Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Homo sapiens)

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772, 1417, 2376, 12320, 96, 13730, 112, 120, 14943, 44, 63, 71, 80...63, 80, 1074235, 1295, 176, 6645, 104330, 120, 1498310, 11, 28, 38, 39, 41...97, 10815, 92, 99, 1055335, 1511462, 14122, 352, 14113418, 518, 12611465, 121, 14467, 112393933, 32, 37, 40, 75...43, 63, 80, 1071454210631, 83, 12854, 113, 11822, 3515035, 1299525, 8946, 1037525, 895216, 29, 986159, 1171132, 14119, 791011068136, 115, 119, 15256, 70, 13059, 10622, 3562, 11382, 11614, 4725, 897, 8734, 76, 12321, 34, 58, 78, 85...45, 104336, 125, 15255, 1406834, 58, 85, 14212213620, 96, 1372, 141100617749, 60, 73, 84, 9116, 24, 29, 86, 98...13964, 133, 1506818, 5143, 63, 80, 107, 1104, 74, 12713131, 83, 1282748, 88, 109, 12443, 44, 63, 71, 80...31, 83, 1284, 57, 74, 12733, 36, 143, 15213114, 1489, 1243, 63, 80, 10735, 15172, 73endoplasmic reticulum lumennucleoplasmmitochondrial matrixendosomemitochondrial matrixcytosolendosomecytosollysosomal lumenmitochondrial matrixlysosomal lumencob(II)alamin 2xTRAPFADMUT PANK2(111-570)H2OPXLP-SHMT1 Cbl TCN1L-GlnMg2+ BCTN2xMMAA:2xMUT:AdoCblATPH2Ocob(I)alaminMg2+ H+unknown peptidaseNicotinateD-ribonucleotideHCNH2OGluPPiH+cob(II)alamin FMN CUBN TCN1 2xPPCSCOASYNicotinateD-ribonucleotideZn2+ L-LysADPMCCC2 Cbl NMNAT2 Cbl QPRTCUBN:AMNTDPKATPCO2Cbl PGH2PPiDHvitCCblNADSYN1 MoO4(2-)Cbl2xMTHFD1PiTHFBCTNCbl e-ENPP1 CblZn2+ H2ONa+H+Mn2+ SVCT1/2TCIIMPT MTR NAMcob(II)alaminPRSS1,3,CTRB1,22xTPK1:Mg2+NADHNMNAT1 SLC25A16MMADHC NADHFASNADPATPPPANTThTPPanKMUT NADSYN1 hexamerSLC52A3H2OAMPCbl MyrG-CYB5R3(2-301) 5,10-MetTHFPGNH3Zn2+ NADPHFAD PPCDC DA-NAD+FAD NAMPTFAD Mg2+ CYB5R3:FADunknowncob(II)alaminreductaseTHFMNABtnGIF CblDHvitCMOCS2 3xMMABPXLP holo-MOCS1sulfurated MoCo2xENPP1Mn2+ GSSGunknown peptidaseCYB5A TCII:CblBCTNPPiPXAPNADP+MOCS2 GlyCUBN H2O2NCAACP5 AdoMetTPK1 ADP3xPPCDC:3xFMNADPATPTCII:Cbl:CD320PPiMn2+ TCN1 ATPNicotinateD-ribonucleotideMTR ATPATPMOCS2 L-MetAASDHPPTcob(II)alamin CysS-MOCS3 AdoHcyFMNTHFPGATPATPBtn-ACACA:2Mn2+HCYS2xGSTOsNa+ABCC16xMCCC1:6xMCCC2Zn2+ PiAMPACACA cob(II)alaminMg2+Cbl SLC5A6 hCBXsTHTPA:Mg2+PPiABCD4L-CysACACB 6x(Btn-PCCA:PCCB)PPiATPPPiGSHNADP+ADPPDZD11 THTPA BtnNa+PPihCBXsGIF:CblADPH+THMNMOCS3 PANK1/3/4L-MM-CoABtn-PC TCN1:CblMMACHCCYB5A H+CYB5A:hemeAMN ATPL-MetPanKPPCS H+CoA-SHAMN THMNCUBN:AMNNMNAT3 L-LysBTDTHFPGMTHFR AMPNADPHPDZD11 MOCS2NADP+ADPMOCS1-1 MOCS3-S-S(1-):Zn2+(4Fe-4S)(2+) DP-CoAGTPGIF FOLAMTRR Mg2+ PPiADP6x(PCCA:PCCB)heme SOG-MOCS2AdoMetH+PiL-GluGIF ATPZn2+ ATPGIFTHFQUINMTR H+PiBtnMTHFCoA-SHPPiMTHFPCCB Mn2+ L-AlaO2Zn2+ FMNPPiPXLLMBRD1HCOOHH2OPDXPGIF MDASCSLC19A2/3dADEPDXAMPFOLAMOCS3:Zn2+ (red.)FAD Btn-PCCA RIBSLC25A32H2OTCII:CblNAPRT1 ATPAMPPPiMg2+ SLC5A6 HLCSNMNAT2 (Mg2+)Btn-ACACB GIF:CblPiMOCOS:PXLPPPiSerFMN ATPFASNPPiATPMOCS3 PXLP PiNH4+Cbl NAD+ATPCUBN MCCC1 AMPTCN2 HLCS4xNADK:Zn2+NADPHSLC19A1PXA2xMTHFRCbl NADPHPRPPZn2+ MMAB ATPRFK H2OATPPAPL-AlaFADMCCC2 Mg2+ GPHN SLC5A6:PDZD11ADPADPATPCO2AMPFAD AdoCbl MeCbl 4xNMNAT3:4xMg2+MMACHC:MMADHC:cob(II)alaminNa+BTDTCN1TCII3xGPHN:3xMg2+FLAD1CD320ATPSOG-MOCS2 MTRR:MTRDHFMMACHC ADP2xNAPRT1PNPO PXLPPPiMMADHC NADP+FeHM PDXatePTGS2 dimerMMACHC Na+MOCS1A Mn2+ ACACB:2Mn2+DHFRO22xPDXK:2xZn2+VitCPC 4xSHMT14x(Btn-PC:Mn2+)PPiATPMMADHC2xAOX1:cofactorsATPNADPHH2OH2OAOX1 FMN Mn2+ AdoCblBtn5,10-MTHFPGMTHFPG2xNFS1:2xPXLPFMN NADK cob(I)alamin FPGS-2Cbl NAD+H2OMTRR:MTR(cob(I)alamin)2xPNPO:2xFMNAMPADPPDXK MOCOS PTGS2 Btn-ACACA PPanK2xMOCS2A:2xMOCS2BPPP4x(PC:Mn2+)PGI2ACSZn2+ NicotinateD-ribonucleotide10-FTHFPGheme b VitCFMN TCII:CblPrecursor ZFood proteins:CblMTRR (4Fe-4S)(2+) MMACHC:MMADHCMMACHC PRPPFPGS-1SUCC-CoAFood proteinsunknown peptidase6x(Btn-MCCC1:MCCC2)NADP+PCCB NADP+L-GluBtn-ACACB:2Mn2+MMAA MPTMOCS3:Zn2+ (ox.)TCN1:CblTCN2 H2OFAD H+MoCoMMACHC:cob(II)alaminNa+TCII ACACA:2Mn2+ATPMTHFD1 H2OMTRR:MTR(MeCbl)SLC5A6:PDZD11MTR MTHFATPSLC46A1PGG2ATPAdoMetMTRR AMN PTGIS,CYP8B1L-CysH+H2O2CYB5A:ferrihemeZn2+ 2xMMAA:2xMUTH2OADPL-CysCblThDPH2OAMPPPCZn2+ NAMDGIF:CblAMPFMN Btn-MCCC1 PCCA PiCNCblGLUT1,3TCII MTRR:MTR(cob(II)alamin)RIBPRPPNAD+H+2xMOCS2-CO-S(1-):2xMOCS2BCD320 MMAA RFK:Mg2+CUBN:AMN:GIF:CblCbl DA-NAD+MTRR 6xNMNAT1:6xZn2+DHFRNFS1-2 261022613526135692626262626


Description

Vitamins are a diverse group of organic compounds, required in small amounts in the diet. They have distinct biochemical roles, often as coenzymes, and are either not synthesized or synthesized only in limited amounts by human cells. Vitamins are classified according to their solubility, either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The physiological processes dependent on vitamin-requiring reactions include many aspects of intermediary metabolism, vision, bone formation, and blood coagulation, and vitamin deficiencies are associated with a correspondingly diverse and severe group of diseases.

