Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)

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Description

Glycerophospholipids are important structural and functional components of biological membranes and constituents of serum lipoproteins and the pulmonary surfactant. In addition, glycerophospholipids act as precursors of lipid mediators such as platelet-activating factor and eicosanoids. Cellular membranes contains a distinct composition of various glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipin (CL), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysobisphosphatidic acid (also known as bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate - BMP).

Glycerophospholipids are first formed by the de novo (Kennedy) pathway using fatty acids activated as acyl-CoA donors. However, the acyl groups of glycerophospholipids are highly diverse and distributed in an asymmetric manner. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are usually esterified at the sn-1 position, whereas polyunsaturated acyl groups are esterified at the sn-2 position. Subsequent acyl chain remodeling (Lands cycle) generates the diverse glycerophospholipid composition and asymmetry characteristic of cell membranes.

In the de novo pathway of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as LPAAT), then PA is metabolized into two types of glycerol derivatives. The first is diacylglycerol (DAG) which is converted to triacylglycerol (TAG), PC, and PE. Subsequently, PS is synthesized from PC or PE. The second is cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), which is processed into PI, PG, CL, and BMP. Each glycerophospholipid is involved in acyl chain remodeling via cleavage by phospholipases followed by reacylation by an acyltransferase.

Most of the glycerophospholipids are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), however, some, most notably cardiolipin, and BMP are synthesized in the mitochondrial and endosomal membranes respectively. Since the most of the glycerophospholipids are found in all membrane compartments, there must be extensive network of transport of glycerophospholipids from one membrane compartment to another via various mechanisms including diffusion through the cytosol, formation of transportation complexes, and diffusion via membrane contact sites (MCS) (Osman et al. 2011, Lebiedzinska et al. 2009, Lev 2010, Scherer & Schmitz 2011, Orso et al. 2011, Hermansson et al. 2011, Vance & Vance 2008). Original Pathway at Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#DB=gk_current&FOCUS_SPECIES_ID=48887&FOCUS_PATHWAY_ID=1483206

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  194. Chakraborty TR, Vancura A, Balija VS, Haldar D.; ''Phosphatidic acid synthesis in mitochondria. Topography of formation and transmembrane migration.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  195. Köhn L, Kadzhaev K, Burstedt MS, Haraldsson S, Hallberg B, Sandgren O, Golovleva I.; ''Mutation in the PYK2-binding domain of PITPNM3 causes autosomal dominant cone dystrophy (CORD5) in two Swedish families.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  196. Heravi J, Waite M.; ''Transacylase formation of bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  197. Matsutani A, Takeuchi Y, Ishihara H, Kuwano S, Oka Y.; ''Molecular cloning of human mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase gene: genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and existence of a pseudogene.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  198. Pan YH, Yu BZ, Singer AG, Ghomashchi F, Lambeau G, Gelb MH, Jain MK, Bahnson BJ.; ''Crystal structure of human group X secreted phospholipase A2. Electrostatically neutral interfacial surface targets zwitterionic membranes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  199. Wakimoto K, Chiba H, Michibata H, Seishima M, Kawasaki S, Okubo K, Mitsui H, Torii H, Imai Y.; ''A novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT2) is decreased in human psoriatic skin and increased in diabetic mice.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  200. Flores-Martin J, Rena V, Angeletti S, Panzetta-Dutari GM, Genti-Raimondi S.; ''The Lipid Transfer Protein StarD7: Structure, Function, and Regulation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  201. Lin S, Ikegami M, Moon C, Naren AP, Shannon JM.; ''Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) Specifically Interacts with Phospholipid Transfer Protein StarD10 to Facilitate Surfactant Phospholipid Trafficking in Alveolar Type II Cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  202. Carvou N, Holic R, Li M, Futter C, Skippen A, Cockcroft S.; ''Phosphatidylinositol- and phosphatidylcholine-transfer activity of PITPbeta is essential for COPI-mediated retrograde transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  203. Shindou H, Hishikawa D, Nakanishi H, Harayama T, Ishii S, Taguchi R, Shimizu T.; ''A single enzyme catalyzes both platelet-activating factor production and membrane biogenesis of inflammatory cells. Cloning and characterization of acetyl-CoA:LYSO-PAF acetyltransferase.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  204. Kryger G, Harel M, Giles K, Toker L, Velan B, Lazar A, Kronman C, Barak D, Ariel N, Shafferman A, Silman I, Sussman JL.; ''Structures of recombinant native and E202Q mutant human acetylcholinesterase complexed with the snake-venom toxin fasciculin-II.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  205. Taylor WA, Hatch GM.; ''Identification of the human mitochondrial linoleoyl-coenzyme A monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase (MLCL AT-1).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  206. Schlame M, Haldar D.; ''Cardiolipin is synthesized on the matrix side of the inner membrane in rat liver mitochondria.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  207. Li J, Dong Y, Lü X, Wang L, Peng W, Zhang XC, Rao Z.; ''Crystal structures and biochemical studies of human lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  208. Saito K, Nishijima M, Kuge O.; ''Genetic evidence that phosphatidylserine synthase II catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylserine in Chinese hamster ovary cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
115029view16:56, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113474view11:55, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112673view16:06, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101590view11:46, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101126view21:30, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100654view20:04, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100204view16:49, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99755view15:15, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99317view12:47, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93847view13:40, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93404view11:22, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
87153view18:57, 18 July 2016MkutmonOntology Term : 'glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway' added !
