Transcriptional regulation of pluripotent stem cells (Homo sapiens)

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2, 5, 7, 10, 13...6, 13, 20, 27, 30...16, 532, 262, 3, 15, 18, 19, 23...16, 539, 20, 25, 27, 381, 2, 7, 8, 11...4, 11, 19, 21-23, 38...12, 19, 23, 38, 40...2, 7, 15, 19, 21...204, 19, 21, 22, 38...nucleoplasmcytosolPOU5F1:STAT3:SALL4genePOLR2B POLR2G POLR2K POU5F1 mRNA POLR2H POLR2D POLR2A POLR2J SOX2POLR2L POLR2K SMAD4 SALL4 genePOU5F1POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2,NANOG activategenes related toproliferationPOLR2J POLR2E SOX2 gene SALL4 gene NANOG gene SMAD4 POLR2E POLR2D RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(generic)p-Y705-STAT3 dimerp-Y705-STAT3 EPAS1SOX2 ZIC3POLR2C POLR2F RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(generic)NANOG POLR2D POU5F1 POLR2B PRDM14 POLR2A POLR2G POLR2D POLR2J POU5F1 gene POLR2C POLR2A POLR2F POU5F1 geneSOX2 SOX2 genePOLR2L NR5A1POLR2K POLR2H PBX1 NANOG POLR2H POLR2B POLR2J POLR2C SMAD4 ZSCAN10 POLR2F POLR2G POLR2K POLR2A POU5F1 p-Y705-STAT3 POU5F1 mRNASALL4:SALL4 genePOLR2I NANOGPOLR2F POLR2A EPAS1 genePOU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:KLF4:PBX1:SMAD2:NANOG genePOU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2,NANOG repress genesrelated todifferentiationLIN28:POU5F1 mRNAPRDM14POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:ZSCAN10:PRDM14:SMAD2:SALL4:POU5F1 genePOLR2G SALL4 POLR2I SOX2 LIN28APOLR2I PBX1LIN28A NANOG POLR2E POLR2K POLR2L POLR2H POLR2E NANOG geneZSCAN10SALL4POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:SOX2 geneSALL4 POLR2F SALL4 gene RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(generic)POLR2B SMAD4:p-SMAD2:p-SMAD2POLR2B POLR2D KLF4 p-S465,S467-SMAD2-1 POLR2C KLF4POLR2G HIF3Ap-S465,S467-SMAD2-1 RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(generic)POLR2E POLR2I POLR2L RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(generic)POU5F1 POLR2J POLR2H POLR2C POLR2I p-S465,S467-SMAD2-1 POU5F1 POLR2L 20, 272014, 19, 38, 39, 44...14, 19, 38, 39, 44...5312, 19, 23, 25, 40...11, 19-23, 4019, 21, 22, 25, 40


Description

Pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated cells posessing an abbreviated cell cycle (reviewed in Stein et al. 2012), a characteristic profile of gene expression (Rao et al. 2004, Kim et al. 2006, Player et al. 2006, Wang et al 2006 using mouse, International Stem Cell Initiative 2007, Assou et al. 2007, Assou et al. 2009, Ding et al. 2012 using mouse), and the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the body except extraembryonic lineages (Marti et al. 2013, reviewed in Romeo et al. 2012). They are a major cell type in the inner cell mass of the early embryo in vivo, and cells with the same properties, induced pluripotent stem cells, can be generated in vitro from differentiated adult cells by overexpression of a set of transcription factor genes (Takahashi and Yamanaka 2006, Takahashi et al. 2007, Yu et al. 2007, Jaenisch and Young 2008, Stein et al. 2012, reviewed in Dejosez and Zwaka 2012).
