Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Homo sapiens)

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2, 9, 11, 12, 15...2, 9, 11, 12, 15...2, 9, 11, 12, 15...8, 14, 18cytosolHTR3D K+GLRA2 GLRA:GLRBheteropentamerAcetylcholinebinding anddownstream eventsHTR3B GLRA3 GLRA2 HTR3A pentamer:5HTGLRB K+5HT Ca2+Cl-GLRA2 GLRA1 HTR3 pentamers:5HTHTR3A pentamerNa+Activation ofkainate receptorsupon glutamatebindingGLRA:GLRBheteropentamer:NBEAGLRA3 Cl-5HTGly GLRA1 HTR3A GLRB Glutamate binding,activation of AMPAreceptors andsynaptic plasticityNBEAHTR3A GLRA:GLRB:GlyCa2+GLRA1 GLRB GABA receptoractivationActivation of NMDAreceptors andpostsynaptic eventsHTR3A GLRA3 Na+HTR3E 5HT NBEA HTR3C 6, 7, 265, 13, 24, 25164, 19-21, 231, 3, 10, 22


Description

The neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft released by the pre-synaptic neuron binds specific receptors located on the post-synaptic terminal. These receptors are either ion channels or G protein coupled receptors that function to transmit the signals from the post-synaptic membrane to the cell body. View original pathway at Reactome.

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Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 112314
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 74
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: Mahajan, SS

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Bibliography

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  1. Hardingham GE, Bading H.; ''Synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling: implications for neurodegenerative disorders.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Bettler B, Kaupmann K, Mosbacher J, Gassmann M.; ''Molecular structure and physiological functions of GABA(B) receptors.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Steinlein OK, Bertrand D.; ''Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from the genetic analysis to neurological diseases.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Kessels HW, Malinow R.; ''Synaptic AMPA receptor plasticity and behavior.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Jane DE, Lodge D, Collingridge GL.; ''Kainate receptors: pharmacology, function and therapeutic potential.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Gotti C, Clementi F, Fornari A, Gaimarri A, Guiducci S, Manfredi I, Moretti M, Pedrazzi P, Pucci L, Zoli M.; ''Structural and functional diversity of native brain neuronal nicotinic receptors.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Niesler B, Walstab J, Combrink S, Möller D, Kapeller J, Rietdorf J, Bönisch H, Göthert M, Rappold G, Brüss M.; ''Characterization of the novel human serotonin receptor subunits 5-HT3C,5-HT3D, and 5-HT3E.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Barnes NM, Hales TG, Lummis SC, Peters JA.; ''The 5-HT3 receptor--the relationship between structure and function.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Wu ZS, Cheng H, Jiang Y, Melcher K, Xu HE.; ''Ion channels gated by acetylcholine and serotonin: structures, biology, and drug discovery.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  10. Miyake A, Mochizuki S, Takemoto Y, Akuzawa S.; ''Molecular cloning of human 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor: heterogeneity in distribution and function among species.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  11. Albuquerque EX, Pereira EF, Alkondon M, Rogers SW.; ''Mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to function.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  12. Pinard A, Seddik R, Bettler B.; ''GABAB receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of diversity.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  13. Michels G, Moss SJ.; ''GABAA receptors: properties and trafficking.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  14. Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine R.; ''Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  15. Cull-Candy S, Kelly L, Farrant M.; ''Regulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors: synaptic plasticity and beyond.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  16. Itier V, Bertrand D.; ''Neuronal nicotinic receptors: from protein structure to function.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  17. Padgett CL, Slesinger PA.; ''GABAB receptor coupling to G-proteins and ion channels.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  18. Handford CA, Lynch JW, Baker E, Webb GC, Ford JH, Sutherland GR, Schofield PR.; ''The human glycine receptor beta subunit: primary structure, functional characterisation and chromosomal localisation of the human and murine genes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  19. Paoletti P, Bellone C, Zhou Q.; ''NMDA receptor subunit diversity: impact on receptor properties, synaptic plasticity and disease.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  20. Davies PA, Pistis M, Hanna MC, Peters JA, Lambert JJ, Hales TG, Kirkness EF.; ''The 5-HT3B subunit is a major determinant of serotonin-receptor function.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  21. Cohen S, Greenberg ME.; ''Communication between the synapse and the nucleus in neuronal development, plasticity, and disease.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  22. Barrera NP, Herbert P, Henderson RM, Martin IL, Edwardson JM.; ''Atomic force microscopy reveals the stoichiometry and subunit arrangement of 5-HT3 receptors.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  23. Grenningloh G, Schmieden V, Schofield PR, Seeburg PH, Siddique T, Mohandas TK, Becker CM, Betz H.; ''Alpha subunit variants of the human glycine receptor: primary structures, functional expression and chromosomal localization of the corresponding genes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  24. Moss SJ, Smart TG.; ''Constructing inhibitory synapses.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  25. Nikolic Z, Laube B, Weber RG, Lichter P, Kioschis P, Poustka A, Mülhardt C, Becker CM.; ''The human glycine receptor subunit alpha3. Glra3 gene structure, chromosomal localization, and functional characterization of alternative transcripts.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  26. Lee HK.; ''Synaptic plasticity and phosphorylation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
118519view10:04, 28 May 2021EweitzOntology Term : 'neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse' added !
114633view16:09, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113081view11:14, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112315view15:23, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101214view11:11, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100752view20:36, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100296view19:13, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
99842view15:57, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99399view14:34, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
94502view09:18, 14 September 2017Mkutmonreactome version 61
86651view09:23, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83166view10:15, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81530view13:04, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
77001view08:29, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76706view12:07, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76032view10:09, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75741view11:22, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75091view14:04, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74738view08:49, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
5HT MetaboliteCHEBI:28790 (ChEBI)
5HTMetaboliteCHEBI:28790 (ChEBI)
Acetylcholine

