Potassium Channels (Homo sapiens)
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Description
Potassium channels are tetrameric ion channels that are widely distributed and are found in all cell types. Potassium channels control resting membrane potential in neurons, contribute to regulation of action potentials in cardiac muscle and help release of insulin form pancreatic beta cells.
Broadly K+ channels are classified into voltage gated K+ channels, Hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated K+ channels (HCN), Tandem pore domain K+ channels, Ca2+ activated K+ channels and inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Source:Reactome.
Broadly K+ channels are classified into voltage gated K+ channels, Hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated K+ channels (HCN), Tandem pore domain K+ channels, Ca2+ activated K+ channels and inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Source:Reactome.
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- Meuth SG, Kanyshkov T, Melzer N, Bittner S, Kieseier BC, Budde T, Wiendl H.; ''Altered neuronal expression of TASK1 and TASK3 potassium channels in rodent and human autoimmune CNS inflammation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Fowler CE, Aryal P, Suen KF, Slesinger PA.; ''Evidence for association of GABA(B) receptors with Kir3 channels and regulators of G protein signalling (RGS4) proteins.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Kim J, Hoffman DA.; ''Potassium channels: newly found players in synaptic plasticity.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Norris AJ, Foeger NC, Nerbonne JM.; ''Neuronal voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels function in macromolecular complexes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Hill MA, Yang Y, Ella SR, Davis MJ, Braun AP.; ''Large conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) and arteriolar myogenic signaling.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Alesutan I, Föller M, Sopjani M, Dërmaku-Sopjani M, Zelenak C, Fröhlich H, Velic A, Fraser S, Kemp BE, Seebohm G, Völkl H, Lang F.; ''Inhibition of the heterotetrameric K+ channel KCNQ1/KCNE1 by the AMP-activated protein kinase.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Han J, Kang D, Kim D.; ''Functional properties of four splice variants of a human pancreatic tandem-pore K+ channel, TALK-1.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Cramer NP, Best TK, Stoffel M, Siarey RJ, Galdzicki Z.; ''GABAB-GIRK2-mediated signaling in Down syndrome.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- MacKinnon R.; ''New insights into the structure and function of potassium channels.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Ohya S, Fujimori T, Kimura T, Yamamura H, Imaizumi Y.; ''Novel spliced variants of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+)-channel β2-subunit in human and rodent pancreas.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Michalakis S, Zong X.; ''Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels: from genes to function.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Kréneisz O, Benoit JP, Bayliss DA, Mulkey DK.; ''AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits TREK channels.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Theilig F, Goranova I, Hirsch JR, Wieske M, Unsal S, Bachmann S, Veh RW, Derst C.; ''Cellular localization of THIK-1 (K(2P)13.1) and THIK-2 (K(2P)12.1) K channels in the mammalian kidney.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Fallen K, Banerjee S, Sheehan J, Addison D, Lewis LM, Meiler J, Denton JS.; ''The Kir channel immunoglobulin domain is essential for Kir1.1 (ROMK) thermodynamic stability, trafficking and gating.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Baruscotti M, Bottelli G, Milanesi R, DiFrancesco JC, DiFrancesco D.; ''HCN-related channelopathies.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Sheng JZ, Ella S, Davis MJ, Hill MA, Braun AP.; ''Openers of SKCa and IKCa channels enhance agonist-evoked endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and arteriolar vasodilation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Lafrenière RG, Cader MZ, Poulin JF, Andres-Enguix I, Simoneau M, Gupta N, Boisvert K, Lafrenière F, McLaughlan S, Dubé MP, Marcinkiewicz MM, Ramagopalan S, Ansorge O, Brais B, Sequeiros J, Pereira-Monteiro JM, Griffiths LR, Tucker SJ, Ebers G, Rouleau GA.; ''A dominant-negative mutation in the TRESK potassium channel is linked to familial migraine with aura.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Hibino H, Inanobe A, Furutani K, Murakami S, Findlay I, Kurachi Y.; ''Inwardly rectifying potassium channels: their structure, function, and physiological roles.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Dallas ML, Scragg JL, Wyatt CN, Ross F, Hardie DG, Evans AM, Peers C.; ''Modulation of O(2) sensitive K (+) channels by AMP-activated protein kinase.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Shorter K, Farjo NP, Picksley SM, Randall VA.; ''Human hair follicles contain two forms of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, only one of which is sensitive to minoxidil.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Shin HG, Lu Z.; ''Mechanism of the voltage sensitivity of IRK1 inward-rectifier K+ channel block by the polyamine spermine.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Feliciangeli S, Tardy MP, Sandoz G, Chatelain FC, Warth R, Barhanin J, Bendahhou S, Lesage F.; ''Potassium channel silencing by constitutive endocytosis and intracellular sequestration.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Gestreau C, Heitzmann D, Thomas J, Dubreuil V, Bandulik S, Reichold M, Bendahhou S, Pierson P, Sterner C, Peyronnet-Roux J, Benfriha C, Tegtmeier I, Ehnes H, Georgieff M, Lesage F, Brunet JF, Goridis C, Warth R, Barhanin J.; ''Task2 potassium channels set central respiratory CO2 and O2 sensitivity.