Neurotoxicity of clostridium toxins (Homo sapiens)

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10, 111, 2, 6, 85, 7, 14, 20184, 9, 1671, 2, 6, 83, 11, 1512, 13, 17, 191, 2, 6, 895, 7, 14, 205, 7, 14, 20BoNT Light chainType F [cytosol]endocytic vesicleBoNT Light chainType A [cytosol]BoNT Light chainType E [cytosol]BoNT Light chainType D [cytosol]BoNT Light chainType B [cytosol]cytosolBoNT Light chainType C1 [cytosol]SNAP25BoNT Light chainType D polypeptide[cytosol]SyntaxinsBoNT with Heavychain N-terminalinserted intoendosomal membraneBoNT Light chainType DZn2+ [cytosol]BoNT Light chainType B polypeptide[cytosol]BoNT Light chainType E polypeptide[cytosol]SNAP25(1-197)BoNT withconformationalchange in Heavychain N-terminalSNAP25Gangliosides:SynaptotagminZn2+ [cytosol]Gangliosides:SynaptogaminBoNT Light chainType FVAMP2(1-76)BoNT Light chainType A polypeptide[cytosol]VAMP/SynaptobrevinBoNT Light chainType F polypeptide[cytosol]BoNT D cleavedVAMP/SynaptobrevinBoNT Light chainType Ainternalized BoNTBoNT Light chainTypes A,C and EBoNT F cleavedVAMP/SynaptobrevinBoNT Light chainType EBoNT Light chainType C1 polypeptide[cytosol]Zn2+ [cytosol]BoNT Light chainType C1 polypeptideVAMP2BoNT bound tomembrane receptorBoNT Light chainType C1Activated BoNTZn2+ [cytosol]Zn2+ [cytosol]BoNT Light chainTypes B,D,F,GSNAP25(1-180)BoNT Light chainType BZn2+ [cytosol]Syntaxin fragment


Description

Botulism, caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), is characterized by descending flaccid paralysis as a result of inhibition of neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction - NMJ (Turton et al., 2002). According to their antigenic properties, BoNTs are classified into seven different toxin types (A, B, C1, D, E, F and G) although more than 50 sequences encoding 18 subtypes are known (Smith et al., 2005). The toxin is released as a 900 kDa complex containing some accessory proteins of unknown functions (Chen et al., 1998). The toxin types A, B and E are mainly involved in human botulism whereas C and D predominantly cause animal botulism (Poulain et al, 2006). The toxin is absorbed from the gut or other epithelium and reaches neuromuscular junctions by transcytosis (Park and Simpson, 2003). The binding sites for the toxins are distributed across the apical surface of the epithelium (Ahsan et al., 2005). It has been observed that the neurotoxin alone is capable of transcytosis across epithelial cells (Maksymowych and Simpson, 2004). Once internalized, the neurotoxin is dissociated from the non-toxic components of the progenitor toxin in endosome (Uotsu et al., 2006).
The neurological inhibition is caused by the specific cleavage of a group of proteins integral to NMJ exocytosis, SNARE proteins (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptors). One or more SNARE proteins are cleaved by BoNT, blocking the release of synaptic vesicular contents like acetylcholine as in the case of motor neurons.
BoNTs are synthesized as polypeptides of 150 kDa that are cleaved into heavy and light chains linked by a single disulfide bond. Cleavage takes place within a surface-exposed loop at the N-terminal of the Heavy chain subunit. Both bacterial and host endopeptidases can catalyze BoNT cleavage into heavy and light chains, but bacterial enzymes are thought to carry out this function in vivo.The Heavy Chain (HC) has two 50 kDa functional domains: the N-terminal translocation domain is capable of forming channels in lipid bilayers; the C-terminal ganglioside-binding domain is important for membrane binding and subsequent internalization of toxins by host neurons. The 50 kDa Light chain (LC) is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase specific for core components of neurotransmitter release complexes.
BoNT action proceeds in the following steps: binding of cleaved toxin to the target cell membrane; transcytosis from epithelial membrane to target neuromuscular junction cells; release of BoNT Light chain into the target cell cytosol; and proteolytic cleavage of target cell proteins catalyzed by the BoNT Light chain.
Original Pathway at Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#DB=gk_current&FOCUS_SPECIES_ID=48887&FOCUS_PATHWAY_ID=168799