Water-soluble vitamins include ascorbate (vitamin C) and the members of the B group: thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenate (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). Metabolic processes annotated here include the synthesis of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) from thiamin (B1), the synthesis of FMN and FAD from riboflavin (B2), the synthesis of nicotinic acid (niacin - B3) from tryptophan, the synthesis of Coenzyme A from pantothenate (B5), and features of the metabolism of folate (B9). Source:Reactome.</div>

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  93. Rutsch F, Gailus S, Miousse IR, Suormala T, Sagné C, Toliat MR, Nürnberg G, Wittkampf T, Buers I, Sharifi A, Stucki M, Becker C, Baumgartner M, Robenek H, Marquardt T, Höhne W, Gasnier B, Rosenblatt DS, Fowler B, Nürnberg P.; ''Identification of a putative lysosomal cobalamin exporter altered in the cblF defect of vitamin B12 metabolism.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  94. Subramanian VS, Marchant JS, Said HM.; ''Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease-linked mutations inhibit thiamine transport via hTHTR2: biotin is not a substrate for hTHTR2.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  95. Kristiansen M, Aminoff M, Jacobsen C, de La Chapelle A, Krahe R, Verroust PJ, Moestrup SK.; ''Cubilin P1297L mutation associated with hereditary megaloblastic anemia 1 causes impaired recognition of intrinsic factor-vitamin B(12) by cubilin.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  96. Densupsoontorn N, Sanpakit K, Vijarnsorn C, Pattaragarn A, Kangwanpornsiri C, Jatutipsompol C, Tirapongporn H, Jirapinyo P, Shah NP, Sturm AC, Tanner SM.; ''Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome: new mutation in amnionless.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  97. Manoj N, Strauss E, Begley TP, Ealick SE.; ''Structure of human phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase at 2.3 A resolution.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  98. Daruwala R, Song J, Koh WS, Rumsey SC, Levine M.; ''Cloning and functional characterization of the human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters hSVCT1 and hSVCT2.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  99. Borgese N, D'Arrigo A, De Silvestris M, Pietrini G.; ''NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5 isoforms as models for the study of post-translational targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  100. Balamurugan K, Ortiz A, Said HM.; ''Biotin uptake by human intestinal and liver epithelial cells: role of the SMVT system.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  101. Liang WJ, Johnson D, Jarvis SM.; ''Vitamin C transport systems of mammalian cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  102. Youngdahl-Turner P, Mellman IS, Allen RH, Rosenberg LE.; ''Protein mediated vitamin uptake. Adsorptive endocytosis of the transcobalamin II-cobalamin complex by cultured human fibroblasts.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  103. Leimkuhler S, Freuer A, Araujo JA, Rajagopalan KV, Mendel RR.; ''Mechanistic studies of human molybdopterin synthase reaction and characterization of mutants identified in group B patients of molybdenum cofactor deficiency.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  104. Padovani D, Banerjee R.; ''Assembly and protection of the radical enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, by its chaperone.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  105. Abu-Elheiga L, Jayakumar A, Baldini A, Chirala SS, Wakil SJ.; ''Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase: characterization, molecular cloning, and evidence for two isoforms.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  106. Worgan LC, Niles K, Tirone JC, Hofmann A, Verner A, Sammak A, Kucic T, Lepage P, Rosenblatt DS.; ''Spectrum of mutations in mut methylmalonic acidemia and identification of a common Hispanic mutation and haplotype.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  107. Lerner-Ellis JP, Dobson CM, Wai T, Watkins D, Tirone JC, Leclerc D, Doré C, Lepage P, Gravel RA, Rosenblatt DS.; ''Mutations in the MMAA gene in patients with the cblA disorder of vitamin B12 metabolism.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  108. Green P, Wiseman M, Crow YJ, Houlden H, Riphagen S, Lin JP, Raymond FL, Childs AM, Sheridan E, Edwards S, Josifova DJ.; ''Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, a ponto-bulbar palsy with deafness, is caused by mutations in c20orf54.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  109. Schmuck EM, Board PG, Whitbread AK, Tetlow N, Cavanaugh JA, Blackburn AC, Masoumi A.; ''Characterization of the monomethylarsonate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities of Omega class glutathione transferase variants: implications for arsenic metabolism and the age-at-onset of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  110. Froese DS, Kochan G, Muniz JR, Wu X, Gileadi C, Ugochukwu E, Krysztofinska E, Gravel RA, Oppermann U, Yue WW.; ''Structures of the human GTPase MMAA and vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and insight into their complex formation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  112. Zhou B, Westaway SK, Levinson B, Johnson MA, Gitschier J, Hayflick SJ.; ''A novel pantothenate kinase gene (PANK2) is defective in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  113. Doolin MT, Barbaux S, McDonnell M, Hoess K, Whitehead AS, Mitchell LE.; ''Maternal genetic effects, exerted by genes involved in homocysteine remethylation, influence the risk of spina bifida.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  114. Yao Y, Yonezawa A, Yoshimatsu H, Masuda S, Katsura T, Inui K.; ''Identification and comparative functional characterization of a new human riboflavin transporter hRFT3 expressed in the brain.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  119. Ramaswamy G, Karim MA, Murti KG, Jackowski S.; ''PPARalpha controls the intracellular coenzyme A concentration via regulation of PANK1alpha gene expression.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  120. Coelho D, Kim JC, Miousse IR, Fung S, du Moulin M, Buers I, Suormala T, Burda P, Frapolli M, Stucki M, Nürnberg P, Thiele H, Robenek H, Höhne W, Longo N, Pasquali M, Mengel E, Watkins D, Shoubridge EA, Majewski J, Rosenblatt DS, Fowler B, Rutsch F, Baumgartner MR.; ''Mutations in ABCD4 cause a new inborn error of vitamin B12 metabolism.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114645view16:11, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113093view11:15, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112327view15:25, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101226view11:12, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100764view20:38, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100308view19:15, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
99854view15:58, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99412view14:35, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99099view12:39, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
94004view13:50, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93616view11:28, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86724view09:24, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83083view09:55, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81407view12:56, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76875view08:14, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76580view11:56, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
75913view09:56, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75613view10:47, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
74968view13:49, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74612view08:39, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamReactome46
44904view10:24, 6 October 2011MartijnVanIerselOntology Term : 'metabolic pathway of cofactors and vitamins' added !