86490view09:19, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83341view10:51, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81498view13:02, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76974view08:26, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76679view12:04, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76007view10:06, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75714view11:06, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75067view13:57, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74711view08:47, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
1-acyl LPAMetaboliteCHEBI:16975 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPCMetaboliteCHEBI:17504 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPEMetaboliteCHEBI:29017 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPGMetaboliteCHEBI:62747 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPIMetaboliteCHEBI:28914 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPSMetaboliteCHEBI:52603 (ChEBI)
2-MAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17389 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPCMetaboliteCHEBI:16728 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPEMetaboliteCHEBI:28936 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPGMetaboliteCHEBI:27923 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPIMetaboliteCHEBI:62746 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPSMetaboliteCHEBI:37646 (ChEBI)
ACHE oligomerComplexREACT_117773 (Reactome)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
AGPAT5ProteinQ9NUQ2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AGPAT6ProteinQ86UL3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AGPATProteinREACT_119867 (Reactome)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
Ac-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:15351 (ChEBI)
AcChoMetaboliteCHEBI:15355 (ChEBI)
AdoHcyMetaboliteCHEBI:16680 (ChEBI)
AdoMetMetaboliteCHEBI:15414 (ChEBI)
BMPMetaboliteCHEBI:60815 (ChEBI)
CDIPT Mg2+/Mn2+ComplexREACT_122002 (Reactome)
CDIPT ProteinO14735 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDP-ChoMetaboliteCHEBI:16436 (ChEBI)
CDP-DAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17962 (ChEBI)
CDP-ETAMetaboliteCHEBI:16732 (ChEBI)
CDS1 Mg2+ComplexREACT_123471 (Reactome)
CDS1 ProteinQ92903 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDS2ProteinO95674 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CEPT1 Mg2+/Mn2+ComplexREACT_123267 (Reactome)
CEPT1 ProteinQ9Y6K0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CEPT1/EPT1ComplexREACT_123588 (Reactome)
CHATProteinP28329 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHK dimerComplexREACT_122518 (Reactome)
CHK/ETNKComplexREACT_124966 (Reactome)
CHKA ProteinP35790 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHKB ProteinQ9Y259 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHPT1 Mg2+/Mn2+ComplexREACT_125323 (Reactome)
CHPT1ProteinQ8WUD6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CLMetaboliteCHEBI:28494 (ChEBI)
CMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17361 (ChEBI)
CO2MetaboliteCHEBI:16526 (ChEBI)
CRLS1ProteinQ9UJA2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTL1-5ProteinREACT_20955 (Reactome)
CTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
Ca2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29108 (ChEBI)
ChoMetaboliteCHEBI:15354 (ChEBI)
CoA-SHMetaboliteCHEBI:15346 (ChEBI)
DAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17815 (ChEBI)
DGAT1 ProteinO75907 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DGAT1/2ComplexREACT_125599 (Reactome)
DGAT2 ProteinQ96PD7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DHAPMetaboliteCHEBI:16108 (ChEBI)
DLCLMetaboliteCHEBI:60431 (ChEBI)
EPT1ProteinQ9C0D9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ETAMetaboliteCHEBI:16000 (ChEBI)
ETNK1 ProteinQ9HBU6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ETNK2 ProteinQ9NVF9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
G3PMetaboliteCHEBI:15978 (ChEBI)
GNPATProteinO15228 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GO3PMetaboliteCHEBI:17197 (ChEBI)
GPAM/GPAT2ProteinREACT_123626 (Reactome)
GPCPD1ProteinQ9NPB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPChoMetaboliteCHEBI:16870 (ChEBI)
GPD1 ProteinP21695 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPD1/GPD1L homodimerComplexREACT_119910 (Reactome)
GPD1L ProteinQ8N335 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPETAMetaboliteCHEBI:16929 (ChEBI)
GlycerolMetaboliteCHEBI:17754 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
HADH octamerComplexREACT_121411 (Reactome)
HADHA ProteinP40939 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HADHB ProteinP55084 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
InsMetaboliteCHEBI:17268 (ChEBI)
L-SerMetaboliteCHEBI:17115 (ChEBI)
LCFAMetaboliteCHEBI:57560 (ChEBI)
LCLAT1ProteinQ6UWP7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPCATProteinREACT_124294 (Reactome)
LPEATProteinREACT_124644 (Reactome)
LPGATProteinREACT_122535 (Reactome)
LPIN1 ProteinQ14693 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPIN2 ProteinQ92539 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPIN3 ProteinQ9BQK8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPINComplexREACT_121465 (Reactome)
LPSATProteinREACT_124851 (Reactome)
MBOAT7ProteinQ96N66 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MGLL ProteinQ99685 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MGLL dimerComplexREACT_122974 (Reactome)
MLCLMetaboliteCHEBI:60430 (ChEBI)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
Mn2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18291 (ChEBI)
NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:15846 (ChEBI)
NADHMetaboliteCHEBI:16908 (ChEBI)
PAMetaboliteCHEBI:16337 (ChEBI)
PC PITPNBComplexREACT_122197 (Reactome)
PC PITPNBComplexREACT_125308 (Reactome)
PC MetaboliteCHEBI:16110 (ChEBI)
PCMetaboliteCHEBI:16110 (ChEBI)
PCYT1 dimerComplexREACT_125243 (Reactome)
PCYT1A ProteinP49585 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCYT1B ProteinQ9Y5K3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCYT2 ProteinQ99447 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCYT2 dimerComplexREACT_123639 (Reactome)
PChoMetaboliteCHEBI:36700 (ChEBI)
PEMetaboliteCHEBI:16038 (ChEBI)
PEMTProteinQ9UBM1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PETAMetaboliteCHEBI:17553 (ChEBI)
PGMetaboliteCHEBI:17517 (ChEBI)
PGPMetaboliteCHEBI:37393 (ChEBI)
PGS1ProteinQ32NB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHOSPHO1 Mg2+ComplexREACT_124361 (Reactome)
PHOSPHO1 ProteinQ8TCT1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PI PITPNBComplexREACT_121494 (Reactome)
PI PITPNBComplexREACT_122202 (Reactome)
PI MetaboliteCHEBI:16749 (ChEBI)
PIMetaboliteCHEBI:16749 (ChEBI)
PISD PyruvoylComplexREACT_121720 (Reactome)
PISDProteinQ9UG56 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PITPNB ProteinP48739 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G10 ProteinO15496 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G12A ProteinQ9BZM1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G16 ProteinP53816 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G1B ProteinP04054 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G2A Ca2+ComplexREACT_123992 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A ProteinP14555 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G2D ProteinQ9UNK4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G2E ProteinQ9NZK7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G2F ProteinQ9BZM2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G3 ProteinQ9NZ20 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4A Ca2+ComplexREACT_122109 (Reactome)
