992 (Reactome)
CFTR G551DR-HSA-5679000 (Reactome)
CFTRmim-catalysisR-HSA-383190 (Reactome)
CHOLArrowR-HSA-1369028 (Reactome)
CHOLArrowR-HSA-1369052 (Reactome)
CHOLArrowR-HSA-1454928 (Reactome)
CHOLArrowR-HSA-266082 (Reactome)
CHOLR-HSA-1369028 (Reactome)
CHOLR-HSA-1369052 (Reactome)
CHOLR-HSA-1454928 (Reactome)
CHOLR-HSA-266082 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowR-HSA-5678992 (Reactome)
Cl-R-HSA-5678992 (Reactome)
EIF2S1:EIF2S2:EIF2S3R-HSA-5227009 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1369028 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1369052 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1369065 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1454916 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1454928 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1467457 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1467466 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-265783 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-266082 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-382553 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-382560 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-382575 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-383190 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-5223317 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-5678992 (Reactome)
HCO3-ArrowR-HSA-383190 (Reactome)
HCO3-R-HSA-383190 (Reactome)
Heme transportersmim-catalysisR-HSA-382560 (Reactome)
Ivacaftor:CFTR G551DArrowR-HSA-5679000 (Reactome)
Ivacaftor:CFTR G551Dmim-catalysisR-HSA-5678992 (Reactome)
IvacaftorR-HSA-5679000 (Reactome)
K+ArrowR-HSA-5678261 (Reactome)
K+R-HSA-5678261 (Reactome)
KCNJ11:ABCC9mim-catalysisR-HSA-5678261 (Reactome)
LCFAR-HSA-382575 (Reactome)
LFCAArrowR-HSA-382575 (Reactome)
MTABC3 dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-1369065 (Reactome)
PEX19:ABCD1/2/3R-HSA-382613 (Reactome)
PEX19ArrowR-HSA-382613 (Reactome)
PEX3ArrowR-HSA-382613 (Reactome)
PEX3R-HSA-382613 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1369028 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1369052 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1369065 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1454916 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1454928 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1467457 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1467466 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-265783 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-266082 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-382553 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-382560 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-382575 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-383190 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-5223317 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-5678992 (Reactome)
R-HSA-1369028 (Reactome) The exact roles of ABCA2 (Vulevic et al. 2001, Kaminski et al. 2001), ABCA6 (Kaminski & Wenzel et al. 2001), ABCA9 (Piehler et al. 2002) and ABCA10 (Wenzel et al. 2003), candidates for ABC lipid transporter-related activities, need to be elucidated. Even thought cholesterol-responsiveness has been noted in experimental systems, contribution of these proteins in regulation or in active transport is not yet clear.
R-HSA-1369052 (Reactome) The exact roles of ABCA2 (Vulevic et al. 2001, Kaminski et al. 2001), ABCA6 (Kaminski & Wenzel et al. 2001), ABCA9 (Piehler et al. 2002) and ABCA10 (Wenzel et al. 2003), candidates for ABC lipid transporter-related activities, need to be elucidated. Even thought cholesterol-responsiveness has been noted in experimental systems, contribution of these proteins in regulation or in active transport is not yet clear.
R-HSA-1369065 (Reactome) The human gene ABCB6 encodes a mitochondrial half-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein MTABC3 which is uniquely located on the outer mitochondrial membrane and is functional as a homodimer (Krishnamurthy et al. 2006). It plays a crucial role in heme synthesis by mediating porphyrin uptake into mitochondria (Mitsuhashi et al. 2000, Krishnamurthy et al. 2006).
R-HSA-1454916 (Reactome) The multidrug resistance associated protein (MRPs) subfamily of the ABC transporter family can transport a wide and diverse range of organic anions that can be endogenous compounds and xenobiotics and their metabolites. All human MRPs (except MRP9) can mediate these transport reactions (Deeley et al. 2006).

Separately, specific reactions have also been annotated to describe the roles of ABCC4 in platelet dense granule assembly, of ABCC1 in LTC4 export (an aspect of leukotriene synthesis), and of ABCC3 in bile salt efflux.

R-HSA-1454928 (Reactome) Human ABCG4 shows sequence homology to the Drosophila white gene, the product of which must dimerise to become functionally active. ABCG4 is closely related to ABCG1 with 74% identity and is thus thought to play a role in the efflux of excess cholesterol (Engel et al. 2001). Northern Blot analysis shows that ABCG4 is expressed specifically in brain and the eye (Oldfield et al. 2002).
R-HSA-1467457 (Reactome) Some members of the ABC transporter superfamily are able to mediate the efflux of a broad range of cytotoxic drugs from cells, leading to the name multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins (Seeger and van Veen 2009). The ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein 1[PGP], multidrug resistance protein 1 [MRP1]) is the most characterised MDR (Shen et al. 1986, Gottesman & Pastan 1988). ABCB5 (Frank et al. 2005) and ABCA8 (Tsuruoka et al. 2002) are newer members of MDRs.
