In the initial response to injury, platelets adhere to damaged blood vessels, responding to the exposure of collagen from the vascular epithelium. Once adhered they degranulate, releasing stored secondary agents such as ADP and ATP, and synthesized thromboxane A2. These amplify the response, activating and recruiting further platelets to the area and promoting platelet aggregation. Adenosine nucleotides secreted following platelet activation signal through P2 purinergic receptors on the platelet membrane. ADP activates P2Y1 and P2Y12 while ATP activates the ionotropic P2X1 receptor (Kunapuli et al. 2003). Activation of these receptors initiates a complex signaling cascade that ultimately results in platelet activation and thrombus formation (Kahner et al. 2006). ADP stimulation of P2Y1 and P2Y12 involves signaling via both the alpha and gamma:beta components of the heterotrimeric G-protein (Hirsch et al. 2001, 2006).
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Hardy AR, Jones ML, Mundell SJ, Poole AW.; ''Reciprocal cross-talk between P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors at the level of calcium signaling in human platelets.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
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Thromboxane (TBXA2) is a potent stimulator for platelet aggregation and clot formation and also plays a role in vascular tone. The thromboxane receptor TP (Hirata et al. 1991) is found on the surface of vascular endothelium, platelets and in the placenta. Once bound to its ligand, TP's effects are mediated via coupling to G q/11 activation of a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system (Kinsella BT et al, 1997). TP signaling also involves G12/13 signaling; selective activation of G12/13 results in dense granule release in a mechanism that is independent of Gq/phospholipase C. The downstream mechanism for this is thought to be RhoA mediated activation of PKCdelta, as PAR-mediated dense granule release is inhibited if RhoA is blocked, and RhoA regulates PKCdelta T505 phosphorylation (Jin et al. 2009).
The classical view of G-protein signalling is that the G-protein alpha subunit dissociates from the beta:gamma dimer. Activated G alpha (s) and the beta:gamma dimer then participate in separate signaling cascades. Although G protein dissociation has been contested (e.g. Bassi et al. 1996), recent in vivo experiments have demonstrated that dissociation does occur, though possibly not to completion (Lambert 2008).
P2RY12 (Bodor et al. 2003) is found on the surface of blood platelet cells and is an important regulator in blood clotting. It is one of two ADP receptors expressed in platelets, the other is P2RY1. Activation leads to irreversible platelet aggregation. Defects in this receptor are associated with bleeding disorders. Its preferred ligand is ADP. The platelet anticoagulant drug clopidogrel binds to this receptor (Hollopeter G et al. 2001).
P2RY1 binds ADP (Leon et al. 1996). It is one of two platelet ADP receptors, the other is P2RY12, that initiate platelet activation when stimulated in concert. P2RY1 signals through Gq, while P2Y12 signals through Gi. This results in mobilization of intracellular calcium ions via activation of phospholipase C, which leads to a change in platelet shape and probably to platelet aggregation (Schachter et al. 1997).
The classical view of G-protein signalling is that the G-protein alpha subunit dissociates from the beta:gamma dimer. Activated G alpha (s) and the beta:gamma dimer then participate in separate signaling cascades. Although G protein dissociation has been contested (e.g. Bassi et al. 1996), recent in vivo experiments have demonstrated that dissociation does occur, though possibly not to completion (Lambert 2008).
Activation of Src lies selectively downstream of P2Y1, but not P2Y12. The precise mechanism is not known, but Src regulation of the PI3K component of the intracellular calcium response downstream of P2Y12 represents a point of reciprocal cross-talk between P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors.
The classical view of G-protein signalling is that the G-protein alpha subunit dissociates from the beta:gamma dimer. Activated G alpha (s) and the beta:gamma dimer then participate in separate signaling cascades. Although G protein dissociation has been contested (e.g. Bassi et al. 1996), recent in vivo experiments have demonstrated that dissociation does occur, though possibly not to completion (Lambert 2008).
The classical view of G-protein signalling is that the G-protein alpha subunit dissociates from the beta:gamma dimer. Activated G alpha (s) and the beta:gamma dimer then participate in separate signaling cascades. Although G protein dissociation has been contested (e.g. Bassi et al. 1996), recent in vivo experiments have demonstrated that dissociation does occur, though possibly not to completion (Lambert 2008).
ADP activates human platelets and induces endothelial cell migration. These effects are partly mediated by the P2Y1 purinocetor, inducing p38 MAP kinase activation via an uncharacterised factor. Possible mechanisms include flotillin-mediated stimulation of SRC family kinases in lipid rafts (Sugawara et al. 2007).
MAPK p38 alpha activates cPLA2 by phosphorylation of two serine residues. cPLA2 can be phosphorylated and activated by ERK2 (Lin et al. 1993), and were believed to be responsible for the phosphorylation of cPLA2. However, phosphorylation of cPLA2 occurred in the absence of ERK activation in human platelets stimulated with the thrombin receptor agonist peptide SFLLRN (Kramer et al. 1995), and cPLA2 phosphorylation induced by thrombin or collagen was unaffected by PKC inhibitors that prevent ERK activation (Börsch-Haubold et al. 1995). In addition, a specific inhibitor of ERKs did not block thrombin-induced cPLA2 phosphorylation (Börsch-Haubold et al. 1996).
AAMP (Angio-associated migratory cell protein) binds to both the TP-alpha and TP-beta isoforms which arise due to differential splicing of a primary RNA transcript encoded by the TBXA2R (thromboxane A2 receptor) gene. Their association with AAMP is dependent on common (residues 312-328) and unique (residues 366-392 of TP-beta) sequences within the variant carboxyl-terminal domains of TP-alpha and TP-beta. Stimulation of the TPs with U46619, a stable mimetic of thromboxane (TX) A2, leads to a transient dissociation of AAMP from both the TP-alpha nad TP-beta isoforms, coinciding with a transient redistribution of AAMP from its localization in an intracellular fibrous network. Down-regulation of AAMP reduces coronary artery smooth muscle migration, an effect that is further enhanced in the presence of U46619, while VEGF-mediated migration is not affected. AAMP and TXA2 can independently activate RHOA signaling. (Reid et al. 2011).
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G-protein G13
(inactive)G-protein Gi
(inactive)G-protein Gq/11
(inactive)Annotated Interactions
G-protein G13
(inactive)G-protein Gi
(inactive)G-protein Gq/11
(inactive)G-protein Gq/11
(inactive)cPLA2 can be phosphorylated and activated by ERK2 (Lin et al. 1993), and were believed to be responsible for the phosphorylation of cPLA2. However, phosphorylation of cPLA2 occurred in the absence of ERK activation in human platelets stimulated with the thrombin receptor agonist peptide SFLLRN (Kramer et al. 1995), and cPLA2 phosphorylation induced by thrombin or collagen was unaffected by PKC inhibitors that prevent ERK activation (Börsch-Haubold et al. 1995). In addition, a specific inhibitor of ERKs did not block thrombin-induced cPLA2 phosphorylation (Börsch-Haubold et al. 1996).