binding and

downstream events
PathwayR-HSA-181431 (Reactome) Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, synapses in the ganglia of the visceral motor system, and at a variety of sites within the central nervous system. A great deal is known about the function of cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction and at ganglionic synapses, the actions of ACh in the central nervous system are not as well understood. Acetylcholine is synthesized in nerve terminals from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) synthesized from glucose) and choline. This reaction is catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The presence of acetyltransferase in a neuron is thus a strong indication that ACh is used as one of its transmitters. Choline is present in plasma at a concentration of about 10 mM, and is taken up into cholinergic neurons by a high affinity Na+/choline transporter. About 10,000 molecules of ACh are packaged into each neurotransmitter containing vesicle by a vesicular ACh transporter.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR) are ionotropic receptors that can be activated by nicotine and permeable to of monovalent (sodium, potassium) and divalent cations(calcium), however, the permeability of sodium and/or calcium maybe high or low depending on the subunit composition of the receptor. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed widely in the central and peripheral nervous system in the presynaptic terminal, terminal bouton and post synaptic neuron. Functionally nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the pre synaptic and postsynaptic terminals behave similarly. Nicotinic AChR are a family of acetylcholine gated pentameric receptors that are formed by the association of various combinations of mostly alpha, beta subunits (for the neuronal type) and together with gamma, delta and epsilon subunits (for the muscle type). In addition, receptors may be more diverse due the fact that some receptors have same subunits but the stoichiometry of the subunits is different.
Activation of

kainate receptors upon glutamate

binding
PathwayR-HSA-451326 (Reactome) Kainate receptors are found both in the presynaptc terminals and the postsynaptic neurons.
Kainate receptor activation could lead to either ionotropic activity (influx of Ca2+ or Na+ and K+) in the postsynaptic neuron or coupling of the receptor with G proteins in the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neurons.
Kainate receptors are tetramers made from subunits GRIK1-5 or GluR5-7 and KA1-2. Activation of kainate receptors made from GRIK1 or KA2 release Ca2+ from the intracellular stores in a G protein-dependent manner. The G protein involved in this process is sensitive to pertussis toxin.
Activation of NMDA