Pluripotency is maintained by a self-reinforcing loop of transcription factors (Boyer et al. 2005, Rao et al. 2006, Matoba et al. 2006, Player et al. 2006, Babaie et al. 2007, Sun et al. 2008, Assou et al. 2009, reviewed in Kashyap et al. 2009, reviewed in Dejosez and Zwaka 2012). In vivo, initiation of pluripotency may depend on maternal factors transmitted through the oocyte (Assou et al. 2009) and on DNA demethylation in the zygote (recently reviewed in Seisenberger et al. 2013) and hypoxia experienced by the blastocyst in the reproductive tract before implantation (Forristal et al. 2010, reviewed in Mohyeldin et al. 2010). In vitro, induced pluripotency may initiate with demethylation and activation of the promoters of POU5F1 (OCT4) and NANOG (Bhutani et al. 2010). Hypoxia also significantly enhances conversion to pluripotent stem cells (Yoshida et al. 2009). POU5F1 and NANOG, together with SOX2, encode central factors in pluripotency and activate their own transcription (Boyer et al 2005, Babaie et al. 2007, Yu et al. 2007, Takahashi et al. 2007). The autoactivation loop maintains expression of POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2 at high levels in stem cells and, in turn, complexes containing various combinations of these factors (Remenyi et al. 2003, Lam et al. 2012) activate the expression of a group of genes whose products are associated with rapid cell proliferation and repress the expression of a group of genes whose products are associated with cell differentiation (Boyer et al. 2005, Matoba et al. 2006, Babaie et al. 2007, Chavez et al. 2009, Forristal et al. 2010, Guenther 2011).
Comparisons between human and mouse embryonic stem cells must be made with caution and for this reason inferences from mouse have been used sparingly in this module. Human ESCs more closely resemble mouse epiblast stem cells in having inactivated X chromosomes, flattened morphology, and intolerance to passaging as single cells (Hanna et al. 2010). Molecularly, human ESCs differ from mouse ESCs in being maintained by FGF and Activin/Nodal/TGFbeta signaling rather than by LIF and canonical Wnt signaling (Greber et al. 2010, reviewed in Katoh 2011). In human ESCs POU5F1 binds and directly activates the FGF2 gene, however Pou5f1 does not activate Fgf2 in mouse ESCs (reviewed in De Los Angeles et al. 2012). Differences in expression patterns of KLF2, KLF4, KLF5, ESRRB, FOXD3, SOCS3, LIN28, NODAL were observed between human and mouse ESCs (Cai et al. 2010) as were differences in expression of EOMES, ARNT and several other genes (Ginis et al.2004). View original pathway at:Reactome.

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Bibliography

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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
116668view12:49, 9 May 2021EweitzOntology Term : 'transcription pathway' added !
116667view12:49, 9 May 2021EweitzOntology Term : 'pluripotent stem cell' added !
114975view16:50, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113419view11:49, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112621view16:00, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101537view11:40, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101072view21:22, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100602view19:57, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100153view16:42, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99703view15:10, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99286view12:46, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
94014view13:51, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93633view11:29, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
88361view16:39, 1 August 2016FehrhartOntology Term : 'regulatory pathway' added !
86746view09:25, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83336view10:49, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81491view13:01, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76135view13:17, 11 June 2014AnweshaFixed random error in comment source
75706view11:05, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75533view19:23, 9 June 2014MaintBotchanged description source
75513view12:25, 5 June 2014AnweshaNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
EPAS1 geneGeneProductENSG00000116016 (Ensembl)
EPAS1ProteinQ99814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIF3AProteinQ9Y2N7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
KLF4 ProteinO43474 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
KLF4ProteinO43474 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LIN28:POU5F1 mRNAComplexR-HSA-500373 (Reactome) LIN28 binds the R2 region of the POU5F1 (OCT4) mRNA and increases translation of a luciferase reporter mRNA containing the binding site (Qiu et al. 2009, Lei et al. 2012). Reduction of LIN28 levels in embryonic stem cells causes a reduction in POU5F1 protein (Qiu et al. 2009).