PLA2G4A ProteinP47712 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4B ProteinP0C869 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4BProteinP0C869 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4C ProteinQ9UP65 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4CProteinQ9UP65 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4D ProteinQ86XP0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4E ProteinQ3MJ16 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4F ProteinQ68DD2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G5 ProteinP39877 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G6ProteinO60733 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2GProteinREACT_164449 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
PLA2ProteinREACT_121566 (Reactome)
PLA2ComplexREACT_121663 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_121683 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_122246 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_122279 (Reactome)
PLA2ComplexREACT_122442 (Reactome)
PLA2ComplexREACT_122991 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_123135 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_123786 (Reactome)
PLA2ComplexREACT_123899 (Reactome)
PLA2ComplexREACT_124046 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_124354 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_124374 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_124501 (Reactome)
PLA2ComplexREACT_124872 (Reactome)
PLA2ProteinREACT_125685 (Reactome)
PLB1ProteinQ6P1J6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLBD1 ProteinQ6P4A8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLD1-4/6ProteinREACT_124712 (Reactome)
PLD1/2ProteinREACT_123764 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3ProteinREACT_121716 (Reactome)
PPiMetaboliteCHEBI:29888 (ChEBI)
PSMetaboliteCHEBI:18303 (ChEBI)
PTDSS1ProteinP48651 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PTDSS2ProteinQ9BVG9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PTPMT1ProteinQ8WUK0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
Pyruvoyl MetaboliteCHEBI:45360 (ChEBI)
TAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17855 (ChEBI)
TAZProteinQ16635 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
acetateMetaboliteCHEBI:30089 (ChEBI)
acyl-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:17984 (ChEBI)
fatty acidMetaboliteCHEBI:35366 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
1-acyl LPAArrowREACT_120842 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowREACT_121291 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowREACT_121385 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowREACT_121387 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowREACT_121397 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowREACT_22419 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAREACT_121245 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAREACT_2042 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowREACT_120933 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowREACT_120953 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowREACT_120974 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowREACT_121263 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowREACT_121265 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCREACT_120746 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCREACT_120985 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCREACT_121033 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCREACT_121044 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowREACT_120742 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowREACT_120929 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowREACT_121252 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowREACT_121258 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEREACT_120891 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEREACT_120895 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEREACT_121114 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowREACT_120887 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowREACT_121013 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowREACT_121060 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowREACT_121220 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGREACT_121156 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGREACT_121361 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIArrowREACT_120796 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIArrowREACT_120824 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIArrowREACT_120930 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIREACT_120739 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSArrowREACT_120765 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSArrowREACT_120937 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSArrowREACT_121105 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSREACT_121140 (Reactome)
2-MAGArrowREACT_121017 (Reactome)
2-MAGREACT_120753 (Reactome)
2-MAGREACT_120776 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCArrowREACT_120738 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCArrowREACT_121088 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCREACT_120840 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCREACT_120871 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCREACT_121224 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPEArrowREACT_121074 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPEArrowREACT_121405 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPEREACT_121016 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPEREACT_121022 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGArrowREACT_120924 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGArrowREACT_121221 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGREACT_121169 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGREACT_121363 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPIArrowREACT_121093 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPIREACT_121046 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPSArrowREACT_120780 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPSREACT_121340 (Reactome)
ACHE oligomerREACT_14816 (Reactome)
ADPArrowREACT_121273 (Reactome)
ADPArrowREACT_121281 (Reactome)
AGPAT5REACT_121245 (Reactome)
AGPAT6REACT_22419 (Reactome)
AGPATREACT_2042 (Reactome)
ATPREACT_121273 (Reactome)
ATPREACT_121281 (Reactome)
Ac-CoAREACT_15484 (Reactome)
AcChoArrowREACT_15484 (Reactome)
AcChoREACT_14816 (Reactome)
AdoHcyArrowREACT_121126 (Reactome)
AdoMetREACT_121126 (Reactome)
CDIPT Mg2+/Mn2+REACT_121059 (Reactome)
CDP-ChoArrowREACT_121282 (Reactome)
CDP-ChoREACT_120834 (Reactome)
CDP-ChoREACT_120896 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGArrowREACT_121008 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGArrowREACT_121066 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGREACT_121059 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGREACT_121076 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGREACT_121330 (Reactome)
CDP-ETAArrowREACT_120845 (Reactome)
CDP-ETAREACT_121214 (Reactome)
CDS1 Mg2+REACT_121066 (Reactome)
CDS2REACT_121008 (Reactome)
CEPT1 Mg2+/Mn2+REACT_120896 (Reactome)
CEPT1/EPT1REACT_121214 (Reactome)
CHATREACT_15484 (Reactome)
CHK dimerREACT_121281 (Reactome)
CHK/ETNKREACT_121273 (Reactome)
CHPT1 Mg2+/Mn2+REACT_120834 (Reactome)
CLArrowREACT_120775 (Reactome)
CLArrowREACT_120929 (Reactome)
CLArrowREACT_121265 (Reactome)
CLArrowREACT_121307 (Reactome)