receptors and

postsynaptic events
PathwayR-HSA-442755 (Reactome) NMDA receptors are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors that are specifically activated by a glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Activation of NMDA receptors involves opening of the ion channel that allows the influx of Ca2+. NMDA receptors are central to activity dependent changes in synaptic strength and are predominantly involved in the synaptic plasticity that pertains to learning and memory. A unique feature of NMDA receptors, unlike other glutamate receptors, is the requirement for dual activation, both voltage-dependent and ligand-dependent activation. The ligand-dependent activation of NMDA receptors requires co-activation by two ligands, glutamate and glycine. However, at resting membrane potential, the pore of ligand-bound NMDA receptors is blocked by Mg2+. The voltage dependent Mg2+ block is relieved upon depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane. NMDA receptors are coincidence detectors, and are activated only if there is a simultaneous activation of both pre- and post-synaptic cell. Upon activation, NMDA receptors allow the influx of Ca2+ that initiates various molecular signaling cascades involved in the processes of learning and memory. For review, please refer to Cohen and Greenberg 2008, Hardingham and Bading 2010, Traynelis et al. 2010, and Paoletti et al. 2013.
Ca2+MetaboliteCHEBI:29108 (ChEBI)
Cl-MetaboliteCHEBI:17996 (ChEBI)
GABA receptor activationPathwayR-HSA-977443 (Reactome) Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are the major inhibitory receptors in human synapses. They are of two types. GABA A receptors are fast-acting ligand gated chloride ion channels that mediate membrane depolarization and thus inhibit neurotransmitter release (G Michels et al Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 42, 2007, 3-14). GABA B receptors are slow acting metabotropic Gprotein coupled receptors that act via the inhibitory action of their Galpha/Go subunits on adenylate cyclase to attenuate the actions of PKA. In addition, their Gbeta/gamma subunits interact directly with N and P/Q Ca2+ channels to decrease the release of Ca2+. GABA B receptors also interact with Kir3 K+ channels and increase the influx of K+, leading to cell membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of channels such as NMDA receptors (A Pinard et al Adv Pharmacol, 58, 2010, 231-55).
GLRA1 ProteinP23415 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GLRA2 ProteinP23416 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GLRA3 ProteinO75311 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GLRA:GLRB heteropentamer:NBEAComplexR-HSA-9673178 (Reactome)
GLRA:GLRB heteropentamerComplexR-HSA-9676814 (Reactome)
GLRA:GLRB:GlyComplexR-HSA-975385 (Reactome)
GLRB ProteinP48167 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Glutamate binding,

