Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. (Homo sapiens)

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6, 8, 142-4, 9-11125, 135, 13125, 131, 75, 13125, 13ATPase CFComplex I - 75 kDa subunit-2Fe-2S cluster-4Fe- 2 x 4S cluster complex Cytochrome c oxidase Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein UCP FA anionUCP dimer "head-in" complex HP subcomplex Cytochrome c UCP dimer ATPase complex cytochrome b-heme complex Succinate dehydrogenase Iron Sulphur ATPase CFUbiquinol-cytochrome c reductase FP sub-complex UCP dimer Complex I - 51 kDa subunit-FMN-4Fe-4S cluster complex UCP ATPase CFATPase-ATP complex ETF Complex I - 23 kDa subunit-2 x 4Fe-4S cluster complex UCP dimer ATPase CFmitochondrial matrixComplex III - Rieske protein-2Fe-2S cluster complex ATPase CFFA anionUCP dimer "head-out" complex Complex I - 49 kDa subunit-4Fe-4S cluster complex Complex I - 39 kDa subunit-FAD cofactor ATPase complex Complex IV - Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2-Cu complex UCP UCP dimer Complex I - 20 kDa subunit-4Fe-4S cluster complex ETF ATPase CFSuccinate dehydrogenase complex Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein Complex I - 42 kDa subunit-FAD cofactor Complex I - NADHUbiquinone oxidoreductase ATPase complex Succinate dehydrogenase complex mitochondrial intermembrane spaceSuccinate dehydrogenase Iron Sulphur IP sub-complex Complex III - cytochrome c1-heme complex ATPase-ADP and Pi complex UCP Cytochrome c NDUFB11 ATP5E O2ETFDHATP5F1 UCP2 H+FMN FADNDUFA5 MT-ATP8 COX7A2L ETFAUQCR11 FADH2 H2OUCP1ATP5L NDUFC1 NDUFS7 Fatty Acid anion "head-in" MT-CO1 MT-ND6 SDHD Succinate dehydrogenase complex Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductaseMT-ND5 UCP dimerCoQATP5E QH2Fatty Acid anion "head-out"ETFAAMP SDHC FAD MT-ND3 UQCRH ferroheme COX7B NDUFS8 SDHC ATP5J ETFCOX8A Cytochrome c FAD MT-CO2 MT-ND2 ATP5H QH2NDUFS4 NDUFAB1 COX6CFADH2 SDHB ATP5C1 ATP5J ATPATP5B CYCS ATP5C1 NDUFB3 NDUFS1 H+Purine nucleotideATP5A1 Cytochrome c oxidaseUCP3 Fatty Acid anion "head-out" SDHA NDUFA13 CYC1 NDUFA12 AMP UQCRB QH2ATP5J2 UQCRC1 UQCRC2 NDUFS2 MT-CO3FAD ATP5O ATP5G1 NDUFS3 ATP5F1 ATP5I NDUFB4 ADP NDUFB2 ATP5I ETFB NDUFS6 ATP5J ATP5H COX7C ATP5F1 ATP CYCS NDUFA10 NDUFA2 UCP dimerMT-ND4 ATP5L UCP1ATP5J2 UCP2 ferriheme Succinate dehydrogenase complex UQCR10 PiSDHB NDUFA11 COX6A1 UQCRQ Fatty Acid anion "head-in"NDUFA9 NDUFV3 Cytochrome c Fatty Acid "head-in"ATPase-ATP complexNDUFB8 Pi NDUFA4 ATP5H Fatty Acid "head-out"MT-ND4L CuA ATP5D NDUFA8 ATP5A1 NDUFA1 ATP5A1 FA anionUCP dimer "head-in" complexNAD+ATP5D NDUFV1 NDUFA6 Long-chain fatty acidATP5C1 ADPETF MT-ATP8 UCP3 ATP5L UCP2 UCP1MT-ATP6 MT-ATP8 NDUFB9 NDUFB7 NDUFA3CoQNDUFB6 H2OATP5J2 MT-ND1 ATP5O COX5A ATP5B NDUFB10COX6B1 SDHA MT-ATP6 MT-CYB NDUFB5 ATP5E Complex I - NADHUbiquinone oxidoreductaseATP5D NDUFV2 NDUFC2 ATP5B ATP5I ETFB UCP2 ATP5G1 FA anionUCP dimer "head-out" complexNDUFB1 UQCRFS1ATP5O ATPase-ADP and Pi complexATP5G1 UCP1COX4I1 MT-ATP6 COX5B SDHD FADH2NDUFS5 UCP3 NADHNDUFA7 UCP3 ATPase complex