CLArrowREACT_121330 (Reactome)
CLREACT_120786 (Reactome)
CLREACT_121044 (Reactome)
CLREACT_121114 (Reactome)
CMPArrowREACT_120834 (Reactome)
CMPArrowREACT_120896 (Reactome)
CMPArrowREACT_121059 (Reactome)
CMPArrowREACT_121076 (Reactome)
CMPArrowREACT_121214 (Reactome)
CMPArrowREACT_121330 (Reactome)
CO2ArrowREACT_121085 (Reactome)
CRLS1REACT_121169 (Reactome)
CRLS1REACT_121330 (Reactome)
CRLS1REACT_121361 (Reactome)
CTL1-5REACT_20598 (Reactome)
CTPREACT_120845 (Reactome)
CTPREACT_121008 (Reactome)
CTPREACT_121066 (Reactome)
CTPREACT_121282 (Reactome)
ChoArrowREACT_120730 (Reactome)
ChoArrowREACT_121190 (Reactome)
ChoArrowREACT_121350 (Reactome)
ChoArrowREACT_121364 (Reactome)
ChoArrowREACT_121402 (Reactome)
ChoArrowREACT_14816 (Reactome)
ChoREACT_121281 (Reactome)
ChoREACT_15484 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_120739 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_120746 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_120775 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_120871 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_120891 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121007 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121016 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121046 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121140 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121156 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121169 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121245 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121279 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121291 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121307 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121340 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121344 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121361 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_121363 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_15484 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_2042 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowREACT_22419 (Reactome)
DAGArrowREACT_120792 (Reactome)
DAGArrowREACT_121144 (Reactome)
DAGArrowREACT_121195 (Reactome)
DAGREACT_120776 (Reactome)
DAGREACT_120834 (Reactome)
DAGREACT_120896 (Reactome)
DAGREACT_121007 (Reactome)
DAGREACT_121017 (Reactome)
DAGREACT_121214 (Reactome)
DGAT1/2REACT_121007 (Reactome)
DHAPREACT_1146 (Reactome)
DHAPREACT_121344 (Reactome)
DLCLArrowREACT_121167 (Reactome)
DLCLREACT_121279 (Reactome)
ETAArrowREACT_120854 (Reactome)
ETAArrowREACT_121084 (Reactome)
ETAArrowREACT_121308 (Reactome)
ETAREACT_121273 (Reactome)
G3PArrowREACT_1146 (Reactome)
G3PArrowREACT_121190 (Reactome)
G3PArrowREACT_121308 (Reactome)
G3PREACT_121076 (Reactome)
G3PREACT_121291 (Reactome)
G3PREACT_22419 (Reactome)
GNPATREACT_121344 (Reactome)
GO3PArrowREACT_121344 (Reactome)
GPAM/GPAT2REACT_121291 (Reactome)
GPCPD1REACT_121190 (Reactome)
GPCPD1REACT_121308 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowREACT_120840 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowREACT_120985 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowREACT_121033 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowREACT_121224 (Reactome)
GPChoREACT_121190 (Reactome)
GPD1/GPD1L homodimerREACT_1146 (Reactome)
GPETAArrowREACT_120895 (Reactome)
GPETAArrowREACT_121022 (Reactome)
GPETAREACT_121308 (Reactome)
GlycerolArrowREACT_120753 (Reactome)
GlycerolArrowREACT_120776 (Reactome)
GlycerolArrowREACT_121144 (Reactome)
GlycerolREACT_121402 (Reactome)
H+REACT_1146 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120738 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120742 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120753 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120765 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120780 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120786 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120792 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120796 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120824 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120840 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120842 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120854 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120887 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120895 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120924 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120930 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120933 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120937 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120953 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120974 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_120985 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121013 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121017 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121022 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121033 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121060 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121074 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121088 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121093 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121105 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121167 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121190 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121195 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121220 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121221 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121224 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121252 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121258 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121263 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121308 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121350 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121364 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121379 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121385 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121387 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121397 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_121405 (Reactome)
H2OREACT_14816 (Reactome)
HADH octamerREACT_120775 (Reactome)
InsREACT_121059 (Reactome)
L-SerREACT_120730 (Reactome)
L-SerREACT_121084 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120738 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120742 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120765 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120780 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120786 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120796 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120824 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120840 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120842 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120887 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120895 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120924 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120930 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120933 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120937 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120953 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120974 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_120985 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121013 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121017 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121022 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121033 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121060 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121074 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121088 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121093 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121105 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121167 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121195 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121220 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121221 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121224 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121252 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121258 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121263 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121385 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121387 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121397 (Reactome)