42173view23:38, 4 March 2011MaintBotModified categories
42075view21:55, 4 March 2011MaintBotAutomatic update
39883view05:54, 21 January 2011MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
(4Fe-4S)(2+) MetaboliteCHEBI:33722 (ChEBI)
10-FTHFPGMetaboliteCHEBI:28010 (ChEBI)
2xAOX1:cofactorsComplexR-HSA-3204316 (Reactome)
2xENPP1ComplexR-HSA-196965 (Reactome)
2xGSTOsR-HSA-198809 (Reactome)
2xMMAA:2xMUT:AdoCblComplexR-HSA-3159272 (Reactome)
2xMMAA:2xMUTComplexR-HSA-3159295 (Reactome)
2xMOCS2-CO-S(1-):2xMOCS2BComplexR-HSA-947582 (Reactome)
2xMOCS2A:2xMOCS2BComplexR-HSA-947569 (Reactome)
2xMTHFD1ComplexR-HSA-200667 (Reactome)
2xMTHFRComplexR-HSA-200713 (Reactome)
2xNAPRT1ComplexR-HSA-389377 (Reactome)
2xNFS1:2xPXLPComplexR-HSA-947509 (Reactome)
2xPDXK:2xZn2+ComplexR-HSA-965005 (Reactome)
2xPNPO:2xFMNComplexR-HSA-964943 (Reactome)
2xPPCSComplexR-HSA-196775 (Reactome)
2xTPK1:Mg2+ComplexR-HSA-196971 (Reactome)
2xTRAPComplexR-HSA-196946 (Reactome)
3xGPHN:3xMg2+ComplexR-HSA-947576 (Reactome)
3xMMABComplexR-HSA-3159285 (Reactome)
3xPPCDC:3xFMNComplexR-HSA-196828 (Reactome)
4x(Btn-PC:Mn2+)ComplexR-HSA-3323188 (Reactome)
4x(PC:Mn2+)ComplexR-HSA-2993798 (Reactome)
4xNADK:Zn2+ComplexR-HSA-197222 (Reactome)
4xNMNAT3:4xMg2+ComplexR-HSA-200487 (Reactome)
4xSHMT1ComplexR-HSA-71243 (Reactome)
5,10-MTHFPGMetaboliteCHEBI:65049 (ChEBI)
5,10-MetTHFPGMetaboliteCHEBI:60473 (ChEBI)
6x(Btn-MCCC1:MCCC2)ComplexR-HSA-3323135 (Reactome)
6x(Btn-PCCA:PCCB)ComplexR-HSA-3323122 (Reactome)
6x(PCCA:PCCB)ComplexR-HSA-2993809 (Reactome)
6xMCCC1:6xMCCC2ComplexR-HSA-3323185 (Reactome)
6xNMNAT1:6xZn2+ComplexR-HSA-200489 (Reactome)
AASDHPPTProteinQ9NRN7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCC1ProteinP33527 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ABCD4ProteinO14678 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ACACA ProteinQ13085 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ACACA:2Mn2+ComplexR-HSA-2993826 (Reactome)
ACACB ProteinO00763 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ACACB:2Mn2+ComplexR-HSA-2993859 (Reactome)
ACP5 ProteinP13686 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ACSMetaboliteCHEBI:29044 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
AMN ProteinQ9BXJ7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AMPMetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
AOX1 ProteinQ06278 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
AdoCbl MetaboliteCHEBI:18408 (ChEBI)
AdoCblMetaboliteCHEBI:18408 (ChEBI)
AdoHcyMetaboliteCHEBI:16680 (ChEBI)
AdoMetMetaboliteCHEBI:15414 (ChEBI)
BCTNMetaboliteCHEBI:27870 (ChEBI)
BTDProteinP43251 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Btn-ACACA ProteinQ13085 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ComplexR-HSA-2993815 (Reactome)
Btn-ACACB ProteinO00763 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ComplexR-HSA-2993829 (Reactome)
Btn-MCCC1 ProteinQ96RQ3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Btn-PC ProteinP11498 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Btn-PCCA ProteinP05165 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
BtnMetaboliteCHEBI:15956 (ChEBI)
CD320 ProteinQ9NPF0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CD320ProteinQ9NPF0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CNCblMetaboliteCHEBI:17439 (ChEBI)
CO2MetaboliteCHEBI:16526 (ChEBI)
COASYProteinQ13057 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CUBN ProteinO60494 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CUBN:AMN:GIF:CblComplexR-HSA-3000141 (Reactome)
CUBN:AMNComplexR-HSA-264830 (Reactome)
CUBN:AMNComplexR-HSA-3000138 (Reactome)
CYB5A ProteinP00167 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CYB5A:ferrihemeComplexR-HSA-198772 (Reactome)
CYB5A:hemeComplexR-HSA-198808 (Reactome)
CYB5R3:FADComplexR-HSA-198850 (Reactome)
Cbl MetaboliteCHEBI:28911 (ChEBI)
CblMetaboliteCHEBI:28911 (ChEBI)
CoA-SHMetaboliteCHEBI:15346 (ChEBI)
CysS-MOCS3 ProteinO95396 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DA-NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:18304 (ChEBI)
DHFMetaboliteCHEBI:15633 (ChEBI)
DHFRProteinP00374 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DHFRR-HSA-2975817 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
DHvitCMetaboliteCHEBI:17242 (ChEBI)
DP-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:15468 (ChEBI)
ENPP1 ProteinP22413 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FAD MetaboliteCHEBI:16238 (ChEBI)
FADMetaboliteCHEBI:16238 (ChEBI)
FASNProteinP49327 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FLAD1ProteinQ8NFF5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FMN MetaboliteCHEBI:17621 (ChEBI)
FMNMetaboliteCHEBI:17621 (ChEBI)
FOLAMetaboliteCHEBI:27470 (ChEBI)
FPGS-1ProteinQ05932-1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FPGS-2ProteinQ05932-2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FeHM MetaboliteCHEBI:36144 (ChEBI)
Food proteins:CblComplexR-NUL-3132775 (Reactome)
Food proteinsR-NUL-3132772 (Reactome)
GIF ProteinP27352 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GIF:CblComplexR-HSA-3000147 (Reactome)
GIF:CblComplexR-HSA-3000280 (Reactome)
GIF:CblComplexR-HSA-3000295 (Reactome)
GIFProteinP27352 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GLUT1,3R-HSA-198841 (Reactome)
GPHN ProteinQ9NQX3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GSHMetaboliteCHEBI:16856 (ChEBI)
GSSGMetaboliteCHEBI:17858 (ChEBI)
GTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
GluMetaboliteCHEBI:16015 (ChEBI)
GlyMetaboliteCHEBI:15428 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2O2MetaboliteCHEBI:16240 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
HCNMetaboliteCHEBI:18407 (ChEBI)
HCOOHMetaboliteCHEBI:30751 (ChEBI)
HCYSMetaboliteCHEBI:17230 (ChEBI)
HLCSProteinP50747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
L-AlaMetaboliteCHEBI:16977 (ChEBI)
L-CysMetaboliteCHEBI:17561 (ChEBI)
L-GlnMetaboliteCHEBI:18050 (ChEBI)
L-GluMetaboliteCHEBI:16015 (ChEBI)
L-LysMetaboliteCHEBI:18019 (ChEBI)
L-MM-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:15465 (ChEBI)
L-MetMetaboliteCHEBI:16643 (ChEBI)
LMBRD1ProteinQ9NUN5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCCC1 ProteinQ96RQ3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCCC2 ProteinQ9HCC0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MDASCMetaboliteCHEBI:16504 (ChEBI)
MMAA ProteinQ8IVH4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MMAB ProteinQ96EY8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MMACHC ProteinQ9Y4U1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MMACHC:MMADHC:cob(II)alaminComplexR-HSA-3149533 (Reactome)
MMACHC:MMADHCComplexR-HSA-3149532 (Reactome)
MMACHC:cob(II)alaminComplexR-HSA-3095903 (Reactome)
MMACHCProteinQ9Y4U1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MMADHC ProteinQ9H3L0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MMADHCProteinQ9H3L0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MNAMetaboliteCHEBI:16797 (ChEBI)
MOCOS ProteinQ96EN8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MOCOS:PXLPComplexR-HSA-947511 (Reactome)
MOCS1-1 ProteinQ9NZB8-1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MOCS1A ProteinQ9NZB8-5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MOCS2 ProteinO96007 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MOCS2 ProteinO96033 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MOCS2ProteinO96033 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MOCS3 ProteinO95396 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MOCS3-S-S(1-):Zn2+ComplexR-HSA-947584 (Reactome)
MOCS3:Zn2+ (ox.)ComplexR-HSA-947568 (Reactome)
MOCS3:Zn2+ (red.)ComplexR-HSA-947543 (Reactome)
MPT MetaboliteCHEBI:44074 (ChEBI)
MPTMetaboliteCHEBI:58698 (ChEBI)
MTHFMetaboliteCHEBI:15641 (ChEBI)
MTHFD1 ProteinP11586 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTHFPGMetaboliteCHEBI:63907 (ChEBI)