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Wikipathways-description 
Oxidation of fatty acids and pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix yield large amounts of NADH. The respiratory electron transport chain couples the re-oxidation of this NADH to NAD+ to the export of protons from the mitochonrial matrix, generating a chemiosmotic gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is used to drive the synthesis of ATP; it can also be bypassed by uncoupling proteins to generate heat, a reaction in brown fat that may be important in regulation of body temperature in newborn children.

Original Pathway at Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#DB=gk_current&FOCUS_SPECIES_ID=48887&FOCUS_PATHWAY_ID=163200

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Bibliography

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History

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114966view16:49, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113410view11:48, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112612view15:59, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101528view11:39, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101063view21:21, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100594view19:55, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100143view16:40, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99693view15:09, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99281view12:45, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93907view13:44, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93481view11:24, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86578view09:21, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83426view11:11, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81630view13:10, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
77091view08:38, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76797view12:18, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76120view10:18, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75832view11:40, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75192view09:40, 9 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74837view10:06, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamReactome46
74431view07:10, 19 April 2014EgonwRelocated an InfoBox.
68937view17:34, 8 July 2013MaintBotUpdated to 2013 gpml schema
45047view19:09, 6 October 2011ThomasOntology Term : 'energy metabolic pathway' added !
42118view21:58, 4 March 2011MaintBotAutomatic update
39928view05:56, 21 January 2011MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
ADP MetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
AMP MetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
ATP MetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
ATP5A1 ProteinP25705 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5B ProteinP06576 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5C1 ProteinP36542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5D ProteinP30049 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5E ProteinP56381 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5F1 ProteinP24539 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5G1 ProteinP05496 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5H ProteinO75947 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5I ProteinP56385 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5J ProteinP18859 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5J2 ProteinP56134 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5L ProteinO75964 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP5O ProteinP48047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
ATPase complexComplexREACT_4862 (Reactome)
ATPase-ADP and Pi complexComplexREACT_2435 (Reactome)
ATPase-ATP complexComplexREACT_3945 (Reactome)
COX4I1 ProteinP13073 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX5A ProteinP20674 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX5B ProteinP10606 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX6A1 ProteinP12074 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX6B1 ProteinP14854 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX6CProteinP09669 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX7A2L ProteinO14548 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX7B ProteinP24311 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX7C ProteinP15954 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
COX8A ProteinP10176 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CYC1 ProteinP08574 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CYCS ProteinP99999 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CoQMetaboliteCHEBI:16389 (ChEBI)
Complex I - NADH Ubiquinone oxidoreductaseComplexREACT_6533 (Reactome)
CuA MetaboliteCHEBI:28694 (ChEBI)
Cytochrome c ComplexREACT_13858 (Reactome)
Cytochrome c ComplexREACT_13953 (Reactome)
Cytochrome c oxidaseComplexREACT_6661 (Reactome)
ETF ComplexREACT_6568 (Reactome)
ETFAProteinP13804 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ETFB ProteinP38117 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ETFDHProteinQ16134 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ETFComplexREACT_6490 (Reactome)
FA anion UCP dimer "head-out" complexComplexREACT_6437 (Reactome)
FA anion UCP dimer "head-in" complexComplexREACT_6679 (Reactome)
FAD MetaboliteCHEBI:16238 (ChEBI)
FADMetaboliteCHEBI:16238 (ChEBI)
FADH2 MetaboliteCHEBI:17877 (ChEBI)
FADH2MetaboliteCHEBI:17877 (ChEBI)
FMN MetaboliteCHEBI:17621 (ChEBI)
Fatty Acid "head-in"CHEBI:35366 (ChEBI)
Fatty Acid "head-out"CHEBI:35366 (ChEBI)
Fatty Acid anion "head-in" MetaboliteCHEBI:28868 (ChEBI)
Fatty Acid anion "head-in"CHEBI:28868 (ChEBI)
Fatty Acid anion "head-out" MetaboliteCHEBI:28868 (ChEBI)
Fatty Acid anion "head-out"CHEBI:28868 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
Long-chain fatty acidCHEBI:15904 (ChEBI)
MT-ATP6 ProteinP00846 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ATP8 ProteinP03928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-CO1 ProteinP00395 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-CO2 ProteinP00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-CO3ProteinP00414 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-CYB ProteinP00156 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ND1 ProteinP03886 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ND2 ProteinP03891 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ND3 ProteinP03897 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ND4 ProteinP03905 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ND4L ProteinP03901 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ND5 ProteinP03915 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MT-ND6 ProteinP03923 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:15846 (ChEBI)
NADHMetaboliteCHEBI:16908 (ChEBI)