R-HSA-1467466 (Reactome) Rhodopsin (RHO) is localised to both the disc membrane and the plasma membrane of rod outer segments (ROS). All-trans-retinal (atRAL) released from rhodopsin during the bleaching process, needs to translocate to the cytosol for reduction to all-trans-retinol (atROL) via all-trans-retinol dehydrogenases. Although atRAL can diffuse through membranes unaided, there exists an ABC transporter on disc membranes which may facilitate the transport of excess atRAL. Retinal-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA4, ABCR) is the only ABC transporter which mediates the transport of retinoids (Biswas & Biswas 2000). Studies using bovine ABCA4 demonstrates atRAL transport (Sun et al. 1999). Human ABCR was found to be identical to the ABC transporter linked to Stargardt's disease type 1 (STGD1, MIM:248200), a cause of macular degeneration in childhood (Nasonkin et al. 1998).
R-HSA-265783 (Reactome) The complex of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G members 5 and 8 (ABCG5:ABCG8) in the plasma membrane mediates the ATP-dependent export of cytosolic sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols). Mutations affecting the ABCG5/8 proteins are associated with the accumulation of high levels of cholesterol and phytosterols in the body, demonstrating the specificity and physiological importance of this process (Berge et al. 2000). Human ABCG5/8 has not been studied in detail, but the homologous mouse protein complex mediate ATP-dependent sterol export (Wang et al. 2006). The mouse proteins localize to the apical plasma membranes of enterocytes and hepatocytes, consistent with the hypothesis that in vivo ABCG5/8 mediates sterol export into the gut lumen and from hepatocytes into the bile (Graf et al. 2003).
R-HSA-266082 (Reactome) In an ATP-dependent reaction, ABCG1 mediates the movement of intracellular cholesterol to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. In a tissue culture model system, the active form of ABCG1 is predominantly a tetramer (Vuaghan and Oram 2005). The number of lipid molecules transported per ATP consumed is not known.
R-HSA-382553 (Reactome) ABCA7 has the ability to bind apolipoproteins and promote efflux of cellular phospholipids and may have a possible role in cellular phospholipid metabolism in peripheral tissues. Like many other ABC-transporters, the exact role of ABCA7 is waiting to be elucidated.
R-HSA-382560 (Reactome) Mitochondrial ABC transporters are thought to play a key role in iron metabolism and heme biosynthesis. All mitochondrial ABC transporters described to date are of the half-transporter type and would probably function as dimers (Ramjeesingh et al. 2003) but their dimerization partners have not yet been identified. ABC7 is the functional human orthologue of yeast Atm1p (Csere et al. 1998), is predicted to dimerize in the same way as Atm1p (Chloupková et al. 2004) and is probably involved in iron homeostasis. Defects in ABCB7 are the cause of X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia (ASAT) [MIM:301310] (Allikmets et al. 1999). Human genes ABCB8 and ABCB10 encode mABC1 and mABC2 respectively (Hogue et al. 1999, Zhang et al 2000 respectively). They would be expected to dimerize, as demonstrated for mABC2 (Graf et al. 2004). Both are believed to have similar functionality to ABC7 although this has not been demonstrated yet.
R-HSA-382575 (Reactome) The 70-kDa peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP70) and the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP aka ABCD1) are half ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the peroxisome membrane. They are involved in metabolic transport of long and very long chain fatty acids into peroxisomes. Mutations in the ALD gene result in the X-linked neurodegenerative disorder adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD; MIM:300100). ABCD1 deficiency impairs the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and facilitates their further chain elongation by ELOVL1 resulting in accumulation of VLCFA in plasma and tissues. While all patients with ALD have mutations in the ABCD1 gene, there is no general genotype-phenotype correlation. In addition to ABCD1, other genes and environmental factors determine clinical features of ALD (Kemp et al. 2012, Berger et al. 2014).
R-HSA-382613 (Reactome) PEX19 is a chaperone protein that binds a broad spectrum of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs), and interacts with regions of PMPs required for their targeting to peroxisomes. PEX3 is required for PEX19 to dock at peroxisomes, interacts specifically with the docking domain of PEX19, and is required for recruitment of the PEX19 docking domain to peroxisomes. The ABC transporters D1, D2 and D3 must first form dimers to become fully functional (Liu et al.1999) which then can bind with PEX19.
R-HSA-383190 (Reactome) Regulation of epithelial chloride flux, which is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis, may be mediated by phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) or protein kinase C (PKC). CFTR regulates both HCO(3)(-) secretion and HCO(3)(-) salvage in secretory epithelia.
R-HSA-5223305 (Reactome) 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease (RNASEL) is an endoribonuclease that is activated in the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. Its anti-viral effects are probably a combination of induction of apoptosis, cleavage of viral mRNA and induction of other anti-viral genes. ATP-binding cassette sub-family E member 1 (ABCE1, aka RNase L inhibitor, RLI) directly interacts with RNASEL and inhibits its endoribonuclease activity, thus antagonising the anti-viral effect of the IFN-regulated 2-5A/RNase L pathway (Martinand et al. 1998, Martinand et al. 1999, Le Roy et al. 2001).