MTHFR ProteinP42898 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTR ProteinQ99707 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTRR ProteinQ9UBK8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MTRR:MTR(MeCbl)ComplexR-HSA-3149551 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(I)alamin)ComplexR-HSA-3149516 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(II)alamin)ComplexR-HSA-3149544 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTRComplexR-HSA-3204322 (Reactome)
MUT ProteinP22033 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MeCbl MetaboliteCHEBI:28115 (ChEBI)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
Mg2+MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
Mn2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29035 (ChEBI)
MoCoMetaboliteCHEBI:25372 (ChEBI)
MoO4(2-)MetaboliteCHEBI:36264 (ChEBI)
MyrG-CYB5R3(2-301) ProteinP00387 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:15846 (ChEBI)
NADHMetaboliteCHEBI:16908 (ChEBI)
NADK ProteinO95544 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NADP+MetaboliteCHEBI:18009 (ChEBI)
NADPHMetaboliteCHEBI:16474 (ChEBI)
NADSYN1 ProteinQ6IA69 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NADSYN1 hexamerComplexR-HSA-197192 (Reactome)
NAMMetaboliteCHEBI:17154 (ChEBI)
NAMDR-HSA-197261 (Reactome)
NAMPTProteinP43490 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NAPRT1 ProteinQ6XQN6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCAMetaboliteCHEBI:15940 (ChEBI)
NFS1-2 ProteinQ9Y697-2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NH3MetaboliteCHEBI:16134 (ChEBI)
NH4+MetaboliteCHEBI:28938 (ChEBI)
NMNAT1 ProteinQ9HAN9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMNAT2 (Mg2+)ComplexR-HSA-197266 (Reactome)
NMNAT2 ProteinQ9BZQ4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NMNAT3 ProteinQ96T66 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Na+MetaboliteCHEBI:29101 (ChEBI)
Nicotinate D-ribonucleotideMetaboliteCHEBI:15763 (ChEBI)
O2MetaboliteCHEBI:15379 (ChEBI)
PANK1/3/4R-HSA-199195 (Reactome)
PANK2(111-570)ProteinQ9BZ23 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PAPMetaboliteCHEBI:17985 (ChEBI)
PC ProteinP11498 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCCA ProteinP05165 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCCB ProteinP05166 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PDXMetaboliteCHEBI:16709 (ChEBI)
PDXK ProteinO00764 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PDXPMetaboliteCHEBI:28803 (ChEBI)
PDXateMetaboliteCHEBI:17405 (ChEBI)
PDZD11 ProteinQ5EBL8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PGG2MetaboliteCHEBI:27647 (ChEBI)
PGH2MetaboliteCHEBI:15554 (ChEBI)
PGI2MetaboliteCHEBI:15552 (ChEBI)
PNPO ProteinQ9NVS9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPANTMetaboliteCHEBI:16858 (ChEBI)
PPCMetaboliteCHEBI:15769 (ChEBI)
PPCDC ProteinQ96CD2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPCS ProteinQ9HAB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPPMetaboliteCHEBI:15266 (ChEBI)
PPanKMetaboliteCHEBI:15905 (ChEBI)
PPiMetaboliteCHEBI:29888 (ChEBI)
PRPPMetaboliteCHEBI:17111 (ChEBI)
PRSS1,3,CTRB1,2R-HSA-3132763 (Reactome)
PTGIS,CYP8B1R-HSA-3222410 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
PTGS2 ProteinP35354 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PTGS2 dimerComplexR-HSA-140491 (Reactome)
PXAMetaboliteCHEBI:16410 (ChEBI)
PXAPMetaboliteCHEBI:18335 (ChEBI)
PXLMetaboliteCHEBI:17310 (ChEBI)
PXLP MetaboliteCHEBI:18405 (ChEBI)
PXLP-SHMT1 ProteinP34896 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PXLPMetaboliteCHEBI:18405 (ChEBI)
PanKMetaboliteCHEBI:7916 (ChEBI)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
Precursor ZMetaboliteCHEBI:59648 (ChEBI)
QPRTProteinQ15274 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
QUINMetaboliteCHEBI:46828 (ChEBI)
RFK ProteinQ969G6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RFK:Mg2+ComplexR-HSA-196954 (Reactome)
RIBMetaboliteCHEBI:17015 (ChEBI)
SLC19A1ProteinP41440 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC19A2/3R-HSA-199656 (Reactome)
SLC25A16ProteinP16260 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC25A32ProteinQ9H2D1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC46A1ProteinQ96NT5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC52A3ProteinQ9NQ40 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A6 ProteinQ9Y289 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SLC5A6:PDZD11ComplexR-HSA-5359005 (Reactome)
SOG-MOCS2 ProteinO96033 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SOG-MOCS2ProteinO96033 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUCC-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:15380 (ChEBI)
SVCT1/2R-HSA-198780 (Reactome)
SerMetaboliteCHEBI:17115 (ChEBI)
TCII ProteinP20062 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TCII:Cbl:CD320ComplexR-HSA-3000089 (Reactome)
TCII:CblComplexR-HSA-3000111 (Reactome)
TCII:CblComplexR-HSA-3000123 (Reactome)
TCII:CblComplexR-HSA-3000242 (Reactome)
TCIIProteinP20062 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TCN1 ProteinP20061 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TCN1:CblComplexR-HSA-3132765 (Reactome)
TCN1ProteinP20061 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TCN2 ProteinP20062 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TDPKR-HSA-997387 (Reactome)
THFMetaboliteCHEBI:15635 (ChEBI)
THFPGMetaboliteCHEBI:28624 (ChEBI)
THMNMetaboliteCHEBI:18385 (ChEBI)
THTPA ProteinQ9BU02 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
THTPA:Mg2+ComplexR-HSA-964948 (Reactome)
TPK1 ProteinQ9H3S4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ThDPMetaboliteCHEBI:9532 (ChEBI)
ThTPMetaboliteCHEBI:9534 (ChEBI)
VitCMetaboliteCHEBI:29073 (ChEBI)
Zn2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29105 (ChEBI)
cob(I)alamin MetaboliteCHEBI:15982 (ChEBI)
cob(I)alaminMetaboliteCHEBI:15982 (ChEBI)
cob(II)alamin MetaboliteCHEBI:16304 (ChEBI)
cob(II)alaminMetaboliteCHEBI:16304 (ChEBI)
dADEMetaboliteCHEBI:17319 (ChEBI)
e-MetaboliteCHEBI:10545 (ChEBI)
hCBXsR-HSA-3065950 (Reactome)
hCBXsR-HSA-3323101 (Reactome)
heme MetaboliteCHEBI:17627 (ChEBI)
heme b MetaboliteCHEBI:26355 (ChEBI)
holo-MOCS1ComplexR-HSA-947498 (Reactome)
sulfurated MoCoMetaboliteCHEBI:60102 (ChEBI)
unknown

cob(II)alamin

reductase		R-HSA-3968437 (Reactome)
unknown peptidaseR-HSA-3076890 (Reactome)
unknown peptidaseR-HSA-3076903 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
10-FTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200711 (Reactome)
10-FTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200740 (Reactome)
10-FTHFPGR-HSA-200661 (Reactome)
2xAOX1:cofactorsmim-catalysisR-HSA-3204311 (Reactome)
2xENPP1mim-catalysisR-HSA-196955 (Reactome)
2xGSTOsmim-catalysisR-HSA-198813 (Reactome)
2xMMAA:2xMUT:AdoCblArrowR-HSA-3159259 (Reactome)
2xMMAA:2xMUT:AdoCblmim-catalysisR-HSA-71010 (Reactome)
2xMMAA:2xMUTR-HSA-3159259 (Reactome)
2xMOCS2-CO-S(1-):2xMOCS2BR-HSA-947541 (Reactome)
2xMOCS2-CO-S(1-):2xMOCS2Bmim-catalysisR-HSA-947541 (Reactome)
2xMOCS2A:2xMOCS2BArrowR-HSA-947541 (Reactome)
2xMTHFD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200644 (Reactome)
2xMTHFD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200661 (Reactome)
2xMTHFD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200711 (Reactome)
2xMTHFD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200718 (Reactome)
2xMTHFD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200740 (Reactome)
2xMTHFRmim-catalysisR-HSA-200676 (Reactome)
2xNAPRT1mim-catalysisR-HSA-197186 (Reactome)
2xNFS1:2xPXLPmim-catalysisR-HSA-947514 (Reactome)
2xPDXK:2xZn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-964958 (Reactome)
2xPDXK:2xZn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-964962 (Reactome)
2xPDXK:2xZn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-964970 (Reactome)
2xPNPO:2xFMNmim-catalysisR-HSA-965019 (Reactome)
2xPNPO:2xFMNmim-catalysisR-HSA-965079 (Reactome)