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- McKeown L, Swanton L, Robinson P, Jones OT.; ''Surface expression and distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels in neurons (Review).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Pongs O, Schwarz JR.; ''Ancillary subunits associated with voltage-dependent K+ channels.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Moroni A, Gorza L, Beltrame M, Gravante B, Vaccari T, Bianchi ME, Altomare C, Longhi R, Heurteaux C, Vitadello M, Malgaroli A, DiFrancesco D.; ''Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 is a molecular determinant of the cardiac pacemaker current I(f).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Toyoda H, Saito M, Okazawa M, Hirao K, Sato H, Abe H, Takada K, Funabiki K, Takada M, Kaneko T, Kang Y.; ''Protein kinase G dynamically modulates TASK1-mediated leak K+ currents in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Krenz M, Oldenburg O, Wimpee H, Cohen MV, Garlid KD, Critz SD, Downey JM, Benoit JN.; ''Opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels causes generation of free radicals in vascular smooth muscle cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Xie K, Allen KL, Kourrich S, Colón-Saez J, Thomas MJ, Wickman K, Martemyanov KA.; ''Gbeta5 recruits R7 RGS proteins to GIRK channels to regulate the timing of neuronal inhibitory signaling.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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| Source | Target | Type | Database reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP sensitive K+
channels-inwardly rectifying (SUR1) | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296024 (Reactome)  | ||
| ATP sensitive K+
channels-inwardly rectifying (SUR2) | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1369017 (Reactome) | ||
| ATP | TBar | R-HSA-1296024 (Reactome) | ||
| BK channel | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296037 (Reactome) | ||
| GABA B receptor
G-protein beta-gamma and Kir3 channel complex | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1013020 (Reactome) | ||
| HCN channel bound to cAMP | Arrow | R-HSA-1297444 (Reactome) | ||
| HCN channel bound to cAMP | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296043 (Reactome) | ||
| HCN channels | R-HSA-1297444 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1013020 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296024 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296035 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296037 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296039 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296043 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296045 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296046 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296127 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1296348 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1299297 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1299304 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1299318 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1299338 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1299359 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | Arrow | R-HSA-1369017 (Reactome) | ||
| K+ | R-HSA-1013020 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296024 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296035 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296037 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296039 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296043 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296045 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296046 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296127 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1296348 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1299297 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1299304 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1299318 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1299338 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1299359 (Reactome) | |||
| K+ | R-HSA-1369017 (Reactome) | |||
| KCNJ tetramer | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296046 (Reactome) | ||
| KCNN4 | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296035 (Reactome) | ||
| Octamer of Voltage gated K+ channels | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296127 (Reactome) | ||
| Potassium transport
channels (Kir 1.1 and Kir 4.1/5.1) | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296045 (Reactome) | ||
| R-HSA-1013020 (Reactome) | Binding of G beta gamma activates the GIRK/Kir3 channels that allow the efflux of K+ out of the cell resulting in a hyperpolarized membrane potential. This negative membrane potential prevents the activation of voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. | |||
| R-HSA-1296024 (Reactome) | In neuroendocrine cells such as pancreatic alpha-, beta-, and delta-cells and in the brain, ATP sensitive K+ channels assemble as octamers of four Kir 6.1, 6.2 subunits and four high-affinity sulfonyl urea receptor 1 subunits (SUR1). These channels are blocked by excess intracellular levels of ATP. When the ATP is low, ATP dissociates and the channel opens to allow K+ efflux. | |||
| R-HSA-1296035 (Reactome) | Intermediate conductance K+ channels are restricted to non neuronal tissues like epithelia, blood cells and are activated by intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration. Activation of Ca2+ activated K+ channels with intermediate conductance leads to K+ efflux in to the extracellular space. | |||
