Urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups (Apis cerana)
From WikiPathways
Description
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea ((NH2)2CO) from ammonia (NH3). This cycle occurs in ureotelic organisms. The urea cycle converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. This cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered (Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit, 1932), five years before the discovery of the TCA cycle. The urea cycle takes place primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys.
Amino acid catabolism results in waste ammonia. All animals need a way to excrete this product. Most aquatic organisms, or ammonotelic organisms, excrete ammonia without converting it. Ammonia is toxic, but upon excretion from aquatic species, it is diluted by the water outside the organism. Organisms that cannot easily and safely remove nitrogen as ammonia convert it to a less toxic substance such as urea or uric acid. The urea cycle mainly occurs in the liver. The urea produced by the liver is then released into the bloodstream where it travels to the kidneys and is ultimately excreted in urine. In species including birds and most insects, the ammonia is converted into uric acid or its urate salt, which is excreted in solid form. Source description: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_cycle)
The original pathway (https://www.wikipathways.org/pathways/WP497) was lifted into Apis cerana.Quality Tags
Ontology Terms
Saving...Bibliography
- Dahlman, Douglas L., Milan A. Berge.; ''Possible mechanisms for adverse effects of L-canavanine on insects.''; ACS Publications, 1986 DOI Scholia
- Deuschle K, Funck D, Hellmann H, Däschner K, Binder S, Frommer WB; ''A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and its potential role in protection from proline toxicity.''; Plant J, 2001 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Seiler N; ''Ornithine aminotransferase, a potential target for the treatment of hyperammonemias.''; Curr Drug Targets, 2000 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Kakeru Yokoi, Masatsugu Hatakeyama, Seigo Kuwazaki, Taro Maeda, Mikio Yoshiyama, Mari Horigane-Ogihara, Shigeru Matsuyama, Akiya Jouraku, Hidemasa Bono, Kiyoshi Kimura; ''Comprehensive expression data for two honey bee species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana japonica''; Scientific Data, 2025 DOI Scholia
History
External references
DataNodes
| View all... |
| Name | Type | Database reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| (S)-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate | Metabolite | C03912 (KEGG Compound)  | Tautomer of L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde |
| 1.2.1.38 | Protein | 1.2.1.38 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 1.2.1.46 | Protein | 1.2.1.46 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 2.3.1.35 | Protein | 2.3.1.35 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 2.6.1.11 | Protein | 2.6.1.11 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 2.6.1.69 | Protein | 2.6.1.69 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 2.7.2.8 | Protein | 2.7.2.8 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 2.7.3.1 | Protein | 2.7.3.1 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.1.16 | Protein | 3.5.1.16 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.1.5 | GeneProduct | 3.5.1.5 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.1.54 | Protein | 3.5.1.54 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.1.59 | Protein | 3.5.1.59 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.2.10 | Protein | 3.5.2.10 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.2.14 | Protein | 3.5.2.14 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.3.3 | Protein | 3.5.3.3 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 3.5.4.21 | Protein | 3.5.4.21 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| 6.3.4.6 | Protein | 6.3.4.6 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