2xPPCSmim-catalysisR-HSA-196753 (Reactome)
2xTPK1:Mg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-196761 (Reactome)
2xTRAPmim-catalysisR-HSA-196950 (Reactome)
3xGPHN:3xMg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
3xMMABmim-catalysisR-HSA-3159253 (Reactome)
3xPPCDC:3xFMNmim-catalysisR-HSA-196840 (Reactome)
4x(Btn-PC:Mn2+)ArrowR-HSA-2993802 (Reactome)
4x(PC:Mn2+)R-HSA-2993802 (Reactome)
4xNADK:Zn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-197198 (Reactome)
4xNMNAT3:4xMg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-200474 (Reactome)
4xSHMT1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200651 (Reactome)
4xSHMT1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200735 (Reactome)
5,10-MTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200644 (Reactome)
5,10-MTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200661 (Reactome)
5,10-MTHFPGR-HSA-200718 (Reactome)
5,10-MTHFPGR-HSA-200740 (Reactome)
5,10-MetTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200718 (Reactome)
5,10-MetTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200735 (Reactome)
5,10-MetTHFPGR-HSA-200644 (Reactome)
5,10-MetTHFPGR-HSA-200651 (Reactome)
5,10-MetTHFPGR-HSA-200676 (Reactome)
6x(Btn-MCCC1:MCCC2)ArrowR-HSA-2993799 (Reactome)
6x(Btn-PCCA:PCCB)ArrowR-HSA-2993447 (Reactome)
6x(PCCA:PCCB)R-HSA-2993447 (Reactome)
6xMCCC1:6xMCCC2R-HSA-2993799 (Reactome)
6xNMNAT1:6xZn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-200512 (Reactome)
AASDHPPTmim-catalysisR-HSA-199202 (Reactome)
ABCC1mim-catalysisR-HSA-3095901 (Reactome)
ABCD4mim-catalysisR-HSA-5223313 (Reactome)
ACACA:2Mn2+R-HSA-2993814 (Reactome)
ACACB:2Mn2+R-HSA-4167511 (Reactome)
ACSR-HSA-197187 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-196773 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-196857 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-196964 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-197198 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-197958 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-199203 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-200681 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-200682 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-200711 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-3095901 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-5223313 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-964958 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-964962 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-964970 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-997381 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-196753 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-196761 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-196955 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-2993447 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-2993799 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-2993802 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-2993814 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-4167511 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-196753 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-196754 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-196761 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-196773 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-196857 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-196929 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-196964 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-197198 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-197235 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-197958 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-199203 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-200474 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-200512 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-200681 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-200682 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-200711 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-2993447 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-2993799 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-2993802 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-2993814 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-3095901 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-3159253 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-4167511 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-5223313 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-964958 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-964962 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-964970 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-997381 (Reactome)
AdoCblArrowR-HSA-3159253 (Reactome)
AdoCblR-HSA-3159259 (Reactome)
AdoHcyArrowR-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
AdoMetR-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
AdoMetR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
BCTNArrowR-HSA-3065958 (Reactome)
BCTNArrowR-HSA-3065959 (Reactome)
BCTNArrowR-HSA-3076881 (Reactome)
BCTNArrowR-HSA-4167501 (Reactome)
BCTNR-HSA-3076881 (Reactome)
BCTNR-HSA-3076905 (Reactome)
BCTNR-HSA-4167509 (Reactome)
BTDmim-catalysisR-HSA-3076905 (Reactome)
BTDmim-catalysisR-HSA-4167509 (Reactome)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ArrowR-HSA-2993814 (Reactome)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+R-HSA-3065958 (Reactome)
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ArrowR-HSA-4167511 (Reactome)
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+R-HSA-4167501 (Reactome)
BtnArrowR-HSA-199219 (Reactome)
BtnArrowR-HSA-3076905 (Reactome)
BtnArrowR-HSA-4167509 (Reactome)
BtnR-HSA-199219 (Reactome)
BtnR-HSA-2993447 (Reactome)
BtnR-HSA-2993799 (Reactome)
BtnR-HSA-2993802 (Reactome)
BtnR-HSA-2993814 (Reactome)
BtnR-HSA-4167511 (Reactome)
CD320ArrowR-HSA-3000109 (Reactome)
CD320R-HSA-3000122 (Reactome)
CD320mim-catalysisR-HSA-3000122 (Reactome)
CNCblR-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
CO2ArrowR-HSA-196840 (Reactome)
CO2ArrowR-HSA-197268 (Reactome)
COASYmim-catalysisR-HSA-196754 (Reactome)
COASYmim-catalysisR-HSA-196773 (Reactome)
CUBN:AMN:GIF:CblArrowR-HSA-3000103 (Reactome)
CUBN:AMN:GIF:CblR-HSA-3000137 (Reactome)
CUBN:AMNArrowR-HSA-3000137 (Reactome)
CUBN:AMNR-HSA-3000103 (Reactome)
CYB5A:ferrihemeArrowR-HSA-198845 (Reactome)
CYB5A:ferrihemeR-HSA-198824 (Reactome)
CYB5A:hemeArrowR-HSA-198824 (Reactome)
CYB5A:hemeR-HSA-198845 (Reactome)
CYB5A:hememim-catalysisR-HSA-198845 (Reactome)
CYB5R3:FADmim-catalysisR-HSA-198824 (Reactome)
CblArrowR-HSA-3000238 (Reactome)
CblArrowR-HSA-3000243 (Reactome)
CblArrowR-HSA-3000263 (Reactome)
CblArrowR-HSA-3095901 (Reactome)
CblArrowR-HSA-3132753 (Reactome)
CblArrowR-HSA-5223313 (Reactome)
CblR-HSA-3000074 (Reactome)
CblR-HSA-3000120 (Reactome)
CblR-HSA-3000238 (Reactome)
CblR-HSA-3095889 (Reactome)
CblR-HSA-3095901 (Reactome)
CblR-HSA-3245898 (Reactome)
CblR-HSA-5223313 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-196773 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-199216 (Reactome)
CoA-SHR-HSA-199202 (Reactome)
CoA-SHR-HSA-199216 (Reactome)
DA-NAD+ArrowR-HSA-197235 (Reactome)
DA-NAD+ArrowR-HSA-200474 (Reactome)
DA-NAD+ArrowR-HSA-200512 (Reactome)
DA-NAD+R-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
DHFArrowR-HSA-197963 (Reactome)
DHFR-HSA-197972 (Reactome)
DHFRmim-catalysisR-HSA-197963 (Reactome)
DHFRmim-catalysisR-HSA-197972 (Reactome)
DHvitCArrowR-HSA-198818 (Reactome)
DHvitCR-HSA-198813 (Reactome)
DHvitCR-HSA-198818 (Reactome)
DP-CoAArrowR-HSA-196754 (Reactome)
DP-CoAR-HSA-196773 (Reactome)
FADArrowR-HSA-196929 (Reactome)
FADR-HSA-196955 (Reactome)
FADTBarR-HSA-3165230 (Reactome)
FASNArrowR-HSA-199202 (Reactome)
FASNR-HSA-199202 (Reactome)
FLAD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-196929 (Reactome)