LIN28A ProteinQ9H9Z2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LIN28AProteinQ9H9Z2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NANOG ProteinQ9H9S0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NANOG gene ProteinENSG00000111704 (Ensembl)
NANOG geneGeneProductENSG00000111704 (Ensembl)
NANOGProteinQ9H9S0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NR5A1ProteinQ13285 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PBX1 ProteinP40424 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PBX1ProteinP40424 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2B ProteinP30876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2C ProteinP19387 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2D ProteinO15514 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2E ProteinP19388 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2F ProteinP61218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2G ProteinP62487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2H ProteinP52434 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2I ProteinP36954 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2J ProteinP52435 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2K ProteinP53803 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2L ProteinP62875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2,

NANOG activate genes related to

proliferation		PathwayR-HSA-2892247 (Reactome) POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG bind elements in the promoters of target genes. The target genes of each transcription factor overlap extensively: POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG co-occupy at least 353 genes (Boyer et al. 2005). About half of POU5F1 targets also bind SOX2 and about 90% of these also bind NANOG (Boyer et al. 2005). Upon binding the transcription factors activate expression of one subset of target genes and repress another subset (Kim et al. 2006, Matoba et al. 2006, Player et al. 2006, Babaie et al. 2007). The targets listed in this module are those that have been described as composing activated genes in the core transcriptional network of pluripotent stem cells (Assou et al. 2007, Chavez et al. 2009, Jung et al. 2010). Inferences from mouse to human have been made with caution because of significant differences between the two species (Ginis et al. 2004).
POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2,

NANOG repress genes related to

differentiation		PathwayR-HSA-2892245 (Reactome) POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG bind elements in the promoters of target genes. The target genes of each transcription factor overlap extensively: POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG co-occupy at least 353 genes (Boyer et al. 2005). About half of POU5F1 targets also bind SOX2 and about 90% of these also bind NANOG (Boyer et al. 2005). Upon binding the transcription factors activate expression of one subset of target genes in the core transcriptional network of pluripotent stem cells and repress another subset (Kim et al. 2006, Matoba et al. 2006, Player et al. 2006, Assou et al. 2007, Babaie et al. 2007, Chavez et al. 2009, Jung et al. 2010). The target genes listed in this module are the repressed genes. Caution must be used when making inferences about human stem cells from mouse stem cells because of significant differences between the two species (Ginis et al. 2004).
POU5F1 ProteinQ01860 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU5F1 gene ProteinENSG00000204531 (Ensembl)
POU5F1 geneGeneProductENSG00000204531 (Ensembl)
POU5F1 mRNA ProteinENST00000259915 (Ensembl)
POU5F1 mRNARnaENST00000259915 (Ensembl)
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:KLF4:PBX1:SMAD2:NANOG geneComplexR-HSA-480463 (Reactome) KLF4, PBX1, OCT4 (POU5F1), SOX2, and NANOG bind the promoter of the NANOG gene.
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:SOX2 geneComplexR-HSA-480572 (Reactome)
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:ZSCAN10:PRDM14:SMAD2:SALL4:POU5F1 geneComplexR-HSA-1112611 (Reactome)
POU5F1:STAT3:SALL4 geneComplexR-HSA-2889026 (Reactome)
POU5F1ProteinQ01860 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PRDM14 ProteinQ9GZV8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PRDM14ProteinQ9GZV8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(generic)		ComplexR-HSA-209680 (Reactome)
