Metabolism of porphyrins (Homo sapiens)

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17, 183, 411118-2156, 72, 1012, 138, 93, 4214-16endoplasmic reticulum lumencytosolmitochondrial matrixCoproporphyrinogen IIIALAD homooctamer (Pb and Zn bound)PPO homodimer (FAD cofactor)ALAD homooctamer (Zinc cofactor)carbon monoxideOxygenHeme oxygenaseH2Oiron (ferrous)hemeOxygenPb++OxygenSuccinyl-CoA5-aminolevulinateFECH homodimer (2Fe-2S cluster)hemeH2O2Uroporphyrinogen IIIProtoporphyrin IXH2Ouridine 5'-diphosphateUroporphyrinogen ICoproporphyrinogen IBilirubinCPO homodimerCO2CO2Biliverdin reductasebiliverdinUROD homodimerProtoporphyrinogen IXH2O2Coproporphyrinogen IIIH+Porphobilinogen deaminase (dipyrromethane cofactor)Protoporphyrin IXH2ONADP+PorphobilinogenUroporphyrinogen-III synthase5-aminolevulinateALAS homodimerHydroxymethylbilanePb++CoA-SHNH3GlycineCO2UDP-glucuronic acidNADPHTetrameric UGT1A1Bilirubin monoglucuronideiron (ferrous)BilirubinUGT1A1H2OZn++Bilirubin diglucuronideH2O


Description

Porphyrins are heterocyclic macrocycles, consisting of four pyrrole subunits (tetrapyrrole) linked by four methine (=CH-) bridges. The extensive conjugated porphyrin macrocycle is chromatic and the name itself, porphyrin, is derived from the Greek word for purple. The aromatic character of porphyrins can be seen by NMR spectroscopy.
Porphyrins readily combine with metals by coordinating them in the central cavity. Iron (heme) and magnesium (chlorophyll) are two well known examples although zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt form other known metal-containing phorphyrins. A porphyrin which has no metal in the cavity is called a free base.
Some iron-containing porphyrins are called hemes (heme-containing proteins or hemoproteins) and these are found extensively in nature ie. hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is quantitatively the most important hemoprotein. The hemoglobin iron is the transfer site of oxygen and carries it in the blood all round the body for cell respiration. Other examples are cytochromes present in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum which takes part in electron transfer events, catalase and peroxidase whic protect the body against the oxidant hydrogen peroxide and tryptophan oxygenase which is present in intermediary metabolism. Hemoproteins are synthesized in all mammalian cells and the major sites are erythropoietic tissue and the liver.
A chlorin is the ring structure found in chlorophyll. Chlorins are produced when one of the four pyrrole subunits is reduced to pyrroline. If two of the four pyrrole subunits are reduced then a bacteriochlorin is produced (found in some photosynthestic bacteria).

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
115020view16:55, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113465view11:54, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112665view16:05, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101581view11:44, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101117view21:28, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100645view20:02, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100195view16:47, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99746view15:13, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99311view12:46, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
96915view14:08, 19 April 2018EgonwCorrected the ChEBI identifier
93806view13:37, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93347view11:21, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86431view09:18, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83091view09:57, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81415view12:56, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76884view08:15, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76589view11:57, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
75922view09:57, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75623view10:49, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
74978view13:50, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74622view08:40, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamReactome46
68998view17:45, 8 July 2013MaintBotUpdated to 2013 gpml schema
44899view10:20, 6 October 2011MartijnVanIerselOntology Term : 'porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolic pathway' added !
42168view23:34, 4 March 2011MaintBotModified categories
42070view21:54, 4 March 2011MaintBotAutomatic update
39878view05:54, 21 January 2011MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
5-aminolevulinate Metabolite17549 (ChEBI)
ALAD homooctamer

(Pb and Zn bound)

ComplexREACT_9852 (Reactome)
ALAD homooctamer

(Zinc cofactor)

ComplexREACT_9587 (Reactome)
ALAS

homodimer

UnknownREACT_9546 (Reactome)
Bilirubin Metabolite16990 (ChEBI)
Bilirubin

diglucuronide

Metabolite18392 (ChEBI)
Bilirubin

monoglucuronide

Metabolite16427 (ChEBI)
Biliverdin

reductase

UnknownREACT_22833 (Reactome)
CO2 Metabolite16526 (ChEBI)
CPO homodimer ComplexREACT_9811 (Reactome)
CoA-SH Metabolite15346 (ChEBI)
Coproporphyrinogen

III

Metabolite15439 (ChEBI)
Coproporphyrinogen I Metabolite28607 (ChEBI)
Coproporphyrinogen III Metabolite15439 (ChEBI)
FECH homodimer

(2Fe-2S cluster)

ComplexREACT_9592 (Reactome)
Glycine Metabolite15428 (ChEBI)
H+ Metabolite15378 (ChEBI)
H2O Metabolite15377 (ChEBI)
H2O2 Metabolite16240 (ChEBI)
Heme

oxygenase

UnknownREACT_22577 (Reactome)
Hydroxymethylbilane Metabolite16645 (ChEBI)
NADP+ Metabolite18009 (ChEBI)
NADPH Metabolite16474 (ChEBI)
NH3 Metabolite16134 (ChEBI)
Oxygen Metabolite15379 (ChEBI)
PPO homodimer (FAD

cofactor)

ComplexREACT_9681 (Reactome)
Pb++ Metabolite27889 (ChEBI)
Porphobilinogen Metabolite17381 (ChEBI)
Porphobilinogen

deaminase (dipyrromethane cofactor)

ComplexREACT_9578 (Reactome)
Protoporphyrin IX Metabolite15430 (ChEBI)
Protoporphyrinogen IX Metabolite15435 (ChEBI)
Succinyl-CoA Metabolite15380 (ChEBI)
Tetrameric

UGT1A1

ComplexREACT_22998 (Reactome)
UDP-glucuronic

acid

Metabolite17200 (ChEBI)
UGT1A1 ProteinP22309 (UniProt)
UROD

homodimer

ComplexREACT_9830 (Reactome)
Uroporphyrinogen I Metabolite28766 (ChEBI)
Uroporphyrinogen III Metabolite15437 (ChEBI)
Uroporphyrinogen-III

synthase

ProteinP10746 (UniProt)
Zn++ Metabolite29105 (ChEBI)
biliverdin Metabolite17033 (ChEBI)
carbon monoxide Metabolite17245 (ChEBI)
heme Metabolite17627 (ChEBI)
iron (ferrous) Metabolite18248 (ChEBI)
uridine 5'-

diphosphate

Metabolite17659 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions

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