Vitamin B12 metabolism (Bos taurus)

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Description

Vitamin B12 is a water soluble, organic compound and essential nutrient involved in the everyday functioning of the nervous system and the brain.

Vitamin B12 is involved in the preservation and regeneration of the myelin shealth - the protective fatty layer that acts as an insulator in nerve axons.

Animals store vitamin B12 in liver and muscle and therefore eggs, milk, meat, liver are sources of the vitamin.

Problems in metabolism of vitamin B12 lead to "persistent" lack of energy to perform every day tasks.

The genes and pathways highlighted above describe several routes through which genes and metabolites involved in B12 metabolism are interconnected.

Central B12 metabolism nodes include folate metabolism and the synthesis of the citric acid cycle intermediates and succinyl-CoA, cyanocobalamin into methylcobalamin conversion, tyrosine nitration and riboflavin pathways.

Comments

HomologyMapper 
This pathway was inferred from Homo sapiens pathway WP1533_96310 with a 81.0% conversion rate.

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Bibliography

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  265. Moore SA, Hurt E, Yoder E, Sprecher H, Spector AA; ''Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in human skin fibroblasts involves peroxisomal retroconversion of tetracosahexaenoic acid.''; J Lipid Res, 1995 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  266. Steinbrenner H, Sies H; ''Protection against reactive oxygen species by selenoproteins.''; Biochim Biophys Acta, 2009 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  269. Schafer BL, Bishop RW, Kratunis VJ, Kalinowski SS, Mosley ST, Gibson KM, Tanaka RD; ''Molecular cloning of human mevalonate kinase and identification of a missense mutation in the genetic disease mevalonic aciduria.''; J Biol Chem, 1992 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  270. Becker BF; ''Towards the physiological function of uric acid.''; Free Radic Biol Med, 1993 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  271. Voelker DR; ''Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase.''; Biochim Biophys Acta, 1997 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  273. Brigelius-Flohé R; ''Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases.''; Free Radic Biol Med, 1999 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  274. Molnár I, Balázs C, Szegedi G, Sipka S; ''Inhibition of type 2,5'-deiodinase by tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interferon gamma in human thyroid tissue.''; Immunol Lett, 2002 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  276. Isseroff RR, Ziboh VA, Chapkin RS, Martinez DT; ''Conversion of linoleic acid into arachidonic acid by cultured murine and human keratinocytes.''; J Lipid Res, 1987 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  277. Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Guallar E; ''Serum selenium and diabetes in U.S. adults.''; Diabetes Care, 2007 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  278. Walker GA, Murphy S, Huennekens FM; ''Enzymatic conversion of vitamin B 12a to adenosyl-B 12: evidence for the existence of two separate reducing systems.''; Arch Biochem Biophys, 1969 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  279. Goriely S, Molle C, Nguyen M, Albarani V, Haddou NO, Lin R, De Wit D, Flamand V, Willems F, Goldman M; ''Interferon regulatory factor 3 is involved in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and TLR3-induced IL-12p35 gene activation.''; Blood, 2006 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  281. Smith WL; ''Cyclooxygenases, peroxide tone and the allure of fish oil.''; Curr Opin Cell Biol, 2005 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  288. May JM, Mendiratta S, Hill KE, Burk RF; ''Reduction of dehydroascorbate to ascorbate by the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase.''; J Biol Chem, 1997 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  289. Bjørke Monsen AL, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Guttormsen AB, Markestad T, Solheim E, Refsum H; ''Determinants of cobalamin status in newborns.''; Pediatrics, 2001 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  290. Struys EA, Jansen EE, de Meer K, Jakobs C; ''Determination of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by stable-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry.''; Clin Chem, 2000 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