FMNArrowR-HSA-196955 (Reactome)
FMNArrowR-HSA-196964 (Reactome)
FMNR-HSA-196929 (Reactome)
FMNR-HSA-196950 (Reactome)
FMNTBarR-HSA-3165230 (Reactome)
FOLAArrowR-HSA-200646 (Reactome)
FOLAArrowR-HSA-200729 (Reactome)
FOLAR-HSA-197963 (Reactome)
FOLAR-HSA-200646 (Reactome)
FOLAR-HSA-200729 (Reactome)
FPGS-1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200682 (Reactome)
FPGS-2mim-catalysisR-HSA-197958 (Reactome)
FPGS-2mim-catalysisR-HSA-200681 (Reactome)
Food proteins:CblR-HSA-3132759 (Reactome)
Food proteinsArrowR-HSA-3132759 (Reactome)
GIF:CblArrowR-HSA-3000120 (Reactome)
GIF:CblArrowR-HSA-3000137 (Reactome)
GIF:CblArrowR-HSA-3000247 (Reactome)
GIF:CblR-HSA-3000103 (Reactome)
GIF:CblR-HSA-3000243 (Reactome)
GIF:CblR-HSA-3000247 (Reactome)
GIFR-HSA-3000120 (Reactome)
GLUT1,3mim-catalysisR-HSA-198818 (Reactome)
GSHR-HSA-198813 (Reactome)
GSSGArrowR-HSA-198813 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
GluR-HSA-200682 (Reactome)
GlyArrowR-HSA-200735 (Reactome)
GlyR-HSA-200651 (Reactome)
H+ArrowR-HSA-200644 (Reactome)
H+ArrowR-HSA-3149560 (Reactome)
H+ArrowR-HSA-947541 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-197186 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-197268 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-197963 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-197972 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-198824 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-200676 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-200718 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-2309773 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-3095889 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
H2O2ArrowR-HSA-3204311 (Reactome)
H2O2ArrowR-HSA-965019 (Reactome)
H2O2ArrowR-HSA-965079 (Reactome)
H2OArrowR-HSA-197187 (Reactome)
H2OArrowR-HSA-200661 (Reactome)
H2OArrowR-HSA-2309773 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-196950 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-196955 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-197201 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-200740 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-3095901 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-3204311 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-5223313 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-947541 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-965067 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-965079 (Reactome)
HCNArrowR-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
HCOOHR-HSA-200711 (Reactome)
HCYSR-HSA-174374 (Reactome)
HLCSmim-catalysisR-HSA-2993447 (Reactome)
HLCSmim-catalysisR-HSA-2993799 (Reactome)
HLCSmim-catalysisR-HSA-2993802 (Reactome)
HLCSmim-catalysisR-HSA-2993814 (Reactome)
HLCSmim-catalysisR-HSA-4167511 (Reactome)
L-AlaArrowR-HSA-947499 (Reactome)
L-AlaArrowR-HSA-947514 (Reactome)
L-CysR-HSA-196753 (Reactome)
L-CysR-HSA-947499 (Reactome)
L-CysR-HSA-947514 (Reactome)
L-GlnR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
L-GluArrowR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
L-GluR-HSA-197958 (Reactome)
L-GluR-HSA-200681 (Reactome)
L-LysArrowR-HSA-3076905 (Reactome)
L-LysArrowR-HSA-4167509 (Reactome)
L-MM-CoAR-HSA-71010 (Reactome)
L-MetArrowR-HSA-174374 (Reactome)
L-MetArrowR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
LMBRD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-3000238 (Reactome)
MDASCR-HSA-198845 (Reactome)
MMACHC:MMADHC:cob(II)alaminArrowR-HSA-3149494 (Reactome)
MMACHC:MMADHC:cob(II)alaminR-HSA-3149492 (Reactome)
MMACHC:MMADHC:cob(II)alaminR-HSA-3149563 (Reactome)
MMACHC:MMADHCArrowR-HSA-3149492 (Reactome)
MMACHC:MMADHCArrowR-HSA-3149563 (Reactome)
MMACHC:cob(II)alaminArrowR-HSA-3095889 (Reactome)
MMACHC:cob(II)alaminArrowR-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
MMACHC:cob(II)alaminR-HSA-3149494 (Reactome)
MMACHCR-HSA-3095889 (Reactome)
MMACHCR-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
MMACHCmim-catalysisR-HSA-3095889 (Reactome)
MMACHCmim-catalysisR-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
MMADHCR-HSA-3149494 (Reactome)
MNAArrowR-HSA-2309773 (Reactome)
MOCOS:PXLPmim-catalysisR-HSA-947499 (Reactome)
MOCS2R-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
MOCS3-S-S(1-):Zn2+ArrowR-HSA-947514 (Reactome)
MOCS3-S-S(1-):Zn2+R-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
MOCS3-S-S(1-):Zn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
MOCS3:Zn2+ (ox.)ArrowR-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
MOCS3:Zn2+ (red.)R-HSA-947514 (Reactome)
MPTArrowR-HSA-947541 (Reactome)
MPTR-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
MTHFArrowR-HSA-200652 (Reactome)
MTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200676 (Reactome)
MTHFPGArrowR-HSA-200681 (Reactome)
MTHFR-HSA-200652 (Reactome)
MTHFR-HSA-200681 (Reactome)
MTHFR-HSA-3149539 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(MeCbl)ArrowR-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(MeCbl)ArrowR-HSA-3149539 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(MeCbl)R-HSA-174374 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(MeCbl)mim-catalysisR-HSA-174374 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(I)alamin)ArrowR-HSA-174374 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(I)alamin)R-HSA-3149539 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(I)alamin)mim-catalysisR-HSA-3149539 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(II)alamin)ArrowR-HSA-3204318 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(II)alamin)R-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTR(cob(II)alamin)mim-catalysisR-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
MTRR:MTRR-HSA-3204318 (Reactome)
Mg2+ArrowR-HSA-197186 (Reactome)
MoCoArrowR-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
MoCoR-HSA-947499 (Reactome)
MoO4(2-)R-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
NAD+ArrowR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
NAD+ArrowR-HSA-198824 (Reactome)
NAD+ArrowR-HSA-3149560 (Reactome)
NAD+R-HSA-197198 (Reactome)
NADHR-HSA-198824 (Reactome)
NADHR-HSA-3149560 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-197198 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-197963 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-197972 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-200676 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-200718 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-3095889 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
NADP+R-HSA-200644 (Reactome)
NADPHArrowR-HSA-200644 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-197963 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-197972 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-200676 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-200718 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-3095889 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-3149518 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-3149519 (Reactome)
NADSYN1 hexamermim-catalysisR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
NAMDmim-catalysisR-HSA-197201 (Reactome)
NAMPTmim-catalysisR-HSA-197250 (Reactome)
NAMR-HSA-197201 (Reactome)
NAMR-HSA-197250 (Reactome)
NCAArrowR-HSA-197201 (Reactome)
NCAR-HSA-197186 (Reactome)
NH3ArrowR-HSA-197201 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowR-HSA-965079 (Reactome)
NMNAT2 (Mg2+)mim-catalysisR-HSA-197235 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowR-HSA-198870 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowR-HSA-199206 (Reactome)
Na+ArrowR-HSA-199219 (Reactome)
Na+R-HSA-198870 (Reactome)
Na+R-HSA-199206 (Reactome)
Na+R-HSA-199219 (Reactome)
Nicotinate D-ribonucleotideArrowR-HSA-197186 (Reactome)
Nicotinate D-ribonucleotideArrowR-HSA-197250 (Reactome)
Nicotinate D-ribonucleotideArrowR-HSA-197268 (Reactome)
Nicotinate D-ribonucleotideR-HSA-197235 (Reactome)
