Integration of energy metabolism (Homo sapiens)

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1-311, 101-11376, 78, 94, 967, 71, 76, 78, 81...22, 38, 48755-6219-3076, 78, 82, 86-89159-16322, 33, 70, 76, 78...15311613145-151149, 164, 16516621-2476, 78, 90-9521-243817-2438, 49112, 114-12315276, 78, 83, 8438, 50-549-11, 137-14222, 36-381322, 36-4220-24, 31-3333, 43-4712, 1446, 7, 22, 76, 78...16714376, 78, 90-9555, 57, 62-6814, 147, 149-151, 154...8, 76, 78, 85, 8697-100161, 16369-78133-1366, 21-24, 28...22, 70, 76, 78, 7920-24, 117, 124...149, 158, 168endoplasmic reticulum lumennucleoplasmcytosolstored secretory granulemitochondrial matrixLeptinPreproglucagonCalciumMLX proteinGlucagon-like Peptide-1ADPSyntaxin-1A-Unc18-1 ComplexRap1-GTPG-protein beta gamma Complex (candidates)AMPAGPAT1ADPSUR1Potassium Channel, open (pancreatic beta cell)IP3 receptor homotetramerInward Rectifying Potassium Channel (closed)ATPInward Rectifying Potassium Channel (open)Protein Kinase A, catalytic subunitsGlucagon receptor (GCGR)Phospholipase C Beta (pancreatic beta cell)MARCKSSNARE ComplexPP2A-ABdeltaC complexG(q) alpha: GTP Complex (pancreatic beta cell)GTPG-beta:G-gamma dimerVoltage-gated Calcium Channels (pancreatic beta cell)O-acetylcholineGTPPhospholipase C Beta: G(q) ComplexGs-activated adenylate cyclaseFree fatty acid receptor 1alpha-D-glucosePAX6 isoform 1C PeptideAdrenaline and NoradrenalineFatty acidsChREBP proteinCa-channel (open)ATPHeterotrimeric G-alpha(s): GTP:G-beta: G-gamma ComplexAMPGPR120: Fatty Acid ComplexGlucagonpChREBP (Thr 666)hTCF-4:Beta-cateninACCG beta:G gamma ComplexAdenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)cAMP:PKA:AKAP79:IQGAP1 ComplexC PeptideHomeobox protein CDX-2Adenylate cyclase: G-protein alpha (s): GTP ComplexADPGDPH2OADPATPcitrate lyase monomerGDPEpac2:cAMP ComplexD-Fructose 6-phosphateChREBP:MLXCalciumPotassium voltage-gated channels (beta cell, closed)SNAP-25pChREBP(Ser 568)GDPG(q):GDP: G beta: G gamma Complex (pancreatic beta cell)Free fatty acid receptor 1:fatty acid complexIP3 receptor:IP3 complexInsulin:Zinc:Calcium Complex in docked granuleATPPhosphorylated MARCKSGTP1,2-DiacylglycerolFatty acid synthasePreproGIPCore SNARE ComplexSignal Peptidase ComplexD-ribose 5-phosphateGPR119:Fatty Acid ComplexVoltage-gated Calcium Channels Type Cav1 (closed)PC1/31D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphateInactive PP2A-ABdeltaC complexOrthophosphateGustducin Complex (alpha, beta, gamma subunits)Adrenaline/Noradrenaline:Alpha-2A/2C Adrenergic Receptor ComplexLigands of FFAR1 (GPR40)Adenylyl cyclase (pancreatic beta cell)Epac1mature GLP-13',5'-Cyclic AMPEpac2GLP-1: GLP-1R: Heterotrimeric G(s): GDP ComplexGlucose-dependent Insulinotropic PolypeptidephosphoPFKFB1 dimerpChREBP (Thr 666)transaldolase 1ProGIPPKA:AKAP79:IQGAP1 ComplexVAMP2/Synaptobrevin2Transcription factor GATA-4ATPDipeptidyl Peptidase 4ADPCalciumPP2A-ABdeltaC complexInsulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (Cleaved at N-terminus)Potassium Channel, closed (pancreatic beta cell)cAMP:PKA regulatory subunitProtein Kinase C, alpha type: Diacylglycerol ComplexGDPG-protein alpha i/o:GTP ComplexSedoheptulose 7-phosphateG-protein with G(s) alpha:GDPGTPInsulin-Zinc-Calcium ComplexAdenylate Cyclase V or VIATPADPGlucagon:GCGRGDPAlpha-2A/2C Adrenergic ReceptorsProtein kinase C, alpha typeG-protein i/o alpha:GTP:G-protein beta:G-protein gamma ComplexProglucagonPKA catalytic subunitCa-channel (closed)Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3:Acetylcholine ComplexMuscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3GLP-1: GLP-1R: Heterotrimeric G(s): GTP ComplexGLUT1 and GLUT2 (Pancreatic Beta Cell)Gastrin-releasing peptideADPADP/ATP translocase dimerOrthophosphateGDPPKA tetramerGlucose-dependent Insulinotropic PolypeptideRap1-GDPActivated AMPK heterotrimerGLP-1R: Heterotrimeric G(s): GDP ComplexProglucagonLKB-11-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphateGlucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (Cleaved at N-terminus)pChREBP (Ser 196, Thr 666)G(q) alpha:GTP: G beta: G gamma Complex (pancreatic beta cell)PKA catalytic subunitATPtransketolase dimerPyruvate kinase, R isozymeD-Erythrose 4-phosphateAMPK heterotrimer (inactive)Synaptotagmin VPotassium voltage-gated channels (beta cell, open)ProGIPVoltage-gated Calcium Channels Type Cav1 (open)Epac1:cAMP ComplexG-protein alpha (s):GTPGTPAMPK heterotrimer:AMPGTPGlucagon-like Peptide-1D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatePFKFB1 dimerD-Xylulose 5-phosphateUnc18-1H2OG-protein i/o alpha:GDP:G-protein beta:G-protein gamma ComplexATPpyrophosphateAdenylate cyclase type V or VI: G-protein beta gamma Complexalpha-D-glucose1564568146, 79-111213