140463view20:20, 26 August 2025EgonwMore unicode
137584view06:37, 5 March 2025EgonwAPOE doesn't modify TAG
120912view06:15, 31 January 2022EgonwReplaced an old HMDB identifier with the current one
117632view11:45, 21 May 2021EweitzModified title
107064view14:15, 17 September 2019MaintBotChEBI identifier normalization
105976view11:50, 16 August 2019MaintBotHMDB identifier normalization
98242view14:13, 14 August 2018EgonwReplace a PubChem SID with a Wikidata ID (which has more links out).
96311view08:58, 8 March 2018MkutmonUpdated homology conversion
80778view15:25, 30 June 2015MkutmonNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
Methylmalonic acidMetaboliteHMDB0000202 (HMDB) Methylmalonate
S-AdenosylhomocysteineMetaboliteHMDB0000939 (HMDB)
S-AdenosylmethionineMetaboliteHMDB0001185 (HMDB)
Succinyl-CoAMetaboliteHMDB0001022 (HMDB)
5,10-Methylene-THFMetaboliteHMDB0001533 (HMDB) 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate
5-methyl-THFMetaboliteHMDB0001396 (HMDB)
  • 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
  • Predominant food folate
8-Isoprostaglandin F2aMetaboliteHMDB0005083 (HMDB)
8-OHdGMetaboliteHMDB0003333 (HMDB) 8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
ABCA1ProteinENSBTAG00000020661 (Ensembl)
  • ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:19
ALBProteinENSBTAG00000017121 (Ensembl)
  • albumin
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:213
APOA1ProteinENSBTAG00000002258 (Ensembl)
  • apolipoprotein A-I
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:335
APOBProteinENSBTAG00000008505 (Ensembl)
  • apolipoprotein B
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:338
APOEProteinENSBTAG00000010123 (Ensembl)
  • apolipoprotein A-I
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:348
AdenosylcobalaminMetaboliteHMDB0002086 (HMDB)
Ascorbic acidMetaboliteCHEBI:29073 (ChEBI) Vitamin C
CBRProtein
  • EC 1.16.1.4
  • cob(II)alamin reductase
CBSProteinENSBTAG00000000160 (Ensembl)
  • EC 4.2.1.22
  • cystathionine-beta-synthase
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:875
CCL2GeneProductENSBTAG00000037811 (Ensembl)
  • Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1
  • CCL2
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6347
CCL5ProteinENSBTAG00000007191 (Ensembl)
  • CCL5
  • chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6352
CRPProteinENSBTAG00000013907 (Ensembl)
  • C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1401
CTHProteinENSBTAG00000014791 (Ensembl)
  • EC 4.4.1.1
  • cystathionase
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1491
CUBNGeneProductENSBTAG00000005072 (Ensembl)
  • cubilin (intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor)
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8029
Cbl/HCMetaboliteHMDB0002174 (HMDB) Cobalamin haptocorrin complex
Cbl/IFMetaboliteHMDB0002174 (HMDB) Cobalamin Intrinsic factor complex
Cbl/TCMetaboliteHMDB0002174 (HMDB)
  • Cobalamin Transcobalamin complex
  • Holotranscobalamin
ChlorineMetaboliteHMDB0000492 (HMDB)
CholesterolMetaboliteHMDB0000067 (HMDB)
Cob(I)alaminMetaboliteHMDB0003429 (HMDB) Reduced cobalamin
Cob(II)alaminMetaboliteHMDB0006316 (HMDB) oxidized cobalamin
CreatinineMetaboliteHMDB0000562 (HMDB)
  • Creatine anhydride
  • A breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle
CystathionineMetaboliteHMDB0000099 (HMDB)
CysteineMetaboliteHMDB0000574 (HMDB)
D-Methylmalonyl-CoAMetaboliteHMDB0001269 (HMDB)
D-dimerProteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin_degradation_product
DNA OxidationPathway
F2-IsoprostaneMetaboliteQ33659470 (Wikidata)
F2ProteinENSBTAG00000007148 (Ensembl)
  • EC 3.4.21.5
  • coagulation factor II (thrombin)
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2147
F7ProteinENSBTAG00000007411 (Ensembl)
  • EC 3.4.21.21
  • coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin conversion accelerator)
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2155
FADMetaboliteHMDB0001248 (HMDB) Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FibrinProtein
FibrinogenProtein
FructosamineMetaboliteHMDB0002030 (HMDB)