SALL4 ProteinQ9UJQ4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SALL4 gene ProteinENSG00000101115 (Ensembl)
SALL4 geneGeneProductENSG00000101115 (Ensembl)
SALL4:SALL4 geneComplexR-HSA-2889008 (Reactome)
SALL4ProteinQ9UJQ4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SMAD4 ProteinQ13485 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SMAD4:p-SMAD2:p-SMAD2ComplexR-HSA-206827 (Reactome)
SOX2 ProteinP48431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SOX2 gene ProteinENSG00000181449 (Ensembl)
SOX2 geneGeneProductENSG00000181449 (Ensembl)
SOX2ProteinP48431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZIC3ProteinO60481 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZSCAN10 ProteinQ96SZ4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZSCAN10ProteinQ96SZ4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-S465,S467-SMAD2-1 ProteinQ15796-1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-Y705-STAT3 ProteinP40763 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-Y705-STAT3 dimerComplexR-HSA-1112525 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ArrowR-HSA-452894 (Reactome)
EPAS1 geneR-HSA-480301 (Reactome)
EPAS1ArrowR-HSA-452392 (Reactome)
EPAS1ArrowR-HSA-452838 (Reactome)
EPAS1ArrowR-HSA-452894 (Reactome)
EPAS1ArrowR-HSA-480301 (Reactome)
HIF3AArrowR-HSA-480301 (Reactome)
KLF4R-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
LIN28:POU5F1 mRNAArrowR-HSA-2889036 (Reactome)
LIN28:POU5F1 mRNAArrowR-HSA-500366 (Reactome)
LIN28:POU5F1 mRNAR-HSA-2889036 (Reactome)
LIN28AR-HSA-500366 (Reactome)
NANOG geneR-HSA-452838 (Reactome)
NANOG geneR-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
NANOGArrowR-HSA-452838 (Reactome)
NANOGR-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
NANOGR-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
NANOGR-HSA-480685 (Reactome)
NR5A1ArrowR-HSA-452392 (Reactome)
PBX1R-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
POU5F1 geneR-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
POU5F1 geneR-HSA-452392 (Reactome)
POU5F1 mRNAArrowR-HSA-452392 (Reactome)
POU5F1 mRNAR-HSA-500366 (Reactome)
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:KLF4:PBX1:SMAD2:NANOG geneArrowR-HSA-452838 (Reactome)
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:KLF4:PBX1:SMAD2:NANOG geneArrowR-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:SOX2 geneArrowR-HSA-480685 (Reactome)
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:ZSCAN10:PRDM14:SMAD2:SALL4:POU5F1 geneArrowR-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
POU5F1:SOX2:NANOG:ZSCAN10:PRDM14:SMAD2:SALL4:POU5F1 geneArrowR-HSA-452392 (Reactome)
POU5F1:STAT3:SALL4 geneArrowR-HSA-2895778 (Reactome)
POU5F1:STAT3:SALL4 geneArrowR-HSA-480520 (Reactome)
POU5F1ArrowR-HSA-2889036 (Reactome)
POU5F1R-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
POU5F1R-HSA-2895778 (Reactome)
POU5F1R-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
POU5F1R-HSA-480685 (Reactome)
PRDM14R-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
R-HSA-1112609 (Reactome) POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG bind distinct sites in the promoter of the POU5F1 gene (Boyer et al. 2005, Chew et al. 2005, Rodda et al. 2005, Jin et al. 2007, Lister et al. 2009, Jung et al. 2010, Goke et al. 2011). The set of target genes of POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG includes POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG themselves, thus their expression is a component of an autoregulatory loop . Activin/Nodal signaling also regulates POU5F1 transcription via SMAD2 and SMAD3 (Brown et al. 2011). PRDM14 binds the POU5F1 promoter and regulates transcription (Chia et al. 2010).
R-HSA-2889036 (Reactome) The POU5F1 (OCT4) mRNA is translated to yield protein. LIN28 bound to the mRNA appears to enhance translation (Qiu et al. 2009, Lei et al. 2012).
R-HSA-2895778 (Reactome) POU5F1 (OCT4) and STAT3 bind the promoter of the SALL4 gene and activate its transcription (Babaie et al. 2007, Tantin et al. 2008, Bard et al. 2009, Yang et al. 2010). SALL4, in turn, positively regulates POU5F1 expression (Yang et al. 2010). In mouse STAT3 is activated by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), however LIF in humans does not have the same activity in promoting stem cell maintenance (Humphrey et al. 2004).
R-HSA-2972968 (Reactome) SALL4 binds the promoter of the SALL4 gene and represses its own expression (Yang et al. 2010).