Description

Many hormones that affect individual physiological processes including the regulation of appetite, absorption, transport, and oxidation of foodstuffs influence energy metabolism pathways. While insulin mediates the storage of excess nutrients, glucagon is involved in the mobilization of energy resources in response to low blood glucose levels, principally by stimulating hepatic glucose output. Small doses of glucagon are sufficient to induce significant glucose elevations. These hormone-driven regulatory pathways enable the body to sense and respond to changed amounts of nutrients in the blood and demands for energy.
Glucagon and Insulin act through various metabolites and enzymes that target specific steps in metabolic pathways for sugar and fatty acids. The processes responsible for the long-term control of fat synthesis and short term control of glycolysis by key metabolic products and enzymes are annotated in this module as six specific pathways:
Pathway 1. Glucagon signalling in metabolic pathways: In response to low blood glucose, pancreatic alpha-cells release glucagon. The binding of glucagon to its receptor results in increased cAMP synthesis, and Protein Kinase A (PKA) activation.
Pathway 2. PKA mediated phosphorylation:PKA phosphorylates key enzymes, e.g., 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase /Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PF2K-Pase) at serine 36, and regulatory proteins, e.g., Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein (ChREBP) at serine 196 and threonine 666.
Insulin mediated responses to high blood glucose will be annotated in future versions of Reactome. In brief, the binding of insulin to its receptor leads to increased protein phosphatase activity and to hydrolysis of cAMP by cAMP phosphodiesterase. These events counteract the regulatory effects of glucagon.
Pathway 3: Insulin stimulates increased synthesis of Xylulose-5-phosphate (Xy-5-P). Activation of the insulin receptor results indirectly in increased Xy-5-P synthesis from Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and Fructose-6-phosphate. Xy-5-P, a metabolite of the pentose phosphate pathway, stimulates protein phosphatase PP2A.
Pathway 4: AMP Kinase (AMPK) mediated response to high AMP:ATP ratio: In response to diet with high fat content or low energy levels, the cytosolic AMP:ATP ratio is increased. AMP triggers a complicated cascade of events. In this module we have annotated only the phosphorylation of ChREBP by AMPK at serine 568, which inactivates this transcription factor.
Pathway 5: Dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors by PP2A: Xy-5-P activated PP2A efficiently dephosphorylates phosphorylated PF2K-Pase resulting in the higher output of F-2,6-P2 that enhances PFK activity in the glycolytic pathway. PP2A also dephosphorylates (and thus activates) cytosolic and nuclear ChREBP.
Pathway 6: Transcriptional activation of metabolic genes by ChREBP: Dephosphorylated ChREBP activates the transcription of genes involved in glucose metabolism such as pyruvate kinase, and lipogenic genes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, acyl CoA synthase and glycerol phosphate acyl transferase.
The illustration below summarizes this network of events. Black lines are metabolic reactions, red lines are negative regulatory events, and green lines are positive regulatory events (figure reused with permission from Veech (2003) - Copyright (2003) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.).