GIFGeneProductENSBTAG00000012057 (Ensembl)
  • gastric intrinsic factor (vitamin B synthesis)
  • Also known as GIF
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2694
GlucoseMetaboliteHMDB0000122 (HMDB)
HBAProteinENSBTAG00000026418 (Ensembl)
  • hemoglobin, alpha 1
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3039
HBGProteinENSBTAG00000037644 (Ensembl)
  • hemoglobin, beta
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3043
HDL-CMetaboliteCHEBI:47775 (ChEBI)
  • high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • Cholesterol transport
HDL/APOA1MetaboliteCHEBI:39025 (ChEBI)
  • high-density lipoprotein
  • ApoA-I is present on the majority of HDL particles and constitutes aprox 70% of the apolipoprotein content of HDL particles
HDL/SAAMetaboliteCHEBI:39025 (ChEBI)
  • high-density lipoprotein
  • SAA circulates in plasma as a constituent of high density lipoproteins (HDL).
HDLMetaboliteCHEBI:39025 (ChEBI) high-density lipoprotein
HNO₂MetaboliteCHEBI:25567 (ChEBI) Nitrous acid
HOClMetaboliteHMDB0001050 (HMDB) Hypochlorite
HbA1cProtein
  • Glycated hemoglobin
  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin
HomocysteineMetaboliteHMDB0000742 (HMDB)
H₂O₂MetaboliteHMDB0003125 (HMDB) Hydrogen peroxide
ICAM1ProteinENSBTAG00000010303 (Ensembl)
  • soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3383
IFNGProteinENSBTAG00000012529 (Ensembl)
  • interferon, gamma
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3458
IL1BProteinENSBTAG00000001321 (Ensembl)
  • interleukin 1, beta
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3553
IL6ProteinENSBTAG00000014921 (Ensembl)
  • interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3569
INSProtein
  • Insulin
  • No homologues found for original id L:3630
INSRProteinENSBTAG00000012687 (Ensembl)
  • Insulin receptor
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3643
L-Methylmalonyl-CoAMetaboliteHMDB0001269 (HMDB)
LDL-CMetaboliteCHEBI:47774 (ChEBI)
  • low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDL/APOBMetaboliteCHEBI:39026 (ChEBI)
  • low-density lipoprotein
  • LDL particle contains 1 molecule of apo B
LDLMetaboliteCHEBI:39026 (ChEBI) low-density lipoprotein
LDLRProteinENSBTAG00000012314 (Ensembl)
  • low density lipoprotein receptor
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3949
LRP2GeneProductENSBTAG00000004555 (Ensembl)
  • Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4036
Lipid peroxidationPathway
Lipoprotein metabolismPathway
MAT1AProteinENSBTAG00000005963 (Ensembl)
  • EC 2.5.1.6
  • Methionine adenosyltransferase
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4143
MCEEProteinENSBTAG00000035247 (Ensembl)
  • EC 5.1.99.1
  • methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:84693
MM-CoA-HProtein
  • EC 3.1.2.17
  • (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase
MMABProteinENSBTAG00000005178 (Ensembl)
  • EC 2.5.1.17
  • methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) cblB type
  • Also known as ATR
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:326625
MPOProteinENSBTAG00000011616 (Ensembl)
  • EC 1.11.1.7
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4353
MTHFRProteinENSBTAG00000020698 (Ensembl)
  • EC 1.5.1.20
  • 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
  • Homozygous of (MTHFR) 677C-T variant may have enzyme activities up to 50% lower than those without the polymorphism increasing the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4524
MTRProteinENSBTAG00000012251 (Ensembl)
  • EC 2.1.1.13
  • 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase
  • Also known as MS
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4548
MTRRProteinENSBTAG00000009401 (Ensembl)
  • EC 1.16.1.8
  • 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4552
MUTProteinENSBTAG00000014272 (Ensembl)
  • EC 5.4.99.2
  • methylmalonyl Coenzyme A mutase
  • Also known as MCM
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4594
MethionineMetaboliteHMDB0000696 (HMDB)
Methylcob(III)alaminMetaboliteHMDB0002274 (HMDB)
N2OMetaboliteCHEBI:17045 (ChEBI)
  • Dinitrogen oxide
  • Nitrous oxide
NADHMetaboliteHMDB0001487 (HMDB) Reduced nicotinamide adenine diphosphate
NADMetaboliteHMDB0000902 (HMDB) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP+MetaboliteHMDB0000217 (HMDB) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-Oxidized