NDUFA1 ProteinO15239 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA10 ProteinO95299 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA11 ProteinQ86Y39 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA12 ProteinQ9UI09 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA13 ProteinQ9P0J0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA2 ProteinO43678 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA3ProteinO95167 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA4 ProteinO00483 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA5 ProteinQ16718 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA6 ProteinP56556 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA7 ProteinO95182 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA8 ProteinP51970 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFA9 ProteinQ16795 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFAB1 ProteinO14561 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB1 ProteinO75438 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB10ProteinO96000 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB11 ProteinQ9NX14 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB2 ProteinO95178 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB3 ProteinO43676 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB4 ProteinO95168 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB5 ProteinO43674 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB6 ProteinO95139 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB7 ProteinP17568 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB8 ProteinO95169 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFB9 ProteinQ9Y6M9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFC1 ProteinO43677 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFC2 ProteinO95298 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS1 ProteinP28331 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS2 ProteinO75306 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS3 ProteinO75489 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS4 ProteinO43181 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS5 ProteinO43920 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS6 ProteinO75380 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS7 ProteinO75251 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFS8 ProteinO00217 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFV1 ProteinP49821 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFV2 ProteinP19404 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NDUFV3 ProteinP56181 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
O2MetaboliteCHEBI:15379 (ChEBI)
Pi MetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
Purine nucleotideREACT_6384 (Reactome)
QH2MetaboliteCHEBI:17976 (ChEBI)
SDHA ProteinP31040 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SDHB ProteinP21912 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SDHC ProteinQ99643 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SDHD ProteinO14521 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Succinate dehydrogenase complex ComplexREACT_3127 (Reactome)
Succinate dehydrogenase complex ComplexREACT_6402 (Reactome)
UCP dimerComplexREACT_6463 (Reactome)
UCP1ProteinP25874 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UCP2 ProteinP55851 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UCP3 ProteinP55916 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCR10 ProteinQ9UDW1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCR11 ProteinO14957 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCRB ProteinP14927 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCRC1 ProteinP31930 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCRC2 ProteinP22695 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCRFS1ProteinP47985 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCRH ProteinP07919 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UQCRQ ProteinO14949 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductaseComplexREACT_6527 (Reactome)
ferriheme MetaboliteCHEBI:38574 (ChEBI)
ferroheme MetaboliteCHEBI:38573 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ADPREACT_991 (Reactome)
ATPArrowREACT_1985 (Reactome)
ATPase complexArrowREACT_1985 (Reactome)
ATPase complexREACT_991 (Reactome)
ATPase-ADP and Pi complexmim-catalysisREACT_190 (Reactome)
ATPase-ATP complexArrowREACT_190 (Reactome)
ATPase-ATP complexREACT_1985 (Reactome)
ATPase-ATP complexmim-catalysisREACT_1985 (Reactome)
CoQArrowREACT_6300 (Reactome)
CoQREACT_6169 (Reactome)
CoQREACT_6300 (Reactome)
CoQREACT_6310 (Reactome)
CoQREACT_6360 (Reactome)
Complex I - NADH Ubiquinone oxidoreductasemim-catalysisREACT_6310 (Reactome)
Cytochrome c ArrowREACT_6149 (Reactome)
Cytochrome c ArrowREACT_6300 (Reactome)
Cytochrome c REACT_6149 (Reactome)
Cytochrome c REACT_6300 (Reactome)
Cytochrome c oxidasemim-catalysisREACT_6149 (Reactome)
ETF ArrowREACT_6154 (Reactome)
ETF REACT_6169 (Reactome)
ETFArrowREACT_6169 (Reactome)
ETFDHmim-catalysisREACT_6169 (Reactome)
ETFREACT_6154 (Reactome)
ETFmim-catalysisREACT_6154 (Reactome)
FA anion UCP dimer "head-in" complexmim-catalysisREACT_6188 (Reactome)
FADArrowREACT_6154 (Reactome)
FADH2REACT_6154 (Reactome)
Fatty Acid anion "head-in"ArrowREACT_6302 (Reactome)
Fatty Acid anion "head-in"REACT_6165 (Reactome)
Fatty Acid anion "head-out"ArrowREACT_6218 (Reactome)
Fatty Acid anion "head-out"REACT_6205 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_1985 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_6149 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_6300 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_6302 (Reactome)
H+ArrowREACT_6310 (Reactome)
H+REACT_1985 (Reactome)
H+REACT_6149 (Reactome)
H+REACT_6205 (Reactome)
H+REACT_6300 (Reactome)
H+REACT_6310 (Reactome)
H2OArrowREACT_190 (Reactome)
H2OArrowREACT_6149 (Reactome)
Long-chain fatty acidArrowREACT_6312 (Reactome)
NAD+ArrowREACT_6310 (Reactome)
NADHREACT_6310 (Reactome)
O2REACT_6149 (Reactome)
PiREACT_991 (Reactome)
Purine nucleotideTBarREACT_6312 (Reactome)
QH2ArrowREACT_6169 (Reactome)
QH2ArrowREACT_6300 (Reactome)
QH2ArrowREACT_6310 (Reactome)
QH2ArrowREACT_6360 (Reactome)
QH2REACT_6300 (Reactome)
REACT_190 (Reactome) In the tight configuration, the beta subunit catalyzes the reaction of ADP + Pi to ATP + water. ATP is still tightly bound to the subunit at this stage.
REACT_1985 (Reactome) In the last step, the beta subunit is converted to the open form and ATP is released. Passage of protons through the Fo part causes a ring of approximately 10 subunits to rotate. This rotation in turn drives the rotation of the gamma subunits, which forms part of one of the stalks. The gamma subunit moves between the three beta subunits which are held in place by the second stalk which can be regarded as a stator. The polypeptide called OSCP connects the stator stalk to the assembly of alpha and beta subunits. It is this step that is coupled to proton translocation as energy is required to break the strong bond between ATP and the protein.