activation of AMPA receptors and

synaptic plasticity
PathwayR-HSA-399721 (Reactome) Excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain is carried out by glutamate receptors through the activation of both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic glutamate receptors are of three subtypes based on distinct physiologic properties and their differential binding of exogenous ligands namely NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate), AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) and Kainate . The ionotropic receptors are glutamate gated ion channels that initiate signaling by influx of ions, and are comprised of subunits with distinct structures and distinguished based on their agonist binding. Even though all three types of receptors are found at the glutamatergic synapses yet they exhibit great diversity in the synaptic distribution. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G-protein coupled receptors that are slow acting. Fast excitatory synaptic transmission is carried out through AMPA receptors. Post-synaptic transmission involves binding of the ligand such as glutamate/AMPA to the AMPA receptor resulting in the Na influx which causes depolarization of the membrane. NMDA receptors are blocked by Mg at resting membrane potential. NMDA receptors are activated upon coincident depolarization and glutamate binding are activated following AMPA receptor activation.NMDA receptors are blocked by Mg at resting
membrane potential. NMDA receptors are Ca permeable and their activity leads to increase in Ca which, leads to upregulation of AMPA receptors at the synapse which causes the long lasting excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) which forms the basis of long term potentiation (LTP). LTP is one form of synaptic plasticity wherein the strength of the synapses is enhanced by either change in the number, increase in the efficacy by phosphorylation or change in the type of receptors. Phosphorylation of AMPA receptors changes the localization of the receptors, increases the single channel conductance, and increases the probability of open channel. GluR1 has four phosphorylation sites; serine 818 (S818) is phosphorylated by PKC and is necessary for LTP, serine 831 (S831) is phosphorylated by CaMKII that increases the delivery of receptors to the synapse and also increased their single channel conductance, threonine (T840) is implicated in LTP. Serine 845 (S845) is phosphorylated by PKA which regulates open channel probability. Long term depression is another form of plasticity wherein the number of AMPA receptors is diminished by either phosphorylation of GluR2 at Ser880 or dephosphorylation of GluR1 by protein phosphatase1, protein phosphatase 2A and protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin).
Gly MetaboliteCHEBI:57305 (ChEBI)
HTR3 pentamers:5HTComplexR-HSA-975348 (Reactome)
HTR3A ProteinP46098 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR3A pentamer:5HTComplexR-HSA-6792757 (Reactome)
HTR3A pentamerComplexR-HSA-9649110 (Reactome)
HTR3B ProteinO95264 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR3C ProteinQ8WXA8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR3D ProteinQ70Z44 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HTR3E ProteinA5X5Y0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
K+MetaboliteCHEBI:29103 (ChEBI)
NBEA ProteinQ8NFP9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NBEAProteinQ8NFP9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Na+MetaboliteCHEBI:29101 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
5HTR-HSA-9649108 (Reactome)
Ca2+ArrowR-HSA-9648983 (Reactome)
Ca2+ArrowR-HSA-975311 (Reactome)
Ca2+R-HSA-9648983 (Reactome)
Ca2+R-HSA-975311 (Reactome)
Cl-ArrowR-HSA-975389 (Reactome)
Cl-R-HSA-975389 (Reactome)
GLRA:GLRB heteropentamer:NBEAArrowR-HSA-9673173 (Reactome)
GLRA:GLRB heteropentamerR-HSA-9673173 (Reactome)
GLRA:GLRB:Glymim-catalysisR-HSA-975389 (Reactome)
HTR3 pentamers:5HTmim-catalysisR-HSA-975311 (Reactome)
HTR3A pentamer:5HTArrowR-HSA-9649108 (Reactome)
HTR3A pentamer:5HTmim-catalysisR-HSA-9648983 (Reactome)
HTR3A pentamerR-HSA-9649108 (Reactome)
K+ArrowR-HSA-9648983 (Reactome)
K+ArrowR-HSA-975311 (Reactome)
K+R-HSA-9648983 (Reactome)
K+R-HSA-975311 (Reactome)
NBEAR-HSA-9673173 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowR-HSA-9648983 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowR-HSA-975311 (Reactome)
Na+R-HSA-9648983 (Reactome)
Na+R-HSA-975311 (Reactome)
R-HSA-9648983 (Reactome) The 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (HTR3) family are members of the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). Five receptors (HTR3A-E) can form a homopentamer (HTR3A) or heteropentamers (HTR3A with B, C, D or E) (Barrera et al. 2005, Niesler et al. 2007; reviews - Barnes et al. 2009, Wu et al. 2015). Binding of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT, serotonin) to the HTR3 pentamer opens the channel making it permeable to sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, which in turn leads to an excitatory response in neurons (Miyake et al. 1995, Davies et al. 1999).
R-HSA-9649108 (Reactome) The 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (HTR3) family are members of the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). Five receptors (HTR3A-E) can form a homopentamer (HTR3A) or heteropentamers (HTR3A with B, C, D or E) (Barrera et al. 2005, Niesler et al. 2007; reviews - Barnes et al. 2009, Wu et al. 2015). Binding of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT, serotonin) to the HTR3 pentamer opens the channel making it permeable to sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, which in turn leads to an excitatory response in neurons (Miyake et al. 1995, Davies et al. 1999).
R-HSA-9673173 (Reactome) Binding of NBEA to GLRB (glycine receptor beta subunit) was demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation of recombinant rat Glrb with endogenous Nbea from rat brain, as well as co-immunoprecipitation of recombinant rat Glrb with recombinant mouse Nbea. It was also shown, by immunocytochemistry, that NBEA and glycine receptor co-localize at postsynaptic densities of inhibitory synapses (del Pino et al. 2011). NBEA may be involved in trafficking of glycine receptors to the plasma membrane. As glycine receptors are pre-assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum (Griffon et al. 1999), the reaction diagram depicts binding of NBEA to this pre-assembled receptor complex, consisting of glycine receptor alpha and beta subunits.
R-HSA-975311 (Reactome) The 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (HTR3) family are members of the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). Five receptors (HTR3A-E) can form a homopentamer (HTR3A) or heteropentamers (HTR3A with B, C, D or E) (Barrera et al. 2005, Niesler et al. 2007; reviews - Barnes et al. 2009, Wu et al. 2015) Although heterpentamer composition can vary between the two receptors binding, the example 2xHTR3A:3xHTR3(B-E) is shown here. Binding of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT, serotonin) to the HTR3 complex opens the channel, which in turn, leads to an excitatory response in neurons and is permeable to sodium, potassium, and calcium ions (Miyake et al. 1995, Davies et al. 1999).
R-HSA-975389 (Reactome) The glycine receptor (GLR) is a ligand-gated ion channel. It is functional as a heteropentamer, consisting of alpha (GLRA) and beta (GLRB) subunits. With no ligand bound, the receptor complex is closed to chloride ions. Binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine (Gly) to this receptor complex increases chloride conductance into neurons and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing) (Grenningloh et al. 1990, Nikolic et al. 1998, Handford et al. 1996).
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