Nicotinate D-ribonucleotideR-HSA-200474 (Reactome)
Nicotinate D-ribonucleotideR-HSA-200512 (Reactome)
O2R-HSA-3204311 (Reactome)
O2R-HSA-965019 (Reactome)
O2R-HSA-965079 (Reactome)
PANK1/3/4mim-catalysisR-HSA-199203 (Reactome)
PANK2(111-570)mim-catalysisR-HSA-196857 (Reactome)
PAPArrowR-HSA-199202 (Reactome)
PDXPArrowR-HSA-964962 (Reactome)
PDXPR-HSA-965019 (Reactome)
PDXR-HSA-964962 (Reactome)
PDXateArrowR-HSA-3204311 (Reactome)
PGG2R-HSA-2309773 (Reactome)
PGH2ArrowR-HSA-2309773 (Reactome)
PGH2R-HSA-76496 (Reactome)
PGI2ArrowR-HSA-76496 (Reactome)
PPANTArrowR-HSA-196840 (Reactome)
PPANTR-HSA-196754 (Reactome)
PPCArrowR-HSA-196753 (Reactome)
PPCR-HSA-196840 (Reactome)
PPPArrowR-HSA-3159253 (Reactome)
PPanKArrowR-HSA-196857 (Reactome)
PPanKArrowR-HSA-199203 (Reactome)
PPanKR-HSA-196753 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-196753 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-196754 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-196929 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-197186 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-197235 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-197250 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-197268 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-197271 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-200474 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-200512 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-2993447 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-2993799 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-2993802 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-2993814 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-4167511 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-947531 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
PRPPR-HSA-197186 (Reactome)
PRPPR-HSA-197250 (Reactome)
PRPPR-HSA-197268 (Reactome)
PRSS1,3,CTRB1,2mim-catalysisR-HSA-3132753 (Reactome)
PTGIS,CYP8B1mim-catalysisR-HSA-76496 (Reactome)
PTGS2 dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-2309773 (Reactome)
PXAPArrowR-HSA-964958 (Reactome)
PXAPR-HSA-965079 (Reactome)
PXAR-HSA-964958 (Reactome)
PXLPArrowR-HSA-964970 (Reactome)
PXLPArrowR-HSA-965019 (Reactome)
PXLPArrowR-HSA-965079 (Reactome)
PXLR-HSA-3204311 (Reactome)
PXLR-HSA-964970 (Reactome)
PanKArrowR-HSA-199206 (Reactome)
PanKR-HSA-196857 (Reactome)
PanKR-HSA-199203 (Reactome)
PanKR-HSA-199206 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-196950 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-197958 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-200681 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-200682 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-200711 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-3095901 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-5223313 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-965067 (Reactome)
Precursor ZArrowR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
Precursor ZR-HSA-947541 (Reactome)
QPRTmim-catalysisR-HSA-197268 (Reactome)
QUINArrowR-HSA-197187 (Reactome)
QUINR-HSA-197268 (Reactome)
R-HSA-174374 (Reactome) A methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is transferred to homocysteine (HCYS) via a meCbl intermediate, forming methionine (L-Met) (Leclerc et al. 1996).
R-HSA-196753 (Reactome) The conjugation of cysteine (Cys) and 4'- phosphopantothenate (PPanK) to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) , coupled to the conversion of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate, is catalyzed by cytosolic phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase (PPCS aka Phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthase or PPC synthase). Mammalian PPCS prefers ATP to CTP, unlike the E. coli ortholog (Daughtery et al. 2002; Manoj et al. 2003).
R-HSA-196754 (Reactome) The adenylyl transferase activity of bifunctional coenzyme A synthase (COASY) catalyzes the transfer of an adenylyl group from ATP to pantetheinephosphate (PPANT) to form dephospho-Coenzyme A (DP-CoA) (Daugherty et al. 2002). The enzyme is associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane (Zhyvoloup et al. 2003).
R-HSA-196761 (Reactome) Cytosolic thiamin pyrophosphokinase (TPK1) catalyzes the reaction of thiamin (THMN) and ATP to form thiamin diphosphate (ThDP aka thiamin pyrophosphate) and ADP. ThDP is an active cofactor for transketolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, enzymes involved in glycolysis and energy production. The gene encoding the human enzyme has been cloned and its protein product has been shown to have TPK1 activity (Nosaka et al. 2001; Zhao et al. 2001). Its homodomeric structure and association with Mg2+ are inferred from properties of the homologous yeast enzyme (Baker et al. 2001).
R-HSA-196773 (Reactome) The kinase activity of CoA synthase (COASY) catalyzes the phosphorylation of dephospho-CoA to form Coenzyme A (CoA-SH). The enzyme is located in the mitochondrial outer membrane (Daugherty et al. 2002; Zhyvoloup et al. 2003).
R-HSA-196840 (Reactome) The decarboxylation of phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) to 4'-phosphopantetheine (PPANT) is carried out by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (PPCDC). PPCDC is cytosolic and exists as a homotrimer, binding one FMN cofactor per subunit. While a second isoform has been inferred from large-scale sequnceing studies, it lacks the protein's FMN-binding domain and would thus appear to be nonfunctional if it is expressed.
R-HSA-196857 (Reactome) Pantothenate kinase 2 catalyzes the reaction of ATP and pantothenate to form ADP and phosphopantothenate. While pantothenate kinase 2 co-purifies with mitocondria, its precise location within the mitochondrion has not been established (Hortnagel et al. 2003; Johnson et al. 2004). Recent work by Leonardi et al. (2007) supports a model in which the enzyme is located in the intermembrane space, hence freely accessible to small molecules from the cytosol.Pantothenate is phosphorylated by pantothenate kinase (PANK). Deficiencies in PANK2 cause a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with iron accumulation in the brain, but the relationship between disease symptoms and pantothenate metabolism remains unclear (Zhou et al. 2001; Zhang et al. 2006).
R-HSA-196929 (Reactome) FMN can be phosphorylated and adenylated to produce the second cofactor from riboflavin origins, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The enzyme responsible , FMN adenylyltransferase (FLAD1 aka FAD synthase), is cytosolic and transfers a phosphate and an adenyl group from ATP to form FAD.
R-HSA-196950 (Reactome) Cytosolic, homodimeric tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (TRAP) catalyzes the hydrolysis of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to yield riboflavin (RIB) and orthophosphate.
R-HSA-196955 (Reactome) Phosphatase action on flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) can reform flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The enzyme performing the reaction is nucleotide pyrophosphatase (ENPP1) and it exists as a homodimer on the plasma membrane.
R-HSA-196964 (Reactome) Phosphorylation of riboflavin (RIB) results in the formation of the first cofactor, flavin mononucleotide (FMN). This reaction is catalyzed by riboflavin kinase (RFK), a cytosolic enzyme existing as a monomer. It utilizes either zinc or magnesium ions in the reaction.
R-HSA-197186 (Reactome) Cytosolic nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NaPRT) catalyzes the Mg++-dependent reaction of nicotinate and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate to form nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN, nicotinate D-ribonucleotide) and pyrophosphate. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Preiss and Handler 1958; Niedel and Dietrich 1973; Hara et al. 2007).