| R-HSA-1296037 (Reactome) | Increase in intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ions and membrane depolarization cooperatively activates BKca, which exhibit large unitary conductance. Ca2+ activated potassium channels. Activation leads to K+ efflux which changes the membrane potential, which leads to inactivation voltage activated Ca2+ channels. BKca are involved in regulation of smooth muscle tone, microbial killing in leukocytes and modulation of neurotransmitter release. Activation of BKca channel with increase in intracellular concentration of Ca2+ leads to efflux of K+ into the extracellular space, which contributes to hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. | |||
| R-HSA-1296039 (Reactome) | Small conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channels (SKca) are solely activated by intracellular Ca2+ concentration. SKca channels form functional tetramers. SKca channels control the contractility of uterus, maintian vascular tone, modulate hormone secretion, control cell volume in red blood cells and activation of microglia and lymphocytes. Actiavtion of SKca channels is triggered by increase in the intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration. Activation of Skca channels leads to relatively small K+ ion effluxes. | |||
| R-HSA-1296043 (Reactome) | HCN channels are activated upon hyperpolarization of membrane potential and cAMP binding leading to K+ efflux. | |||
| R-HSA-1296045 (Reactome) | Homotetramers of Kir 1.1 function as inwardly rectifying potassium transport channels. Ki 1.1 are found on the apical side of the cells in the ascending limp of loop of henle and upon activation transport K+ into the extracellular space. Heterotetramers of Kir 4.1 and Ki 5.1 are found on the basolateral side of cells in the distal convoluted tube. Activation of kir 4.1 and 5.1 heterotetramers leads to efflux of K+ into the extracellular space. | |||
| R-HSA-1296046 (Reactome) | Activation of classical Kir (K+ inwardly rectifying) channels (KCNJ2, 4, 12 and 14) results in K+ influx which contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential (Phase 4 of the action potential). The current created by this flow of K+ is called the inward rectifying current (IK1). A channel that is inwardly-rectifying is one that passes current more easily into the cell than out of the cell. At membrane potentials negative to potassium's reversal potential, KCNJs support the flow of K+ ions into the cell, pushing the membrane potential back to the resting potential. Two factors regulate K+ permeability - cell permeability to K+ is increased at more negative membrane potentials and increasing extracellular K+ concentrations. When the membrane potential is positive to the channel's resting potential (such as in Phase 3 of the action potential), these channels pass very little charge out of the cell. This may be due to the channel's pores being blocked by internal Mg2+ and endogenous polyamines such as spermine (Shin & Lu 2005). Inwardly rectifying (Kir) channels contribute to potassium leak, stabilizing cells near the equilibrium reversal potential of potassium (EK). Kir channels pass small outward currents because of pore blockade by internal magnesium and polyamines; at potentials negative to EK, large inward currents are passed upon relief from blockade. | |||
| R-HSA-1296127 (Reactome) | Activation of voltage gated potassium channel is triggered by membrane potential changes that is sensed by the channel assembly. Activation of voltage-gated potassium channel leads to selective outward current of K+ ions. | |||
| R-HSA-1296348 (Reactome) | TREK channels are activated by mechanical stretch, pH temperature and arachidonic acid which leads to efflux of K+ into the extracellular space resulting in membrane hyperpolarization. | |||
| R-HSA-1297444 (Reactome) | HCN channels require cAMP binding and hyperpolarization of membrane potential for channel opening. | |||
| R-HSA-1299297 (Reactome) | THIK subfamily has 2 members, THIK1 and THIK 2. THIK 1 forms functional homodimers whereas THIK2 function has not been demonstrated. THIK1 channels are inhibited by halothane. THICK1 channels form K+ leak channels and are not regulated by acidity or alkalanity changes. | |||
| R-HSA-1299304 (Reactome) | Activation of TWIK channels results in low outward K+ currents. | |||
| R-HSA-1299318 (Reactome) | TASK are tandem repeat K+ channels that are sensitive to extracellular pH. Activation of TASK results in efflux of K+ into the extracellular space. | |||
| R-HSA-1299338 (Reactome) | TRESK is expressed in spinal cord and brain and is involved in K+ efflux. TRESK activation may be mediated by calcineurin. | |||
| R-HSA-1299359 (Reactome) | TALK is activated by increase in pH alkalinity in the extracellular fluid. Potassium is pumped out into the extracellular fluid. | |||
| R-HSA-1369017 (Reactome) | In muscle cells such as cardiac, skeletal, vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, ATP sensitive K+ channels assemble as octamers of four Kir 6.x subunits and four low-affinity sulfonyl urea receptor 2 subunits (SUR2). The human gene encoding SUR2 gives rise to two splice variants, SUR2A and SUR2B. These channels are blocked by excess intracellular levels of ATP. When the ATP is low, ATP dissociates and the channel opens to allow K+ efflux (). | |||
| Small conductance
Ca2+ activated potassium channel | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296039 (Reactome) | ||
| TALK 1and 2 | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1299359 (Reactome) | ||
| TASK | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1299318 (Reactome) | ||
| THIK1 homodimers | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1299297 (Reactome) | ||
| TREK homodimers | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1296348 (Reactome) | ||
| TRESK homodimer | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1299338 (Reactome) | ||
| TWIK channels | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-1299304 (Reactome) | ||
| cAMP | R-HSA-1297444 (Reactome) |