LCFAArrowREACT_121405 (Reactome)
LCLAT1REACT_121279 (Reactome)
LCLAT1REACT_121307 (Reactome)
LPCATREACT_120746 (Reactome)
LPCATREACT_120871 (Reactome)
LPEATREACT_120891 (Reactome)
LPEATREACT_121016 (Reactome)
LPGATREACT_121156 (Reactome)
LPGATREACT_121363 (Reactome)
LPINREACT_120792 (Reactome)
LPSATREACT_121140 (Reactome)
LPSATREACT_121340 (Reactome)
MBOAT7REACT_120739 (Reactome)
MBOAT7REACT_121046 (Reactome)
MGLL dimerREACT_120753 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowREACT_120786 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowREACT_121044 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowREACT_121114 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowREACT_121279 (Reactome)
MLCLREACT_120775 (Reactome)
MLCLREACT_120929 (Reactome)
MLCLREACT_121167 (Reactome)
MLCLREACT_121265 (Reactome)
MLCLREACT_121307 (Reactome)
NAD+ArrowREACT_1146 (Reactome)
NADHREACT_1146 (Reactome)
PAArrowREACT_121245 (Reactome)
PAArrowREACT_121350 (Reactome)
PAArrowREACT_2042 (Reactome)
PAREACT_120792 (Reactome)
PAREACT_120842 (Reactome)
PAREACT_121008 (Reactome)
PAREACT_121066 (Reactome)
PAREACT_121385 (Reactome)
PAREACT_121387 (Reactome)
PAREACT_121397 (Reactome)
PC PITPNBArrowREACT_121231 (Reactome)
PC PITPNBREACT_121312 (Reactome)
PCArrowREACT_120746 (Reactome)
PCArrowREACT_120834 (Reactome)
PCArrowREACT_120871 (Reactome)
PCArrowREACT_120896 (Reactome)
PCArrowREACT_121044 (Reactome)
PCArrowREACT_121126 (Reactome)
PCArrowREACT_121312 (Reactome)
PCREACT_120730 (Reactome)
PCREACT_120738 (Reactome)
PCREACT_120933 (Reactome)
PCREACT_120953 (Reactome)
PCREACT_120974 (Reactome)
PCREACT_121088 (Reactome)
PCREACT_121231 (Reactome)
PCREACT_121263 (Reactome)
PCREACT_121265 (Reactome)
PCREACT_121350 (Reactome)
PCREACT_121402 (Reactome)
PCYT1 dimerREACT_121282 (Reactome)
PCYT2 dimerREACT_120845 (Reactome)
PChoArrowREACT_121281 (Reactome)
PChoREACT_121282 (Reactome)
PChoREACT_121364 (Reactome)
PEArrowREACT_120891 (Reactome)
PEArrowREACT_121016 (Reactome)
PEArrowREACT_121085 (Reactome)
PEArrowREACT_121114 (Reactome)
PEArrowREACT_121214 (Reactome)
PEMTREACT_121126 (Reactome)
PEREACT_120742 (Reactome)
PEREACT_120929 (Reactome)
PEREACT_121074 (Reactome)
PEREACT_121084 (Reactome)
PEREACT_121126 (Reactome)
PEREACT_121252 (Reactome)
PEREACT_121258 (Reactome)
PEREACT_121405 (Reactome)
PETAArrowREACT_121273 (Reactome)
PETAREACT_120845 (Reactome)
PETAREACT_120854 (Reactome)
PGArrowREACT_121156 (Reactome)
PGArrowREACT_121169 (Reactome)
PGArrowREACT_121361 (Reactome)
PGArrowREACT_121363 (Reactome)
PGArrowREACT_121379 (Reactome)
PGArrowREACT_121402 (Reactome)
PGPArrowREACT_121076 (Reactome)
PGPREACT_121379 (Reactome)
PGREACT_120887 (Reactome)
PGREACT_120924 (Reactome)
PGREACT_121013 (Reactome)
PGREACT_121060 (Reactome)
PGREACT_121220 (Reactome)
PGREACT_121221 (Reactome)
PGREACT_121330 (Reactome)
PGS1REACT_121076 (Reactome)
PHOSPHO1 Mg2+REACT_120854 (Reactome)
PHOSPHO1 Mg2+REACT_121364 (Reactome)
PI PITPNBArrowREACT_121312 (Reactome)
PI PITPNBREACT_121231 (Reactome)
PIArrowREACT_120739 (Reactome)
PIArrowREACT_121046 (Reactome)
PIArrowREACT_121059 (Reactome)
PIArrowREACT_121231 (Reactome)
PIREACT_120796 (Reactome)
PIREACT_120824 (Reactome)
PIREACT_120930 (Reactome)
PIREACT_121093 (Reactome)
PIREACT_121312 (Reactome)
PISD PyruvoylREACT_121085 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A Ca2+REACT_121060 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A Ca2+REACT_121105 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A Ca2+REACT_121385 (Reactome)
PLA2G4A Ca2+REACT_121167 (Reactome)
PLA2G4CREACT_120840 (Reactome)
PLA2G4CREACT_120895 (Reactome)
PLA2G4CREACT_121022 (Reactome)
PLA2G4CREACT_121033 (Reactome)
PLA2G4CREACT_121074 (Reactome)
PLA2G4CREACT_121088 (Reactome)
PLA2G6REACT_120786 (Reactome)
PLA2GREACT_120887 (Reactome)
PLA2GREACT_120924 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120738 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120742 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120765 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120780 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120796 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120824 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120842 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120930 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120937 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120953 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120974 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_120985 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121013 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121093 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121220 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121221 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121224 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121252 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121258 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121263 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121387 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121397 (Reactome)
PLA2REACT_121405 (Reactome)
PLB1REACT_120933 (Reactome)
PLD1-4/6REACT_121402 (Reactome)
PLD1/2REACT_121350 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3REACT_120776 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3REACT_121017 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3REACT_121144 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3REACT_121195 (Reactome)
PPiArrowREACT_120845 (Reactome)
PPiArrowREACT_121008 (Reactome)
PPiArrowREACT_121066 (Reactome)
PPiArrowREACT_121282 (Reactome)
PSArrowREACT_120730 (Reactome)
PSArrowREACT_121084 (Reactome)
PSArrowREACT_121140 (Reactome)
PSArrowREACT_121340 (Reactome)
PSREACT_120765 (Reactome)
PSREACT_120780 (Reactome)
PSREACT_120937 (Reactome)
PSREACT_121105 (Reactome)
PTDSS1REACT_120730 (Reactome)
PTDSS2REACT_121084 (Reactome)
PTPMT1REACT_121379 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_120792 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_120854 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_121364 (Reactome)
PiArrowREACT_121379 (Reactome)
REACT_1146 (Reactome) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) or by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like (GPD1L) enzymes (Ou et al. 2006, Valdivia et al. 2009). The active forms of both enzymes are homodimers. This reaction may be found in white adipose tissues where glycerol-3-kinase activity is not observed in sufficient levels. GPD1/GPD1L reduces dihydroxyacetone phosphate with NADH donating electrons to this reduction.