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  97. Del Guerra S, Bugliani M, D'Aleo V, Del Prato S, Boggi U, Mosca F, Filipponi F, Lupi R.; ''G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) expression and its regulation in human pancreatic islets: the role of type 2 diabetes and fatty acids.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  98. Barg S, Eliasson L, Renström E, Rorsman P.; ''A subset of 50 secretory granules in close contact with L-type Ca2+ channels accounts for first-phase insulin secretion in mouse beta-cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  99. Havula E, Hietakangas V.; ''Glucose sensing by ChREBP/MondoA-Mlx transcription factors.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  100. Nolan CJ, Madiraju MS, Delghingaro-Augusto V, Peyot ML, Prentki M.; ''Fatty acid signaling in the beta-cell and insulin secretion.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  101. Eason MG, Liggett SB.; ''Chimeric mutagenesis of putative G-protein coupling domains of the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor. Localization of two redundant and fully competent gi coupling domains.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  102. Tsuboi T, da Silva Xavier G, Holz GG, Jouaville LS, Thomas AP, Rutter GA.; ''Glucagon-like peptide-1 mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ and stimulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis in pancreatic MIN6 beta-cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  103. Lin YW, MacMullen C, Ganguly A, Stanley CA, Shyng SL.; ''A novel KCNJ11 mutation associated with congenital hyperinsulinism reduces the intrinsic open probability of beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channels.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  104. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Tsuchida A, Yokomizo T, Kita S, Sugiyama T, Miyagishi M, Hara K, Tsunoda M, Murakami K, Ohteki T, Uchida S, Takekawa S, Waki H, Tsuno NH, Shibata Y, Terauchi Y, Froguel P, Tobe K, Koyasu S, Taira K, Kitamura T, Shimizu T, Nagai R, Kadowaki T.; ''Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  105. Latour MG, Alquier T, Oseid E, Tremblay C, Jetton TL, Luo J, Lin DC, Poitout V.; ''GPR40 is necessary but not sufficient for fatty acid stimulation of insulin secretion in vivo.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  106. Ma L, Robinson LN, Towle HC.; ''ChREBP*Mlx is the principal mediator of glucose-induced gene expression in the liver.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  107. Thorens B, Porret A, Bühler L, Deng SP, Morel P, Widmann C.; ''Cloning and functional expression of the human islet GLP-1 receptor. Demonstration that exendin-4 is an agonist and exendin-(9-39) an antagonist of the receptor.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  108. Colville CA, Seatter MJ, Jess TJ, Gould GW, Thomas HM.; ''Kinetic analysis of the liver-type (GLUT2) and brain-type (GLUT3) glucose transporters in Xenopus oocytes: substrate specificities and effects of transport inhibitors.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  109. Banki K, Halladay D, Perl A.; ''Cloning and expression of the human gene for transaldolase. A novel highly repetitive element constitutes an integral part of the coding sequence.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  110. Kang G, Joseph JW, Chepurny OG, Monaco M, Wheeler MB, Bos JL, Schwede F, Genieser HG, Holz GG.; ''Epac-selective cAMP analog 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP as a stimulus for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and exocytosis in pancreatic beta-cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  111. Verghese GM, Johnson JD, Vasulka C, Haupt DM, Stumpo DJ, Blackshear PJ.; ''Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and calmodulin binding of recombinant myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and MARCKS-related protein.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  112. Sher E, Giovannini F, Codignola A, Passafaro M, Giorgi-Rossi P, Volsen S, Craig P, Davalli A, Carrera P.; ''Voltage-operated calcium channel heterogeneity in pancreatic beta cells: physiopathological implications.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  113. Lang J, Nishimoto I, Okamoto T, Regazzi R, Kiraly C, Weller U, Wollheim CB.; ''Direct control of exocytosis by receptor-mediated activation of the heterotrimeric GTPases Gi and G(o) or by the expression of their active G alpha subunits.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  114. Dessauer CW, Chen-Goodspeed M, Chen J.; ''Mechanism of Galpha i-mediated inhibition of type V adenylyl cyclase.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  115. Bavec A, Licar A.; ''Functional characterization of N-terminally GFP-tagged GLP-1 receptor.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  116. Sharp GW.; ''Mechanisms of inhibition of insulin release.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  117. McIntire WE.; ''Structural determinants involved in the formation and activation of G protein betagamma dimers.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  118. Gao Z, Young RA, Trucco MM, Greene SR, Hewlett EL, Matschinsky FM, Wolf BA.; ''Protein kinase A translocation and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells: studies with adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  119. Proks P, Arnold AL, Bruining J, Girard C, Flanagan SE, Larkin B, Colclough K, Hattersley AT, Ashcroft FM, Ellard S.; ''A heterozygous activating mutation in the sulphonylurea receptor SUR1 (ABCC8) causes neonatal diabetes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  120. Luvisetto S, Fellin T, Spagnolo M, Hivert B, Brust PF, Harpold MM, Stauderman KA, Williams ME, Pietrobon D.; ''Modal gating of human CaV2.1 (P/Q-type) calcium channels: I. The slow and the fast gating modes and their modulation by beta subunits.