R-HSA-5223317 (Reactome) ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 9 (ABCB9, aka lysosomal ABC transporter associated with antigen processing-like, TAPL) is a homodimeric ATP-dependent low affinity peptide transporter (Wolters et al. 2005), localised on the lysosomal membrane (Zhang et al. 2000). It is able to transport a broad spectrum of peptides (from 6mer up to at least 59mer peptides, optimum of 23mers) from the cytosol to the lysosomal lumen. ABCB9 favours positively charged, aromatic or hydrophobic residues in the N- and C-terminal positions whereas negatively charged residues and asparagine and methionine residues are not favoured (Wolters et al. 2005, Demirel et al. 2007, Zhao et al. 2008). The reaction described here shows the transport of the optimum 23mer peptide.
R-HSA-5227009 (Reactome) ATP-binding cassette sub-family F member 1 (ABCF1 aka ABC50) is unlike most ABC proteins in that it does not possess membrane-spanning domains. ABCF1 interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 2 complex (EIF2S1:EIF2S2:EIF2S3), a key player in translation initiation and control and in ribosome regulation. ABCF1 is predominantly located in the cytosol, whereas a smaller amount is also found in the nucleoplasm but not in the nucleolus. Knockout of ABCF1 impaired translation of both cap-dependent and cap-independent reporters, consistent with a positive role for ABCF1 in the function of the EIF2 complex (Paytubi et al. 2008, Paytubi et al. 2009).
R-HSA-5678261 (Reactome) ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11 (KCNJ11) is an inward rectifier potassium channel, favouring potassium flow into the cell rather than out of it. KCNJ11 can complex with ATP-binding cassette sub-family member 9 (ABCC9) to form cardiac and smooth muscle-type K+(ATP) channels. KCNJ11 forms the channel pore while ABCC9 is required for activation and regulation (Babenko et al. 1998, Tammaro & Ashcroft 2007).
R-HSA-5678992 (Reactome) Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a low conductance chloride-selective channel that mediates the transport of chloride ions in human airway epithelial cells which plays a key role in maintaining homoeostasis of epithelial secretions in the lungs. Defects in CFTR can cause cystic fibrosis (CF; MIM:602421), a common generalised disorder in Caucasians affecting the exocrine glands. CF results in an ionic imbalance that impairs clearance of secretions, not only in the lung, but also in the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and liver. Wide-ranging manifestations of the disease include chronic lung disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, blockage of the terminal ileum, male infertility and salty sweat.

The class 3 mutations of CFTR such as G551D strongly decrease the time spent by CFTR in the open state (a gating defect). Results from 2-phase clinical trials using VX-770 (aka Ivacaftor), a CFTR potentiator, showed an increased CFTR channel open probability in G551D patients. Ivacaftor use showed improvements in CFTR and lung function of patients with at least one G551D allele (Accurso et al. 2010, Ramsey et al. 2011, Kapoor et al. 2014). In 2012, the FDA approved Ivacaftor (under the trade name Kalydeco) for use in cystic fibrosis patients with the G551D mutation (Ledford 2012).
R-HSA-5679000 (Reactome) Defects in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) can cause cystic fibrosis (CF; MIM:602421), a common generalised disorder in Caucasians affecting the exocrine glands. CF results in an ionic imbalance that impairs clearance of secretions, not only in the lung, but also in the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and liver. Wide-ranging manifestations of the disease include chronic lung disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, blockage of the terminal ileum, male infertility and salty sweat. The class 3 mutations of CFTR such as G551D strongly decrease the time spent by CFTR in the open state (a gating defect). Results from 2-phase clinical trials using VX-770 (aka Ivacaftor), a CFTR potentiator, showed an increased CFTR channel open probability in G551D patients. Ivacaftor use showed improvements in CFTR and lung function of patients with at least one G551D allele (Accurso et al. 2010, Ramsey et al. 2011, Kapoor et al. 2014). In 2012, the FDA approved Ivacaftor (under the trade name Kalydeco) for use in cystic fibrosis patients with the G551D mutation (Ledford 2012).
RNASEL dimerR-HSA-5223305 (Reactome)
a xenobioticArrowR-HSA-1467457 (Reactome)
a xenobioticR-HSA-1467457 (Reactome)
atRALArrowR-HSA-1467466 (Reactome)
atRALR-HSA-1467466 (Reactome)
hemeArrowR-HSA-382560 (Reactome)
hemeR-HSA-382560 (Reactome)
organic anionArrowR-HSA-1454916 (Reactome)
organic anionR-HSA-1454916 (Reactome)
porphyrinArrowR-HSA-1369065 (Reactome)
porphyrinR-HSA-1369065 (Reactome)
sterolsArrowR-HSA-265783 (Reactome)
sterolsR-HSA-265783 (Reactome)
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