REACT_120730 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1) converts phosphatidylcholine (PC) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by facilitating the exchange of L-Serine (L-Ser) with the choline (Cho) head group (Saito et al. 1998, Tomohiro et al. 2009).
REACT_120738 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolysed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/E/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolysing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_120739 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) aka LPIAT acylates 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) to form phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Gijon et al. 2008, Lee et al. 2008).
REACT_120742 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
REACT_120746 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form phosphatidylcholine (PC). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) (Shindou et al. 2006); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
REACT_120748 (Reactome) Phosphatidic acid (PA) transport within the mitochondrion occurs as free diffusion through the aqueous phase and not mediated by phospholipid transfer proteins. This event is inferred from rats (Chakraborty et al. 1999, Wojtczak et al. 1990).
REACT_120753 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) hydrolyzes 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) to form a fatty acid and glycerol (Dinh et al. 2004, Zvonok et al. 2008, Bertrand et al. 2010, Labar et al. 2010).
REACT_120764 (Reactome) Dilysocardiolipin (DLCL) transports via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) (Zhao et al. 2009, Buckland et al. 1998).
REACT_120765 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A,B,D/E/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010), or by group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008). This produces 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS).
REACT_120775 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), the trifunctional enzyme HADH (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), an octamer of four alpha (HADHA) and four beta (HADHB) subunits, acylates monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to cardiolipin (CL) (Taylor & Hatch 2009).
REACT_120776 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, a 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) molecule and a diacylglycerol (DAG) molecule are transacylated by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3). This forms triacylglycerol (TAG) and glycerol (Jenkins et al. 2004).
REACT_120780 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_120786 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), calcium-independent phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G6) hydrolyzes, removing one of the acyl chains, cardiolipin (CL) to form monolysocardiolipin (MLCL). This reaction is inferred from rats. PLA2G6 has also been characterized in humans (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999).
REACT_120792 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidate phosphatase 1-3 (LPIN) dephosphorylates phosphatidic acid (PA) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) (Grimsey et al. 2008, Donkor et al. 2007).
REACT_120796 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by a phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/zeta (PLA2G4A/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 also acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
REACT_120824 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A (PLA2G2A) (Singer et al. 2002) or by cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI).
REACT_120834 (Reactome) At the Golgi membrane, cholinephosphotransferase 1 (CHPT1) converts CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
REACT_120840 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009).
REACT_120842 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010).
REACT_120845 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, active membrane-bound ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (PCY2) dimer condenses phosphoethanolamine (PETA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to produce CDP-ethanolamine (CDP-ETA) (Zhu et al. 2008, Nakashima et al. 1997).
REACT_120854 (Reactome) In the cytosol, phosphoethanolamine (PETA) is dephosphorylated to ethanolamine (ETA) by phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase (PHOSPHO1) (Roberts et al. 2004).
REACT_120871 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form phosphatidylcholine (PC). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) (Shindou et al. 2006); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
REACT_120887 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 beta (PLA2G4B) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002).
REACT_120891 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al., 2005); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008).
REACT_120895 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) hydrolyzes 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to produce glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Yamashita et al. 2009).
REACT_120896 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase (CEPT1) converts CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
REACT_120921 (Reactome) Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) transports via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) (Cao et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2009, Taylor & Hatch 2009).
REACT_120924 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IR) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolysed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 beta (PLA2G4B) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010) to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG). Phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolysing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_120929 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009). Although this reaction is reversible, the net effect of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase reactions drives it towards the formation of LPE and CL.
REACT_120930 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
REACT_120933 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by membrane-associated phospholipase B1 (PLB1) (Maury et al. 2002, Gassama-Diagne et al. 1992).
REACT_120937 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
REACT_120953 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off by a phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Clarke et al. 1991, Sharp et al. 1994, Song et al. 1999, Chiba et al. 2004), 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
REACT_120974 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
REACT_120985 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/E/F) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009, Sharp et al. 1994) or by Phospholipase B1-like (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 also acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
REACT_121007 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, diacylglycerol (DAG) is acylated and forms triacylglycerol (TAG) by the action of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) tetramer or by diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) (Wakimoto et al. 2003, Oelkers et al. 1998, Cases et al. 2001).
REACT_121008 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 2 (CDS2) converts phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). Both ER and mitochondrial membranes have the capability to synthesise cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) with phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 and 2 (CDS1 and CDS2) (Lykidis et al. 1997, Schlame & Haldar 1993). However, transport of CDP-DAG between organelles cannot be ruled out (Stuhne-Sekalec et al. 1986).
REACT_121013 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG).
REACT_121016 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008).
REACT_121017 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) hydrolyze diacylglycerol (DAG), removing an acyl group to form 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) (He et al. 2010, Jenkins et al. 2004, Basantani et al. 2011).
REACT_121022 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) hydrolyzes 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to produce glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Yamashita et al. 2009).
REACT_121033 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009).
REACT_121037 (Reactome) Transport of phosphatidylserine (PS) occurs via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane. This event has been inferred from rats (Vance 1990, Vance 1991).
REACT_121044 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009).
REACT_121046 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) aka LPIAT acylates 2-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) to form phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Gijon et al. 2008, Lee et al. 2008).
REACT_121059 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase (CDIPT) converts cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and inositol (Ins) into phosphatidylinositol (PI) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Lykidis et al. 1997).
REACT_121060 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, PLA2G2A (Singer et al. 2002), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG).
REACT_121066 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 (CDS1) converts phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). Both ER and mitochondrial membranes have the capability to synthesize cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) with phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 and 2 (CDS1 and CDS2) (Lykidis et al. 1997). However, transport of CDP-DAG between organelles cannot be ruled out (Stuhne-Sekalec et al. 1986).