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  121. MacDonald PE, Wang G, Tsuk S, Dodo C, Kang Y, Tang L, Wheeler MB, Cattral MS, Lakey JR, Salapatek AM, Lotan I, Gaisano HY.; ''Synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kilodaltons modulates Kv2.1 voltage-dependent K(+) channels in neuroendocrine islet beta-cells through an interaction with the channel N terminus.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  122. Vignali S, Leiss V, Karl R, Hofmann F, Welling A.; ''Characterization of voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels in mouse pancreatic A- and B-cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  123. Peterhoff M, Sieg A, Brede M, Chao CM, Hein L, Ullrich S.; ''Inhibition of insulin secretion via distinct signaling pathways in alpha2-adrenoceptor knockout mice.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  124. Digby GJ, Lober RM, Sethi PR, Lambert NA.; ''Some G protein heterotrimers physically dissociate in living cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  125. Babenko AP, Polak M, Cavé H, Busiah K, Czernichow P, Scharfmann R, Bryan J, Aguilar-Bryan L, Vaxillaire M, Froguel P.; ''Activating mutations in the ABCC8 gene in neonatal diabetes mellitus.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  126. Ferrer J, Benito C, Gomis R.; ''Pancreatic islet GLUT2 glucose transporter mRNA and protein expression in humans with and without NIDDM.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  127. Seino S, Iwanaga T, Nagashima K, Miki T.; ''Diverse roles of K(ATP) channels learned from Kir6.2 genetically engineered mice.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  128. Remaury A, Larrouy D, Daviaud D, Rouot B, Paris H.; ''Coupling of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor to the inhibitory G-protein Gi and adenylate cyclase in HT29 cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  129. Veech RL.; ''A humble hexose monophosphate pathway metabolite regulates short- and long-term control of lipogenesis.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  130. Arbuckle MI, Kane S, Porter LM, Seatter MJ, Gould GW.; ''Structure-function analysis of liver-type (GLUT2) and brain-type (GLUT3) glucose transporters: expression of chimeric transporters in Xenopus oocytes suggests an important role for putative transmembrane helix 7 in determining substrate selectivity.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  131. Nakayama T, Penheiter AR, Penheiter SG, Chini EN, Thompson M, Warner DO, Jones KA.; ''Differential effects of volatile anesthetics on M3 muscarinic receptor coupling to the Galphaq heterotrimeric G protein.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  132. Kang G, Chepurny OG, Malester B, Rindler MJ, Rehmann H, Bos JL, Schwede F, Coetzee WA, Holz GG.; ''cAMP sensor Epac as a determinant of ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity in human pancreatic beta cells and rat INS-1 cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  133. Siu FY, He M, de Graaf C, Han GW, Yang D, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Xu Q, Wacker D, Joseph JS, Liu W, Lau J, Cherezov V, Katritch V, Wang MW, Stevens RC.; ''Structure of the human glucagon class B G-protein-coupled receptor.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  134. Ross D, Joyner WL.; ''Resting distribution and stimulated translocation of protein kinase C isoforms alpha, epsilon and zeta in response to bradykinin and TNF in human endothelial cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  135. Tesmer VM, Kawano T, Shankaranarayanan A, Kozasa T, Tesmer JJ.; ''Snapshot of activated G proteins at the membrane: the Galphaq-GRK2-Gbetagamma complex.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  136. Fujiwara K, Maekawa F, Yada T.; ''Oleic acid interacts with GPR40 to induce Ca2+ signaling in rat islet beta-cells: mediation by PLC and L-type Ca2+ channel and link to insulin release.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  137. Gromada J, Brock B, Schmitz O, Rorsman P.; ''Glucagon-like peptide-1: regulation of insulin secretion and therapeutic potential.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  138. Kim SJ, Choi WS, Han JS, Warnock G, Fedida D, McIntosh CH.; ''A novel mechanism for the suppression of a voltage-gated potassium channel by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: protein kinase A-dependent endocytosis.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  139. De Vos A, Heimberg H, Quartier E, Huypens P, Bouwens L, Pipeleers D, Schuit F.; ''Human and rat beta cells differ in glucose transporter but not in glucokinase gene expression.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  140. Tsuboi T, Rutter GA.; ''Insulin secretion by 'kiss-and-run' exocytosis in clonal pancreatic islet beta-cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  141. Cummins MM, O'Mullane LM, Barden JA, Cook DI, Poronnik P.; ''Antisense co-suppression of G(alpha)(q) and G(alpha)(11) demonstrates that both isoforms mediate M(3)-receptor-activated Ca(2+) signalling in intact epithelial cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  142. Calle R, Ganesan S, Smallwood JI, Rasmussen H.; ''Glucose-induced phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) in isolated rat pancreatic islets.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  143. Henquin JC, Ishiyama N, Nenquin M, Ravier MA, Jonas JC.; ''Signals and pools underlying biphasic insulin secretion.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  144. Yamamoto H, Matsumura T, Kugiyama K, Oishi Y, Ogata N, Yasue H, Miyamoto E.; ''The antibody specific for myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate phosphorylated by protein kinase C: activation of protein kinase C in smooth muscle cells in human coronary arteries.