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Bibliography

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93784view13:36, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93317view11:20, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
87757view09:56, 25 July 2016RyanmillerOntology Term : 'disease pathway' added !
87755view09:56, 25 July 2016RyanmillerOntology Term : 'infectious disease pathway' added !
87752view09:53, 25 July 2016RyanmillerOntology Term : 'bacterial infectious disease' added !
86402view09:17, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83321view10:46, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81748view09:47, 26 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76848view08:07, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76552view11:53, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
75885view09:54, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75585view10:42, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
74940view13:46, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74584view08:37, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
Activated BoNTComplexREACT_11835 (Reactome)
BoNT D cleaved VAMP/SynaptobrevinProteinREACT_11414 (Reactome)
BoNT F cleaved VAMP/SynaptobrevinProteinREACT_11808 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain

Type A polypeptide

[cytosol]		ProteinP10845 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BoNT Light chain Type AComplexREACT_11247 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain

Type B polypeptide

[cytosol]		ProteinP10844 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BoNT Light chain Type BComplexREACT_11746 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain

Type C1 polypeptide

[cytosol]		ProteinP18640 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BoNT Light chain Type C1 polypeptideProteinP18640 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BoNT Light chain Type C1ComplexREACT_11290 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain

Type D polypeptide

[cytosol]		ProteinP19321 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BoNT Light chain Type DComplexREACT_11845 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain

Type E polypeptide

[cytosol]		ProteinQ00496 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BoNT Light chain Type EComplexREACT_11278 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain

Type F polypeptide

[cytosol]		ProteinP30996 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BoNT Light chain Type FComplexREACT_11984 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Types A,C and EComplexREACT_11662 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Types B,D,F,GComplexREACT_11940 (Reactome)
BoNT bound to membrane receptorComplexREACT_11594 (Reactome)
BoNT with

conformational change in Heavy

chain N-terminal		ComplexREACT_11938 (Reactome)
BoNT with Heavy

chain N-terminal inserted into

endosomal membrane		ComplexREACT_11623 (Reactome)
Gangliosides:SynaptogaminComplexREACT_11246 (Reactome)
Gangliosides:SynaptotagminComplexREACT_11647 (Reactome)
SNAP25(1-180)ProteinP60880 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAP25(1-197)ProteinP60880 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAP25ProteinP60880 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Syntaxin fragmentProteinREACT_11762 (Reactome)
SyntaxinsProteinREACT_11590 (Reactome)
VAMP/SynaptobrevinProteinREACT_11688 (Reactome)
VAMP2(1-76)ProteinP63027 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
VAMP2ProteinP63027 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Zn2+ [cytosol]MetaboliteCHEBI:29105 (ChEBI)
internalized BoNTComplexREACT_11848 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
Activated BoNTREACT_11084 (Reactome)
BoNT D cleaved VAMP/SynaptobrevinArrowREACT_11179 (Reactome)
BoNT F cleaved VAMP/SynaptobrevinArrowREACT_11158 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type Amim-catalysisREACT_11146 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type Bmim-catalysisREACT_11165 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type C1 polypeptideArrowREACT_11226 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type C1mim-catalysisREACT_11130 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type C1mim-catalysisREACT_11195 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type Dmim-catalysisREACT_11179 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type Emim-catalysisREACT_11089 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Type Fmim-catalysisREACT_11158 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Types A,C and EArrowREACT_11226 (Reactome)
BoNT Light chain Types B,D,F,GArrowREACT_11226 (Reactome)
BoNT bound to membrane receptorArrowREACT_11084 (Reactome)
BoNT bound to membrane receptorREACT_11086 (Reactome)
BoNT with