R-HSA-452392 (Reactome) The POU5F1 (OCT4) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein (Rao et al. 2004, Richards et al. 2004, Cauffman et al. 2005, Tai et al. 2005, Gerrard et al. 2005, Li et al. 2006, Adewumi et al. 2007,Assou etal. 2007). POU5F1 mRNA and protein are found in the cytoplasm of oocytes and cleavage-stage embryos (Cauffman et al. 2005). POU5F1 protein becomes nuclear during compaction, and protein and mRNA are present in inner cell mass and trophectoderm (Cauffman et al. 2005). Transcripts are also detectable in some differentiated tissues (Cauffman et al. 2005). POU5F1 is expressed in adult stem cells and cancers (Tai et al. 2005). POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, SALL4, and SF-1(NR5A1) bind the promoter of the POU5F1 gene and enhance transcription (Matin et al. 2004, Chew et al. 2005, Boyer et al. 2005, Babaie et al. 2007, Greber et al. 2007, Wang et al. 2007, Yang et al. 2010, Chia et al. 2010). POU5F1 and SOX2 bind adjacent sites at the promoter and form a heterodimer on the DNA. SALL4 binds the promoter of the POU5F1 gene and activates transcription of POU5F1 (Yang et al. 2010). POU5F1 activates SALL4 expression thus forming a self-reinforcing loop. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) binds the methylated promoter of the POU5F1 gene, demethylates it, and enhances expression of POU5F1 (Bhutani et al. 2009). Hypoxia acts via HIF3A and EPAS1 (HIF2A) to enhance expression of POU5F1 (Forristal et al. 2010). LIN28 binds the POU5F1 mRNA and increases translation (Qiu et al. 2009).
R-HSA-452838 (Reactome) The NANOG gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein (Chambers et al. 2003, Hart et al. 2004, Hatano et al. 2005, Hyslop et al. 2005, Li et al. 2006). NANOG protein is not detected in oocytes or early cleavage-stage embryos, but is seen later in some but not all nuclei of the inner cell mass of blastocysts (Cauffman et al. 2009). KLF4, PBX1, POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, NANOG, and SMAD2 bind the promoter of the NANOG gene and enhance transcription (Boyer et al. 2005, Rodda et al. 2005, Kuroda et al. 2005, Babaie et al. 2007, Assou et al. 2007, Greber et al. 2007, Vallier et al. 2009, Brown et al. 2011). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) binds the methylated NANOG promoter and demethylates it (Bhutani et al. 2009). Hypoxia acts via HIF3A and EPAS1 (HIF2A) to enhance expression of NANOG (Forristal et al. 2010). In mouse Nanog negatively regulates its own expression and this may account for the heterogeneous expression observed in cells of the inner cell mass (Fidalgo et al. 2012, Navarro et al. 2012). In human embryonic stem cells NANOG has been observed to be expressed monoallelically in the early pre-implantation embryo then expression becomes biallelic (Miyanari and Torres-Padilla 2012), however this is controversial because expreiments in mouse embryonic stem cells have shown biallelic expression (Faddah et al. 2013, Filipczyk et al. 2013). POU5F1 and SOX2 bind adjacent sites at the promoter and form a heterodimer on the DNA. In mice KLF4 interacts with POU5F1 and SOX2.
R-HSA-452894 (Reactome) The SOX2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein (Rao et al. 2004, Richards et al. 2004). SOX2 protein is expressed in the cytoplasm of oocytes and day-2 cleavage-stage embryos and in the nuclei of all cells of the inner cell mass of blastocysts (Cauffman et al. 2009). POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG bind the promoter of the SOX2 gene and enhance transcription (Chew et al. 2005, Boyer et al. 2005, Babaie et al. 2007, Assou et al. 2007, Greber et al. 2007). POU5F1 and SOX2 bind adjacent sites at the promoter and form a heterodimer on the DNA (Boyer et al. 2005). Hypoxia acts via HIF3A and EPAS1 (HIF2A) to activate expression of SOX2 (Forristal et al. 2010).