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  145. Runge S, Thøgersen H, Madsen K, Lau J, Rudolph R.; ''Crystal structure of the ligand-bound glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor extracellular domain.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  146. Trümper J, Ross D, Jahr H, Brendel MD, Göke R, Hörsch D.; ''The Rap-B-Raf signalling pathway is activated by glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 in human islet cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  147. Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M.; ''Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  148. Tarasov AI, Nicolson TJ, Riveline JP, Taneja TK, Baldwin SA, Baldwin JM, Charpentier G, Gautier JF, Froguel P, Vaxillaire M, Rutter GA.; ''A rare mutation in ABCC8/SUR1 leading to altered ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity and beta-cell glucose sensing is associated with type 2 diabetes in adults.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  149. Orskov C, Rabenhøj L, Wettergren A, Kofod H, Holst JJ.; ''Tissue and plasma concentrations of amidated and glycine-extended glucagon-like peptide I in humans.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  150. MacDonald PE, El-Kholy W, Riedel MJ, Salapatek AM, Light PE, Wheeler MB.; ''The multiple actions of GLP-1 on the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  151. Cheng H, Straub SG, Sharp GW.; ''Protein acylation in the inhibition of insulin secretion by norepinephrine, somatostatin, galanin, and PGE2.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  152. Wittpoth C, Scholich K, Yigzaw Y, Stringfield TM, Patel TB.; ''Regions on adenylyl cyclase that are necessary for inhibition of activity by beta gamma and G(ialpha) subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  153. Barg S, Rorsman P.; ''Insulin secretion: a high-affinity Ca2+ sensor after all?''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  154. Verhoeven NM, Huck JH, Roos B, Struys EA, Salomons GS, Douwes AC, van der Knaap MS, Jakobs C.; ''Transaldolase deficiency: liver cirrhosis associated with a new inborn error in the pentose phosphate pathway.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  155. Zhao Y, Fang Q, Straub SG, Sharp GW.; ''Both G i and G o heterotrimeric G proteins are required to exert the full effect of norepinephrine on the beta-cell K ATP channel.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  156. Yang SN, Berggren PO.; ''The role of voltage-gated calcium channels in pancreatic beta-cell physiology and pathophysiology.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  157. Ma L, Sham YY, Walters KJ, Towle HC.; ''A critical role for the loop region of the basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper protein Mlx in DNA binding and glucose-regulated transcription.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  158. Jiang G, Zhang BB.; ''Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  159. Kotarsky K, Nilsson NE, Flodgren E, Owman C, Olde B.; ''A human cell surface receptor activated by free fatty acids and thiazolidinedione drugs.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  160. Hamming KS, Soliman D, Matemisz LC, Niazi O, Lang Y, Gloyn AL, Light PE.; ''Coexpression of the type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene variants KCNJ11 E23K and ABCC8 S1369A alter the ATP and sulfonylurea sensitivities of the ATP-sensitive K(+) channel.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  161. Gautam D, Han SJ, Hamdan FF, Jeon J, Li B, Li JH, Cui Y, Mears D, Lu H, Deng C, Heard T, Wess J.; ''A critical role for beta cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating insulin release and blood glucose homeostasis in vivo.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  162. Doyle ME, Egan JM.; ''Mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the pancreas.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114967view16:49, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113411view11:48, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112613view15:59, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101529view11:39, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101064view21:21, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100595view19:56, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100144view16:41, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99694view15:10, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99282view12:46, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93853view13:41, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93414view11:23, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86502view09:19, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83173view10:17, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81543view13:05, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
77011view08:30, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76716view12:08, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76042view10:10, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75751view11:24, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75101view14:05, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74748view08:49, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamReactome46
72912view15:20, 14 December 2013EgonwFixed the Uniprot-TrEMBL data sources.
69896view19:21, 11 July 2013MaintBotupdated to 2013 schema
44859view09:54, 6 October 2011MartijnVanIerselOntology Term : 'energy metabolic pathway' added !
42162view23:28, 4 March 2011MaintBotModified categories
42052view21:53, 4 March 2011MaintBotAutomatic update
39857view05:53, 21 January 2011MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
1,2-