REACT_121074 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, PLA2G2A, to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_121076 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase (PGS1) converts cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP). This event is inferred from rats. The enzyme PGS1 has been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
REACT_121084 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine synthase 2 (PTDSS2) converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by facilitating the exchange of L-Serine (L-Ser) with the ethanolamine (ETA) head group (Saito et al. 1998, Tomohiro et al. 2009).
REACT_121085 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme (heterodimer of two chains from the same protein) (PISD) decarboxylates phosphatidylserine (PS) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This event has been inferred from rats and limited data for a human PISD (Forbes et al. 2007).
REACT_121088 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 4C, PLA2G4C (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009), to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolysing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_121093 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 delta/epsilon (PLA2G4D/E) Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_121105 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, PLA2G2A, to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) (Singer et al. 2002).
REACT_121106 (Reactome) Cardiolipin (CL) transports via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) (Osman et al. 2011, Vance 1990, Gaigg et al. 1995, Zhao et al. 2009, Simbeni et al. 1991, Ardail et al. 1993, Shiao et al., 1995).
REACT_121114 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009).
REACT_121126 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) methylates phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and produces phosphatidylcholine (PC) (Vance & Ridgway 1998, Shields et al. 2001, Guan et al. 1999).
REACT_121140 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) to form phosphatidylserine (PS). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
REACT_121144 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, two 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) molecules are transacylated by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) and glycerol (Jenkins et al. 2004).
REACT_121156 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006), lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase (LPGAT1) (Yang et al. 2004).
REACT_121167 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), the phospholipase A2 group IV alpha (PLA2G4A) protein hydrolyzes monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and produces dilysocardiolipin (DLCL) (Buckland et al. 1998, Sharp et al. 1994).
REACT_121169 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) acylates 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (Nie et al. 2010).
REACT_121190 (Reactome) In the cytosol, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPCPD1, also known as GDE5) hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) to produce choline (Cho) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This event has been inferred from mice. GPCPD1 has also been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
REACT_121195 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, triacylglycerol (TAG) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups to form diacylglycerol (DAG) by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) (He et al. 2010, Jenkins et al. 2004, Basantani et al. 2011).
REACT_121203 (Reactome) The biosynthetic pathway of lysobisphosphatidic acid, also known as bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate (BMP), is still not fully understood with the in vivo enzymes responsible yet to be fully identified. It appears to involve multiple steps including hydrolysis of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by a phospholipase A2, acylation, and a reorientation of the phosphoryl ester (Poorthuis & Hostetler 1978, Heravi & Waite 1999, Hullin-Matsuda et al. 2007, Gallala & Sandhoff 2010).
REACT_121205 (Reactome) Lysobisphosphatidic acid, also known as bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate (BMP), is enriched in late endosomes and not found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria where phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is synthesised. Late endosomes form membrane contact sites with the ER, providing a means for PG to enter the late endosome and be converted to BMP (Levine 2004, Eden et al. 2010, Kobayashi et al. 1998, Hullin-Matsuda et al. 2007, Kobayashi et al. 1999).
REACT_121214 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1) or ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (EPT1) converts CDP- ethanolamine (CDP-ETA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Horibata et al. 2007, Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
REACT_121220 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
REACT_121221 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 delta/zeta (PLA2G4D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010) to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_121224 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/E/F) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009, Sharp et al. 1994) or by Phospholipase B1-like (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 also acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
REACT_121231 (Reactome) At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is exchanged for phosphatidylcholine (PC) within the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) complex (Tilley et al. 2004, Yolder et al. 2001, Carvou et al. 2010, Schouten et al. 2002, Vordtriede et al. 2005, Shadan et al. 2008).
REACT_121235 (Reactome) Transport of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) occurs via membrane contact sites between the mitochondrial membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The event is inferred from rats (Vance 1990, Vance 1991).
REACT_121245 (Reactome) At the outer mitochondrial (OM) membrane, 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is acylated to phosphatidic acid (PA) by the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases epsilon (AGPAT5) (Prasad et al. 2011).
REACT_121252 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G(4A/B/D/E/F) (Ghosh et al. 2006, Yamashita et al. 2009, Yamashita et al. 1999, Ghomashchi et al. 2010), 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
REACT_121258 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, (PLA2G2A) or by calcium-independent phospholipase A2-gamma (PNPLA8), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (Murakami et al. 2005, Kramer et al. 1989, Singer et al. 2002).
REACT_121263 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by a membrane-associated phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The phospholipases are either phospholipase A2 group II alpha (PLA2G2A) (Seihamer et al. 1989, Singer et al. 2002), cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IV gamma (PLA2G4C) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Pickard et al. 1999, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009), or calcium-independent phospholipase A2-gamma (PNPLA8) (Murakami et al. 2005, Underwood et al. 1998).
REACT_121265 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) to cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009). Although this reaction is reversible, the net effect of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase reactions drives it towards the formation of LPC and CL.
REACT_121273 (Reactome) In the cytosol, ethanolamine (ETA) is phosphorylated to phosphoethanolamine (PETA) by choline kinase (CHK) dimer or by ethanolamine kinase 1/2 (ETNK1/2) (Lykidis et al. 2001, Gallego-Ortega et al. 2009). CHK dimer consists of either choline kinase alpha subunit (CHKA) or beta subunit (CHKB) homodimer, or of CHKA:CHKB heterodimer.
REACT_121279 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (LCLAT1) aka ALCAT1 acylates dilysocardiolipin (DLCL) to produce monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) (Zhao et al. 2009).
REACT_121281 (Reactome) In the cytosol, choline kinase alpha subunit (CHKA) homodimer, choline kinase beta subunit (CHKB) dimer, or CHKA:CHKB heterodimer phosphorylates choline (Cho) to produce phosphocholine (PCho) (Malito et al. 2006, Gallego-Ortega et al. 2009).
REACT_121282 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, active membrane-bound choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A (PCYT1A) or B (PCYT1B) homodimer condenses phosphocholine (PCho) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to produce CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) (Lykidis et al. 1998).