REACT_6149 (Reactome) Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) contains the hemeprotein cytochrome a and a3. It also contains copper atoms which undergo a transition from Cu+ to Cu2+ during the transfer of electrons through the complex to molecular oxygen. A bimetallic centre containing a copper atom and a heme-linked iron protein binds oxygen after 4 electrons have been picked up. Water, the final product of oxygen reduction, is then released. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain. The overall reaction can be summed as below:
4Cyt c(red.) + 12H+in + O2 -> 4Cyt c(ox.) + 2H2O + 8H+out

Four protons are taken up from the matrix side of the membrane to form the water (scalar protons). Wikstrom (1977) suggests 4 protons are additionally transferred out from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
REACT_6151 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Fatty Acid "head-out"' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Fatty Acid "head-in"' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial inner membrane'.

REACT_6154 (Reactome) Electron transfer flavoprotein, ETF, a 63kDa heterodimer composed of alpha and beta subunit, binds one FAD and one AMP per dimer. ETF resides on the matrix face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Reducing equivalents from the beta-oxidation of fatty acyl CoAs are transferred to ETF, reducing the ETF-bound FAD to FADH2.
REACT_6165 (Reactome) A FA anion diffuses laterally within the membrane towards UCP. The membrane potential drives the FA anion to an energy well halfway up on UCP. The electric field created by the redox-linked proton ejection drives the head group to the energy well.
REACT_6169 (Reactome) ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO), catalyzes the re-oxidation of reduced ETF, with ubiquinone as the electron acceptor.
REACT_6188 (Reactome) The FA anion which was facing the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane now flip-flops over to the intermembrane space-side of the membrane.
REACT_6205 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H+', and 1 molecule of 'Fatty Acid anion "head-out"' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Fatty Acid "head-out"' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial inner membrane'.

REACT_6218 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FA anion:UCP dimer "head-out" complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'UCP dimer', and 1 molecule of 'Fatty Acid anion "head-out"' are present.