conformational change in Heavy

chain N-terminal		ArrowREACT_11131 (Reactome)
BoNT with

conformational change in Heavy

chain N-terminal		REACT_11217 (Reactome)
BoNT with Heavy

chain N-terminal inserted into

endosomal membrane		ArrowREACT_11217 (Reactome)
BoNT with Heavy

chain N-terminal inserted into

endosomal membrane		ArrowREACT_11226 (Reactome)
BoNT with Heavy

chain N-terminal inserted into

endosomal membrane		REACT_11226 (Reactome)
Gangliosides:SynaptogaminArrowREACT_11217 (Reactome)
Gangliosides:SynaptotagminREACT_11084 (Reactome)
REACT_11084 (Reactome) Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) bind to polysialogangliosides, including GT1b, GD1b and GQ1b and synaptotagmin polypeptides on the neuronal plasma membrane (Verderio et al., 2006). In the body, this dual binding may have the effect of targeting BoNTs to specific regions of the neuromuscular junction for endocytosis. Different serotypes are known to bind to different receptors: Bont/A to SV2, Bont/B and G to Syt1 and Syt2 with different affinities.
REACT_11086 (Reactome) Once BoNT molecules are bound to the host cell surface via their HC domains, they undergo transcytosis which include sorting and endocytosis into an acidic vesicular compartment within the cytosol. As a result of endocytosis, the toxin becomes resistant to neutralization by antisera. Endocytosis is temperature and energy-dependent. In the body, endocytosed BoNT molecules remain associated with the neuromuscular junction which they finally reach by transcytosis.
REACT_11089 (Reactome) BoNT Light Chain type E protein cleaves SNAP-25 protein of human SNARE complex.
REACT_11130 (Reactome) BoNT Light Chain type C1 protein cleaves SNAP-25 protein of human SNARE complex.
REACT_11131 (Reactome) The N-terminal half of the BoNT Heavy Chain undergoes conformational changes effected by endosomal pH resulting in ion channel formation (Blaustein et al., 1987). This process has been demonstrated experimentally for BoNT serotypes A and B, but all serotypes are thought to have this property (Pellizzari et al. 1999).
REACT_11146 (Reactome) BoNT Light Chain type A protein cleaves SNAP-25 protein of human SNARE complex.
REACT_11158 (Reactome) BoNT Light Chain type F protein cleaves VAMP proteins of human SNARE complex.
REACT_11165 (Reactome) BoNT Light Chain type B protein cleaves Vamp-2 protein, a member of SNARE complex.
REACT_11179 (Reactome) BoNT Light Chain type D protein cleaves VAMP proteins of human SNARE complex.
REACT_11195 (Reactome) Syntaxins are involved in the localization (docking) of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channels to the presynaptic active zone. Syntaxin 1A interacts with SNAP-25 in forming t-SNARE part of SNARE complex. BoNT Type C specifically cleaves Syntaxin 1A although a broader target spectrum is suspected.
REACT_11217 (Reactome) Acidic pH triggers a conformation change in the Heavy chain N-terminal domain leading to its insertion into the lipid bilayer and formation of a trans-membrane channel large enough to accommodate the unfolded Light chain. It has been observed that in the closely related Diptheria toxin, a 10-aa motif is critical for pore formation. Ratts et al. identified this motif in some of the virulent BoNTs (Ratts et al., 2005).
REACT_11226 (Reactome) The BoNT L chain traverses the H chain channel into the cytosol, refolds, and is released into the cytosol. The complete molecular details of cleavage of the L- H disulfide bond and L chain refolding are not yet known (Pellizzari et al.,1999). The cleavage of host proteins may require the toxins binding to specific recogntion sites as well as cleavage sites (Rossetto et al., 1994).
SNAP25(1-180)ArrowREACT_11089 (Reactome)
SNAP25(1-197)ArrowREACT_11146 (Reactome)
SNAP25ArrowREACT_11130 (Reactome)
SNAP25REACT_11089 (Reactome)
SNAP25REACT_11130 (Reactome)
SNAP25REACT_11146 (Reactome)
Syntaxin fragmentArrowREACT_11195 (Reactome)
SyntaxinsREACT_11195 (Reactome)
VAMP/SynaptobrevinREACT_11158 (Reactome)
VAMP/SynaptobrevinREACT_11179 (Reactome)
VAMP2(1-76)ArrowREACT_11165 (Reactome)
VAMP2REACT_11165 (Reactome)
internalized BoNTArrowREACT_11086 (Reactome)
internalized BoNTREACT_11131 (Reactome)
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