REACT_121291 (Reactome) Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is acylated to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by the enzymes glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (GPAT, also known as GPAM) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 (GPAT2), at the outer mitochondrial (OM) membrane (Shindou & Shimizu 2009, Chen et al. 2008, Takeuchi & Reue 2009).
REACT_121307 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (LCLAT1) aka ALCAT1 acylates monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to cardiolipin (CL) (Cao et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2009).
REACT_121308 (Reactome) In the cytosol, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPCPD1, also known as GDE5) hydrolyzes glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) to produce ethanolamine (ETA) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This event has been inferred from mice. GPCPD1 has also been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
REACT_121312 (Reactome) At the ER membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is exchanged for phosphatidylinositol (PI) within the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) complex (Tilley et al. 2004, Yolder et al. 2001, Carvou et al. 2010, Schouten et al. 2002, Vordtriede et al. 2005, Shadan et al. 2008).
REACT_121330 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) converts phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) into cardiolipin (CL) (Lu et al. 2006, Houtkooper et al. 2006).
REACT_121340 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) to form phosphatidylserine (PS). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
REACT_121344 (Reactome) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to 1-acyl glycerone 3-phosphate (GO3P) by the enzyme dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (GNPAT) (de Vet et al. 1999, Ofman et al. 1994). This reaction step links Glycerolipid metabolism to Ether lipid metabolism.
REACT_121349 (Reactome) The phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) bound to phosphatidylinositol (PI) complex transports from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to the Golgi membrane (Carvou et al. 2010, Shadan et al. 2008).
REACT_121350 (Reactome) Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline (Cho) by the enzymes phospholipase D1/2 (PLD1/2), at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (Lopez et al. 1998, Hammond et al. 1995).
REACT_121361 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IR) membrane, cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) acylates 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (Nie et al. 2010).
REACT_121363 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006), lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase (LPGAT1) (Yang et al. 2004).
REACT_121364 (Reactome) In the cytosol, the phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase (PHOSPHO1) dephosphorylates phosphocholine (PCho) to choline (Cho) (Roberts et al. 2004).
REACT_121375 (Reactome) The complex between phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) transports from the Golgi membrane to the ER membrane (Carvou et al. 2010, Shadan et al. 2008).
REACT_121379 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, PTPMT1 (phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The biochemical properties of human PTPMT1 have not been determined; this reaction is inferred from the one catalyzed by the homologous mouse protein (Zhang et al. 2011).
REACT_121385 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A (PLA2G2A), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Singer et al. 2002).
REACT_121387 (Reactome) At the outer mitochondrial (OM) membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010).
REACT_121397 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
REACT_121402 (Reactome) In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phospholipase D1-4,6 (PLD1-4,6) transphosphatidylates phosphatidylcholine (PC) with glycerol to displace choline (Cho) and form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). This reaction is inferred from rats, but PLD enzymes are present in humans (Hammond et al. 1995, Steed et al. 1998, Cao et al. 1997).
REACT_121405 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/D/E/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
REACT_14816 (Reactome) Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) oligomers (comprising monomers, dimers and tetramers), anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane, hydrolyze acetylcholine (AcCho) to form choline (Cho) and acetate (Weinstock & Groner 2008, Velan et al. 1991, Kryger et al. 2000).

Acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft is degraded into inactive molecules, Cho and acetate by ACHE, which is located in the synaptic cleft (Weinstock & Groner 2008).
REACT_15484 (Reactome) In the cytosol, choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT) acetylates choline (Cho) to produce acetylcholine (AcCho) (Toussaint 1992).

AcCho is synthesised in the cytoplasm of cholinergic neurons from acetyl-CoA and Cho by CHAT enzyme.
REACT_2042 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 1-acyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is acylated to phosphatidic acid (PA) by the enzymes 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (AGPAT1 through 11), and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT1) (Aguado and Campbell 1998).

See recent review by Agarwal (2012, in press).

AGPAT1, 2, 3 and LPCAT1 have been characterized biochemically (AGPAT1, 2: Yamashita et al. 2007, West et al. 1997, Aguado and Campbell 1998, Gale et al. 2006; AGPAT3: Agarwal et al. 2006; LPCAT1: Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006). Two additional proteins, AGPAT4 and AGPAT5, are inferred to have such activity based on studies of homologous mouse enzymes (Lu et al. 2005). These enzymes differ in their tissue specific patterns of expression in the body and in their preferences for specific acyl CoA molecules (Shindou and Shimizu 2009; Takeuchi and Reue 2009).

REACT_20598 (Reactome) Choline (Cho) transports from the extracellular space through the plasma membrane via the choline transporter-like proteins (SLC44A1-5 also known as CTL1-5) to the cytosol (Okuda & Haga 2000, Traiffort et al. 2005, O'Regan et al. 2000).

CTL1 is broadly expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells (Wille et al. 2001). CTL2 is highly expressed in human inner ear and is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss (Nair et al. 2004).
REACT_22419 (Reactome) Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is acylated to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by the enzymes glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (AGPAT6) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (Cao et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2008).
TAGArrowREACT_120776 (Reactome)
TAGArrowREACT_121007 (Reactome)
TAGREACT_121195 (Reactome)
TAZREACT_120929 (Reactome)
TAZREACT_121044 (Reactome)
TAZREACT_121114 (Reactome)
TAZREACT_121265 (Reactome)
acetateArrowREACT_14816 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_120739 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_120746 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_120775 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_120871 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_120891 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121007 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121016 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121046 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121140 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121156 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121169 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121245 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121279 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121291 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121307 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121340 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121344 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121361 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_121363 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_2042 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAREACT_22419 (Reactome)
fatty acidArrowREACT_120753 (Reactome)
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