Diacylglycerol

Unknown17815 (ChEBI)
1-Phosphatidyl-

D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate

Unknown18348 (ChEBI)
1D-myo-Inositol

1,4,5-trisphosphate

Metabolite16595 (ChEBI)
3',5'-Cyclic

AMP

Metabolite17489 (ChEBI)
ACC ProteinREACT_11654 (Reactome)
ADP Metabolite16761 (ChEBI)
ADP/ATP

translocase dimer

ComplexREACT_9306 (Reactome)
AGPAT1 ProteinQ99943 (UniProt)
AMP Metabolite16027 (ChEBI)
AMPK

heterotrimer (inactive)

ComplexREACT_3733 (Reactome)
AMPK

heterotrimer: AMP

ComplexREACT_4802 (Reactome)
ATP Metabolite15422 (ChEBI)
Activated

AMPK heterotrimer

ComplexREACT_5306 (Reactome)
Adenylate

Cyclase V or VI

ProteinREACT_20885 (Reactome)
Adenylate

cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor)

ComplexREACT_17689 (Reactome)
Adenylate cyclase

type V or VI: G- protein beta gamma Complex

ComplexREACT_18486 (Reactome)
Adenylate cyclase:

G-protein alpha (s): GTP Complex

ComplexREACT_19025 (Reactome)
Adenylyl cyclase

(pancreatic beta cell)

ProteinREACT_20747 (Reactome)
Adrenaline and

Noradrenaline

MetaboliteREACT_19090 (Reactome)
Adrenaline/Noradrenalin

e:Alpha-2A/2C Adrenergic Receptor Complex

ComplexREACT_18594 (Reactome)
Alpha-2A/2C

Adrenergic Receptors

ProteinREACT_18657 (Reactome)
C Peptide ProteinP01308 (UniProt)
Ca-

channel (closed)

ComplexREACT_18712 (Reactome)
Ca-

channel (open)

ComplexREACT_18978 (Reactome)
Calcium Metabolite29108 (ChEBI)
ChREBP

protein

ProteinQ9NP71 (UniProt)
ChREBP:

MLX

ComplexREACT_2382 (Reactome)
Core SNARE

Complex

ComplexREACT_16105 (Reactome)
D-Erythrose 4-

phosphate

Metabolite16897 (ChEBI)
D-Fructose 6-

phosphate

Metabolite15946 (ChEBI)
D-Glyceraldehyde

3-phosphate

Metabolite29052 (ChEBI)
D-Xylulose 5-

phosphate

Metabolite16332 (ChEBI)
D-ribose 5-

phosphate

Metabolite17797 (ChEBI)
Dipeptidyl

Peptidase 4

UnknownREACT_24264 (Reactome)
Epac1 ProteinREACT_19050 (Reactome)
Epac1:cAMP

Complex

ComplexREACT_18906 (Reactome)
Epac2 ProteinREACT_18767 (Reactome)
Epac2:cAMP

Complex

ComplexREACT_18747 (Reactome)
Fatty

acids

UnknownREACT_3744 (Reactome)
Fatty acid

synthase

ProteinP49327 (UniProt)
Free fatty acid

receptor 1

ProteinO14842 (UniProt)
Free fatty acid

receptor 1:fatty acid complex

ComplexREACT_19781 (Reactome) The Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1 or GPR40) is located on pancreatic beta cells and binds to medium and long chain fatty acids (fatty acids having more than 12 carbon groups). FFAR1 is a G-protein coupled receptor that is coupled to Gq.
G beta:G

gamma Complex

ComplexREACT_18681 (Reactome)
G(q) alpha:

GTP: G beta: G gamma Complex (pancreatic beta cell)

ComplexREACT_18484 (Reactome)
G(q) alpha:

GTP Complex (pancreatic beta cell)

ComplexREACT_18564 (Reactome)
G(q):GDP: G beta:

G gamma Complex (pancreatic beta cell)