This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial inner membrane'.

REACT_6300 (Reactome) The Protonmotive Q cycle is the mechanism by which complex III transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, linking this process to translocation of protons across the membrane. This cycle is complicated by the fact that both ubiquinol is oxidised and ubiquinone is reduced during this process. Through a complex series of electron transfers, Complex III consumes two molecules of ubiquinol (QH2) and two molecules of oxidized cytochrome c, generates one molecule of ubiquinone (Q) and two molecules of reduced cytochrome c, regenerates one molecule of ubiquinol (QH2), and mediates the translocation of two protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space.

The overall reaction can be summed up as below:
2QH2 + 2cyt c(ox.) + Q + 2H+matrix -> 2Q + 2cyt c(red.) + QH2 + 4H+memb. space



REACT_6302 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Fatty Acid "head-in"' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H+', and 1 molecule of 'Fatty Acid anion "head-in"' are present.

This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial inner membrane'.

REACT_6310 (Reactome) Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or NADH dehydrogenase) utilizes NADH formed from glycolysis and the TCA cycle to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. It is the largest enzyme complex in the electron transport chain, containing 45 subunits. Seven subunits (ND1-6, ND4L) are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (Loeffen et al [1998]), the remainder are encoded in the nucleus. The enzyme has a FMN prosthetic group and 8 Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. The electrons from NADH oxidation pass through the flavin (FMN) and Fe-S clusters to ubiquinone (CoQ). This electron transfer is coupled with the translocation of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. For each electron transferred, 2 protons can be pumped out of the matrix. As there are 2 electrons transferred, 4 protons can be pumped out.
Complex I is made up of 3 sub-complexes - Iron-Sulfur protein fraction (IP), Flavoprotein fraction (FP) and the Hydrophobic protein fraction (HP), probably arranged in an L-shaped structure with the IP and FP fractions protruding into the mitochondrial matrix and the HP arm lying within the inner mitochondrial membrane. The overall reaction can be summed as below:
NADH + Ubiquinone + 5H+matrix -> NAD+ + Ubiquinol + 4H+memb. space

The electrons from complex I are transferred to ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q, CoQ), a small mobile carrier of electrons located within the inner membrane. Ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol during this process.
REACT_6312 (Reactome) In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H+' is translocated from mitochondrial intermembrane space to mitochondrial matrix.

This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial inner membrane' and is mediated by the 'hydrogen ion transporter activity' of 'UCP dimer'.
REACT_6360 (Reactome) This event is deduced on the basis of bovine experimental data.
Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) transfers electrons from the TCA cycle to ubiquinone. The 6th step in the TCA cycle is where succinate is dehydrogenated to fumarate with subsequent reduction of FAD to FADH2. FADH2 provides the electrons for the transport chain. Succinate dehydrogenase belongs to subclass 1 of the SQR family (succinate:quinone reductase) (classified by Hagerhall, C and Hederstedt, L [1996]).
It consists of 4 subunits (referred to as A, B, C and D), all nuclear-encoded and is located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Subunits A and B are hydrophilic whereas subunits C and D are integral proteins of the inner membrane. SQRs usually contain 3 Fe-S clusters bound by the B subunit. Succinate dehydrogenase contains one [2Fe-2S] cluster, one [4Fe-4S] cluster and one [3Fe-4S] cluster. Additionally, the A subunit has a covalently-bound FAD group. Reduced complex II has this FAD converted to FADH2. The electrons from complex II are transferred to ubiquinone (also called Q, Coenzyme Q or CoQ), a small mobile carrier of electrons located within the inner membrane. Ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol during this process.
REACT_991 (Reactome) The beta subunit has 3 conformations; tight, open and loose. ADP and Pi bind to the subunit in the loose form. On binding, this subunit is converted to the tight configuration.
Succinate dehydrogenase complex ArrowREACT_6360 (Reactome)
Succinate dehydrogenase complex REACT_6360 (Reactome)
Succinate dehydrogenase complex mim-catalysisREACT_6360 (Reactome)
UCP dimerArrowREACT_6218 (Reactome)
UCP dimerREACT_6165 (Reactome)
UCP dimermim-catalysisREACT_6312 (Reactome)
Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductasemim-catalysisREACT_6300 (Reactome)
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