| ACY1 | GeneProduct | g11510.t1 (Other) | |
| ACY1 | GeneProduct | g11636.t1 (Other) | |
| ALDH18A1 | GeneProduct | STRG.6725.2 (Other) | |
| ALDH18A1 | GeneProduct | STRG.6725.3 (Other) | |
| ARG2 | GeneProduct | STRG.1529.2 (Other) | |
| ARG2 | GeneProduct | STRG.1529.4 (Other) | |
| ARG2 | GeneProduct | STRG.1529.5 (Other) | |
| ASL | GeneProduct | STRG.817.3 (Other) | |
| ASS | GeneProduct | g10848.t1 (Other) | |
| Alanine and aspartate metabolism | Pathway | WP106 (WikiPathways) | |
| Amino acid metabolism | Pathway | ||
| Arginine metabolism | Pathway | ||
| Arginine | Metabolite | 74-79-3 (CAS) | L-Arginine |
| CKB | GeneProduct | STRG.4546.1 (Other) | |
| CKB | GeneProduct | STRG.4546.3 (Other) | |
| CKB | GeneProduct | STRG.494.1 (Other) | |
| CKB | GeneProduct | STRG.494.2 (Other) | |
| CKB | GeneProduct | STRG.494.3 (Other) | |
| CKM | GeneProduct | STRG.4546.4 (Other) | |
| CO₂ | Metabolite | C00011 (KEGG Compound) | |
| Carbamoyl | Metabolite | C00169 (KEGG Compound) | |
| Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | Pathway | WP78 (WikiPathways) | |
| Creatine | Metabolite | 57-00-1 (CAS) | Creatine |
| Creatinine | Metabolite | 60-27-5 (CAS) | Creatinine |
| D-Arginine and D-Ornithine metabolism | Pathway | ||
| Formaldehyde | Metabolite | 50-00-0 (CAS) | Formaldehyde |
| Formate | Metabolite | C00058 (KEGG Compound) | |
| Fumarate | Metabolite | C00122 (KEGG Compound) | |
| GLUD1 | GeneProduct | STRG.7991.1 (Other) | |
| Glutamate metabolism | Pathway | ||
| Guanidinoacetate | Metabolite | C00581 (KEGG Compound) | |
| L-Aspartate | Metabolite | C00049 (KEGG Compound) | |
| L-Citrulline | Metabolite | 372-75-8 (CAS) | L-Citrulline |
| L-Glutamate 5-semialdehyde | Metabolite | C01165 (KEGG Compound) | tautomer of (S)-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate |
| L-Glutamate | Metabolite | 56-86-0 (CAS) | L-Glutamate |
| L-Ornithine | Metabolite | 70-26-8 (CAS) | L-Ornithine |
| L-Proline | Metabolite | 147-85-3 (CAS) | L-Proline |
| L-glutamyl | Metabolite | CHEBI:29972 (ChEBI) | |
| N-(L-Arginino)succinate | Metabolite | C03406 (KEGG Compound) | |
| N-Acetyl-L-glutamate | Metabolite | C00624 (KEGG Compound) | |
| N-Acetyl-glutamate | Metabolite | C00624 (KEGG Compound) | |
| N-Carbamoylsarcosine | Metabolite | C01043 (KEGG Compound) | |
| N-Methylhydantoin | Metabolite | C02565 (KEGG Compound) | |
| N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine | Metabolite | C00437 (KEGG Compound) | |
| NH3 | Metabolite | C00014 (KEGG Compound) | |
| Nitrogen metabolism | Pathway | ||
| OAT | GeneProduct | STRG.4914.1 (Other) | |
| ODC1 | GeneProduct | STRG.429.1 (Other) | |
| ODC1 | GeneProduct | STRG.429.3 (Other) | |
| ODC1 | GeneProduct | STRG.429.4 (Other) | |
| P5cr-2 | GeneProduct | 107997918 (Entrez Gene) | |
| PYCRL | GeneProduct | g10164.t1 (Other) | |
| Phosphoguanidinoacetate | Metabolite | C03166 (KEGG Compound) | |
| Proline metabolism | Pathway | ||
| Purine metabolism | Pathway | ||
| Putrescine | Metabolite | 110-60-1 (CAS) | Putrescine |
| Pyrimidine metabolism | Pathway | ||
| SMS | GeneProduct | STRG.1466.1 (Other) | |
| SRM | GeneProduct | STRG.4393.1 (Other) | |
| SRM | GeneProduct | STRG.4393.2 (Other) | |
| SRM | GeneProduct | STRG.4393.4 (Other) | |
| SRM | GeneProduct | STRG.4393.5 (Other) | |
| SRM | GeneProduct | STRG.4393.6 (Other) | |
| Sarcosine | Metabolite | 107-97-1 (CAS) | Sarcosine |
| Spermidine | Metabolite | 124-20-9 (CAS) | Spermidine |
| Spermine | Metabolite | 71-44-3 (CAS) | Spermine |
| Urea-1-carboxylate | Metabolite | C01010 (KEGG Compound) | |
| Urea | Metabolite | 57-13-6 (CAS) | Urea |
| arg | GeneProduct | 107999535 (Entrez Gene) | |
| creatine-P | Metabolite | 67-07-2 (CAS) | Phosphocreatine |
| rudimentary | GeneProduct | 108002626 (Entrez Gene) |
Annotated Interactions
No annotated interactions