ComplexREACT_18540 (Reactome)
G-beta:G-

gamma dimer

ComplexREACT_3447 (Reactome)
G-protein

alpha (s):GTP

ComplexREACT_5470 (Reactome)
G-protein

alpha i/o:GTP Complex

ComplexREACT_18504 (Reactome)
G-protein

beta gamma Complex (candidates)

ComplexREACT_18827 (Reactome)
G-protein i/o

alpha:GDP:G- protein beta:G- protein gamma Complex

ComplexREACT_18744 (Reactome)
G-protein i/o

alpha:GTP:G- protein beta:G- protein gamma Complex

ComplexREACT_18596 (Reactome)
G-protein with

G(s) alpha: GDP

ComplexREACT_5026 (Reactome)
GDP Metabolite17552 (ChEBI)
GLP-1: GLP-1R:

Heterotrimeric G (s): GDP Complex

ComplexREACT_18821 (Reactome)
GLP-1: GLP-1R:

Heterotrimeric G (s): GTP Complex

ComplexREACT_18812 (Reactome)
GLP-1R:

Heterotrimeric G (s): GDP Complex

ComplexREACT_18624 (Reactome)
GLUT1 and

GLUT2 (Pancreatic Beta Cell)

ComplexREACT_21462 (Reactome) Human pancreatic beta cells contain GLUT1 and GLUT2 transporters, with GLUT1 predominant. Rodent beta cells predominantly contain GLUT2, which may account for differences observed in the toxicity of streptozotocin.
GPR119:Fatty Acid

Complex

ComplexREACT_24051 (Reactome)
GPR120: Fatty Acid

Complex

ComplexREACT_21753 (Reactome)
GTP Metabolite15996 (ChEBI)
Gastrin-releasing

peptide

ProteinP07492 (UniProt)
Glucagon ProteinP01275 (UniProt)
Glucagon

receptor (GCGR)

ProteinP47871 (UniProt)
Glucagon-like

Peptide-1

UnknownREACT_24372 (Reactome)
Glucagon-like

Peptide-1

ProteinREACT_24529 (Reactome)
Glucagon-like

Peptide-1 (Cleaved at N-terminus)

ProteinREACT_24381 (Reactome)
Glucagon:

GCGR

ComplexREACT_3602 (Reactome)
Glucose-

dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide

ProteinP09681 (UniProt)
Glucose-

dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (Cleaved at N- terminus)

ProteinP09681 (UniProt)
Gs-

activated adenylate cyclase

ComplexREACT_2537 (Reactome)
Gustducin Complex

(alpha, beta, gamma subunits)

ComplexREACT_24604 (Reactome)
H2O Metabolite15377 (ChEBI)
Heterotrimeric

G-alpha(s): GTP:G-beta: G- gamma Complex

ComplexREACT_18711 (Reactome)
Homeobox

protein CDX- 2

ProteinQ99626 (UniProt)
IP3 receptor

homotetramer

ComplexREACT_12247 (Reactome)
IP3 receptor:

IP3 complex

ComplexREACT_12249 (Reactome)
Inactive PP2A-

ABdeltaC complex

ComplexREACT_4092 (Reactome)
Insulin gene enhancer

protein ISL-1

ProteinP61371 (UniProt)
Insulin-Zinc-

Calcium Complex

ComplexREACT_15636 (Reactome)
Insulin:Zinc:Calcium

Complex in docked granule

ComplexREACT_17297 (Reactome)
Inward

Rectifying Potassium Channel (closed)

ComplexREACT_18063 (Reactome)
Inward

Rectifying Potassium Channel (open)

ComplexREACT_17204 (Reactome)
LKB-1 ProteinQ15831 (UniProt)
Leptin ProteinP41159 (UniProt)
Ligands of

FFAR1 (GPR40)

MetaboliteREACT_20176 (Reactome)
MARCKS ProteinP29966 (UniProt)
MLX

protein

ProteinQ9UH92 (UniProt)
Muscarinic

Acetylcholine Receptor M3

ProteinP20309 (UniProt)
Muscarinic

Acetylcholine Receptor M3: Acetylcholine Complex

ComplexREACT_18706 (Reactome)
O-acetylcholine Metabolite15355 (ChEBI)
Orthophosp

hate

Metabolite18367 (ChEBI)
PAX6

isoform 1

ProteinP26367-1 (UniProt)
PC1/3 ProteinP29120 (UniProt)
PFKFB1

dimer

ComplexREACT_2587 (Reactome)
PKA

tetramer

ComplexREACT_5749 (Reactome)
PKA catalytic

subunit

ProteinREACT_3031 (Reactome)
PKA:AKAP79:

IQGAP1 Complex

ComplexREACT_18813 (Reactome)
PP2A-

ABdeltaC complex

ComplexREACT_2369 (Reactome)
PP2A-

ABdeltaC complex

ComplexREACT_5648 (Reactome)
Phospholipase C

Beta (pancreatic beta cell)

ProteinREACT_18548 (Reactome) Pancreatic beta cells contain PLC Beta 1, PLC Beta 2, and PLC Beta 3. It is unknown which PLC or combination of PLC's are activated in response to G(q).
Phospholipase C

Beta: G(q) Complex

ComplexREACT_18449 (Reactome)
Phosphorylated

MARCKS

ProteinP29966 (UniProt)
Potassium

Channel, closed (pancreatic beta cell)

UnknownREACT_21231 (Reactome)
Potassium

Channel, open (pancreatic beta cell)

UnknownREACT_20980 (Reactome)
Potassium

voltage-gated channels (beta cell, closed)

ProteinREACT_18467 (Reactome) Human pancreatic beta cells contain Kv2.1, Kv3.2, Kv6.2, and Kv9.3 voltage gated potassium channels. The channels are closed in a resting beta and channels open in response to depolarization. Open channels counteract the effect of closed ATP-gated potassium channels and thereby end stimulation of insulin secretion .
Potassium

voltage-gated channels (beta cell, open)

ProteinREACT_18949 (Reactome) Human pancreatic beta cells contain Kv2.1, Kv3.2, Kv6.2, and Kv9.3 voltage gated potassium channels. The channels are closed in a resting beta and channels open in response to depolarization. Open channels counteract the effect of closed ATP-gated potassium channels and thereby end stimulation of insulin secretion .
PreproGIP ProteinP09681 (UniProt)
Preproglucagon ProteinP01275 (UniProt)
ProGIP ProteinP09681 (UniProt)
Proglucagon ProteinP01275 (UniProt)
Protein

Kinase A, catalytic subunits

ProteinREACT_2480 (Reactome)
Protein

kinase C, alpha type

ProteinP17252 (UniProt)
Protein Kinase

C, alpha type: Diacylglycerol Complex

ComplexREACT_18539 (Reactome)
Pyruvate kinase,

R isozyme

ProteinP30613-1 (UniProt)
Rap1-

GDP

ComplexREACT_15771 (Reactome)
Rap1-

GTP

ComplexREACT_16044 (Reactome)
SNAP-25 ProteinREACT_18216 (Reactome)
SNARE Complex ComplexREACT_15643 (Reactome)
SUR1 ProteinQ09428 (UniProt)
Sedoheptulose

7-phosphate

Metabolite15721 (ChEBI)
Signal Peptidase

Complex

ComplexREACT_15945 (Reactome)
Synaptotagmin

V

ProteinO00445 (UniProt)
Syntaxin-1A-

Unc18-1 Complex

ComplexREACT_16057 (Reactome)
Transcription factor

GATA-4

ProteinP43694 (UniProt)
Unc18-1 ProteinREACT_16070 (Reactome)
VAMP2/Synapto

brevin2

ProteinP63027 (UniProt)
Voltage-gated

Calcium Channels (pancreatic beta cell)

ComplexREACT_17848 (Reactome)
Voltage-gated

Calcium Channels Type Cav1 (closed)

ComplexREACT_19083 (Reactome)
Voltage-gated

Calcium Channels Type Cav1 (open)

ComplexREACT_18725 (Reactome)
alpha-D-

glucose

Metabolite17925 (ChEBI)
cAMP:PKA

regulatory subunit

ComplexREACT_4571 (Reactome)
cAMP:PKA:

AKAP79: IQGAP1 Complex

ComplexREACT_18785 (Reactome)
citrate lyase

monomer

ProteinP53396 (UniProt)
hTCF-4:Beta-

catenin

ComplexREACT_24275 (Reactome)
mature

GLP-1

ProteinREACT_19088 (Reactome)
pChREBP

(Thr 666)

ProteinQ9NP71 (UniProt)
pChREBP (Ser

196, Thr 666)

ProteinQ9NP71 (UniProt)
pChREBP (Thr

666)

ProteinQ9NP71 (UniProt)
pChREBP(Ser

568)

ProteinQ9NP71 (UniProt)
phosphoPFKFB

1 dimer

ComplexREACT_3400 (Reactome)
pyrophosp

hate

Metabolite29888 (ChEBI)
transaldolase 1 ProteinP37837 (UniProt)
transketolase

dimer

ComplexREACT_3387 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions

Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP1831"
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