NADPHMetaboliteHMDB0000221 (HMDB) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-Reduced
NFKB1GeneProductENSBTAG00000020270 (Ensembl)
  • nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p50 subunit
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4790
NFKB2GeneProductENSBTAG00000006017 (Ensembl)
  • nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4791
NO3-MetaboliteHMDB0002878 (HMDB) Nitrate
NOMetaboliteHMDB0003378 (HMDB) Nitric oxide
NO₂MetaboliteCHEBI:33101 (ChEBI) Nitrogen dioxide
NitrotyrosineMetaboliteHMDB0001904 (HMDB)
O3MetaboliteCHEBI:25812 (ChEBI) ozone
ONOO-ONOOHMetaboliteHMDB0002179 (HMDB) Peroxynitrite
O₂MetaboliteHMDB0002168 (HMDB) Superoxide
PGE1MetaboliteHMDB0001442 (HMDB) Prostaglandin E1
PGE2MetaboliteHMDB0001220 (HMDB) Prostaglandin E2
PGF2aMetaboliteHMDB0001139 (HMDB) Prostaglandin F2a
PLATProteinENSBTAG00000001244 (Ensembl)
  • EC 3.4.21.68
  • plasminogen activator, tissue
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5327
PLGProteinENSBTAG00000001271 (Ensembl)
  • EC 3.4.21.7
  • Plasminogen
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5340
Prostaglandin metabolismPathway
Protein tyrosine nitrationPathway
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphateMetaboliteHMDB0001491 (HMDB) Vitamin B6
RELAGeneProductENSBTAG00000013895 (Ensembl)
  • nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 3, p65
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5970
RiboflavinMetaboliteHMDB0000244 (HMDB)
SAA1Protein
  • serum amyloid A1
  • No homologues found for original id L:6288
SAA2Protein
  • serum amyloid A2
  • No homologues found for original id L:6289
SAA3Protein
  • serum amyloid A3 pseudogene
  • No homologues found for original id L:6290
SAA4ProteinENSBTAG00000002963 (Ensembl)
  • serum amyloid A4, constitutive
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6291
SCARB1ProteinENSBTAG00000014269 (Ensembl)
  • scavenger receptor class B, member 1
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:949
SERPINA3-7ProteinENSBTAG00000026917 (Ensembl)
  • alpha-1-antichymotrypsin
  • serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 3
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:12
SERPINE1ProteinENSBTAG00000014465 (Ensembl)
  • Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5054
SHMT2ProteinENSBTAG00000031500 (Ensembl)
  • EC 2.1.2.1
  • Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6472
SOD1ProteinENSBTAG00000027412 (Ensembl)
  • EC 1.15.1.1
  • superoxide dismutase 1, soluble
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6647
SOD2ProteinENSBTAG00000006523 (Ensembl)
  • EC 1.15.1.1
  • superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6648
SOD3ProteinENSBTAG00000013980 (Ensembl)
  • EC 1.15.1.1
  • superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6649
SerineMetaboliteHMDB0000187 (HMDB)
TAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17855 (ChEBI)
  • Triglyceride
  • Triacylglycerol
TCN1GeneProductENSBTAG00000020580 (Ensembl)
  • Haptocorrin
  • transcobalamin I (vitamin B12 binding protein, R binder family)
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6947
TCN2GeneProductENSBTAG00000002770 (Ensembl)
  • transcobalamin II; macrocytic anemia
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6948
THFMetaboliteHMDB0001846 (HMDB) Tetrahydrofolic acid
TNFProteinENSBTAG00000025471 (Ensembl)
  • tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2)
  • Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7124
Thromboxane A2MetaboliteHMDB0001452 (HMDB)
Thromboxane B2MetaboliteHMDB0003252 (HMDB)
VLDL-TAGMetaboliteCHEBI:47776 (ChEBI)
  • very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride
  • Triglyceride transport
VLDL/APOBMetaboliteCHEBI:39027 (ChEBI)
  • very-low-density lipoprotein
  • The VLDL is produced in the liver, contains one molecule of apoB100
VLDLMetaboliteCHEBI:39027 (ChEBI) very-low-density lipoprotein
Vitamin B12/CobalaminMetaboliteHMDB0002174 (HMDB)
ZincMetaboliteHMDB0015532 (HMDB)
a-TocopherolMetaboliteHMDB0001893 (HMDB) Vitamin E
oxLDLMetaboliteCHEBI:60151 (ChEBI) oxidized low-density lipoprotein
vitamin DMetaboliteCHEBI:27300 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions
Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP3193"
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