R-HSA-480204 (Reactome) KLF4, PBX1, POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG bind the promoter of the NANOG gene and enhance expression of NANOG (Rodda et al. 2005, Boyer et al. 2005, Babaie et al. 2007, Jin et al. 2007, Chan et al. 2009, Vallier et al. 2009, Jung et al. 2011). In mouse Nanog has been shown to repress its own expression (Fidalgo et al. 2012, Navarro et al. 2012). ZIC3, a NANOG target, also positively regulates NANOG expression, possibly by binding the NANOG promoter and activating transcription (Lim et al. 2007). Activin/Nodal signaling regulates NANOG via SMAD2 and SMAD3 (Brown et al. 2011)
R-HSA-480301 (Reactome) The EPAS1 (HIF2A) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. EPAS1 is expressed in most adult tissues, but not in peripheral blood leukocytes (Tian et al. 1997). Normoxia causes constitutive oxygen-dependient hydroxylation of EPAS1 on asparagine and proline residues, resulting in degradation of EPAS1 via ubiquitinylation. Hypoxia therefore inhibits degradation of EPAS1 and also causes an increase in EPAS1 expression via HIF3A in embryonic stem cells, which experience hypoxic conditions in the reproductive tract prior to implantation (Forristal et al. 2010).
R-HSA-480520 (Reactome) The SALL4 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. SALL4 protein is expressed weakly in the nuclei and cytoplasm of oocytes and day-2 cleavage-stage embryos and is expressed strongly in nuclei of blastocysts (Cauffman et al. 2009) and in induced pluripotent stem cells (Nishino et al. 2010). POU5F1 (OCT4) and STAT3 bind the promoter of the SALL4 gene and enhance transcription (Yang et al. 2010, Bard et al. 2009). SALL4 activates expression of POU5F1, thus forming a self-reinforcing loop (Yang et al. 2010). SALL4 binds the promoter of the SALL4 gene and represses transcription, thus forming a negative autoregulatory loop (Yang et al. 2010). As inferred from mouse the shorter isoform of SALL4, SALL4B is more effective at maintaining pluripotency (Rao et al. 2010).
R-HSA-480685 (Reactome) POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG bind distinct sites in the promoter of the SOX2 gene (Boyer et al. 2005, Jin et al. 2007, Lister et al. 2009, Jung et al. 2010). The set of target genes of POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG includes POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG themselves, thus their expression is a component of an autoregulatory loop (Boyer et al. 2005, Chew et al. 2005, Rodda et al. 2005, Babaie et al. 2007, Jung et al. 2010, Goke et al. 2011).
R-HSA-500366 (Reactome) LIN28 binds the R2 region of the POU5F1 (OCT4) mRNA and increases translation of a luciferase reporter mRNA containing the binding site (Qiu et al. 2009, Lei et al. 2012). Reduction of LIN28 levels in embryonic stem cells causes a reduction in POU5F1 protein (Qiu et al. 2009).
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(generic)		mim-catalysisR-HSA-452392 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(generic)		mim-catalysisR-HSA-452838 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(generic)		mim-catalysisR-HSA-452894 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(generic)		mim-catalysisR-HSA-480301 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(generic)		mim-catalysisR-HSA-480520 (Reactome)
SALL4 geneR-HSA-2895778 (Reactome)
SALL4 geneR-HSA-2972968 (Reactome)
SALL4 geneR-HSA-480520 (Reactome)
SALL4:SALL4 geneArrowR-HSA-2972968 (Reactome)
SALL4:SALL4 geneTBarR-HSA-480520 (Reactome)
SALL4ArrowR-HSA-480520 (Reactome)
SALL4R-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
SALL4R-HSA-2972968 (Reactome)
SMAD4:p-SMAD2:p-SMAD2R-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
SMAD4:p-SMAD2:p-SMAD2R-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
SOX2 geneR-HSA-452894 (Reactome)
SOX2 geneR-HSA-480685 (Reactome)
SOX2ArrowR-HSA-452894 (Reactome)
SOX2R-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
SOX2R-HSA-480204 (Reactome)
SOX2R-HSA-480685 (Reactome)
ZIC3ArrowR-HSA-452838 (Reactome)
ZSCAN10R-HSA-1112609 (Reactome)
p-Y705-STAT3 dimerR-HSA-2895778 (Reactome)
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