R-HSA-197187 (Reactome) Cytosolic 2-amino 3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde reacts non-enzymatically to form quinolinate and water (Fukuoka et al. 1998).
R-HSA-197198 (Reactome) NAD+ kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to NAD+, forming NADP+. This is the only way to generate NADP+ in all living organisms. The enzyme requires a divalent metal to be effective. Zn2+ is the best metal for this purpose.
R-HSA-197201 (Reactome) Nicotinamide deaminase (NAMD) deaminates nicotinamide to nicotinate. There is no literature on the human enzyme but there is evidence showing a marked nicotinamide deaminase activity when red blood cells are infected with Plasmodium falciparum (Zerez C. et al, 1990). What is not clear is whether this activity is stimulated by the parasite or encoded by its genome.
R-HSA-197235 (Reactome) NMNAT2 catalyzes the reaction of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide and ATP to form deamino-NAD+ (nicotinate adenine dinucleotide) and pyrophosphate (Sorci et al. 2007). The active form of the enzyme is a monomer in vitro (Raffaelli et al. 2002). Although the predicted amino acid sequence of the enzyme lacks an obvious signal sequence or transmembrane domain (Yalowitz et al. 2004), recombinant FLAG-tagged protein expressed in HeLa cells localizes predominantly to the Golgi apparatus (Berger et al. 2005). Its localization within the Golgi apparatus is unknown and the annotation here is based on the plausible but speculative assumption that the enzyme is associated with the Gogi membrane and accessible from the cytosol. Immunostaining studies indicate that the protein is abundant in Islets of Langerhans and in several regions of the brain (Yalowitz et al. 2004).
R-HSA-197250 (Reactome) Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NamPRT) catalyzes the condensation of nicotinamide with 5- phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide (NMN), an intermediate in the biosynthesis of NAD. It is the rate limiting component in the mammalian NAD biosynthesis pathway.
R-HSA-197268 (Reactome) The enzyme, nicotinate nucleotide pyrophosphorylase, is specific for quinolinate. Its activity is strictly dependent on Mg2+ ions being present. A phosphoribosyl group is transferred to quinolinate to form nicotinate D-ribonucleotide. This reaction represents another rate-limiting step of the pathway from tryptophan to NAD+.
R-HSA-197271 (Reactome) NAD synthase catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of NAD+, both in the de novo synthesis and in the salvage pathways. The enzyme makes use of glutamine as an amide donor in the reaction. NAD synthase exists as a homohexamer in the cytosol. There are two forms of NAD synthase in humans, NADsyn1 and NADsyn2. The major difference between the two forms is that NADsyn1 appears to be glutamine-dependent whereas NADsyn2 is strictly ammonia-dependent.
R-HSA-197958 (Reactome) Cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthase catalyzes the reaction of THF-glutamate(n), L-glutamate, and ATP to form THF-glutamate(n+1), ADP, and orthophosphate. (The first glutamate residue is attached to the glutamate moiety of THF itself; for convenience the process is annotated here as if it proceeded in a single concerted step.) The extent of conjugation is variable, but the commonest cytosolic form of THF has five added glutamate residues. Although its properties as a donor of one-carbon units are not affected by glutamate addition, THF that lacks added glutamate residues cannot be retained in the cytosol so this reaction is needed for normal THF function under physiological conditions (Garrow et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1996).
R-HSA-197963 (Reactome) Cytosolic dihydrofolate reductase catalyzes the reaction of folate, NADPH, and H+ to form dihydrofolate and NADP+ (Chen et al. 1984; Davies et al. 1990).
R-HSA-197972 (Reactome) Cytosolic dihydrofolate reductase catalyzes the reaction of dihydrofolate, NADPH, and H+ to form tetrahydrofolate (THF) and NADP+ (Chen et al. 1984; Davies et al. 1990).
R-HSA-198813 (Reactome) Cytosolic omega class glutathione transferases (GSTO1 and GSTO2) catalyze the reaction of dehydroascorbate (DHvitC) and glutathione (GSH) to form ascorbate (VitC) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The GSTO enzymes occur as homodimers (Board et al. 2000), and while both have dehydroascorbate reductase activity in vitro, that of GSTO2 is much greater than that of GSTO1 (Schmuck et al. 2005). Polymorphisms affecting the activities of the two enzymes have been described (Whitbread et al. 2005).
R-HSA-198818 (Reactome) The uptake of extracellular dehydroascorbate into the cytosol is mediated by GLUT1 and GLUT3 associated with the plasma membrane (Rumsey et al. 1997, 2000). This process may play a significant role in ascorbate utilization in the central nervous system (Agus et al. 1997). The process is efficiently competitively inhibited by glucose, leading to the suggestion that inhibited dehydroascorbate uptake may contribute to the pathology of diabetes (Liang et al. 2001; Rumsey et al. 2000).
R-HSA-198824 (Reactome) Cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R3) catalyzes the reduction of cytosolic ferric CYB5A (CYB5A:ferriheme) to ferrous CYPB5A (CYB5A:heme), coupled to the conversion of NADH to NAD+ (Shirabe et al. 1995). CYB5R3 is associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane via a myristoyl group added post-translationally to glycine residue 2 of the protein (Borgese et al. 1993).
R-HSA-198845 (Reactome) The reduction of cytosolic semidehydroascorbate (SDA) to ascorbate (vitC) is catalyzed by cytochrome B5 (CYB5A) associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane. In the course of the reaction, the heme iron of the cytochrome is oxidized (Linster & Van Schaftingen 2007, Shirabe et al. 1995).
R-HSA-198870 (Reactome) The plasma membrane-associated transport proteins SVCT1 and SVCT2 are each capable of mediating the uptake of one molecule of ascorbate (VitC) and two sodium ions from the extracellular space to the cytosol (Daruwala et al. 1999; Rajan et al. 1999; Wang et al. 1999). In the body SVCT2 is expressed in most tissues, while SVCT1 is largely confined to epithelial cells (Liang et al. 2001). SVCT2 may mediate fetal uptake of ascorbate from the maternal circulation (Rajan et al. 1999). The transporters responsible for its uptake from the small intestine and for its release from enterocytes into the circulation have not been identified, although both SVCT1 and 2 are expressed in intestinal cells.
R-HSA-199202 (Reactome) Cytosolic AASDHPPT (alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase) catalyzes the transfer of a phosphopantetheine moiety from coenzyme A to serine 2156 within the ACP domain of FAS (fatty acyl synthase). Only a single human enzyme with phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity has been identified, and its broad substrate specificity suggests that it may be responsible as well for the postranslational modification of enzymes of lysine catabolism (Joshi et al. 2003; Praphanphoj et al. 2001).
R-HSA-199203 (Reactome) Cytosolic pantothenate kinases catalyze the reaction of ATP and pantothenate to form ADP and phosphopantothenate. This enzymatic activity has been demonstrated in crude cell extracts for two isoforms of mouse pantothenate kinase 1 (Rock et al. 2002) and for their human homologues (Ramaswamy and 2004). Two additional human genes, PANK3 and PANK4, encode closely related proteins but pantothenate kinase activity has not been demonstrated experimentally for them (Leonardi et al. 2005; Zhou et al. 2001).
R-HSA-199206 (Reactome) The plasma membrane-associated transport protein SLC5A6 (SMVT) mediates the uptake of one molecule of pantothenate (PanK) and two sodium ions from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Limited Northern blotting studies suggest that SLC5A6 is widely expressed, and abundant in placenta and small intestine. SLC5A6 may thus play a central role in pantothenate uptake. SLC5A6 also mediates the uptake of biotin and lipoate (Prasad et al. 1999, Wang et al. 1999). PDZ domain-containing protein 11 (PDZD11 aka AIPP1) is a cytosolic protein with a single PDZ domain which can bind to the C-terminal class 1 PDZ binding motif of SLC5A6, resulting in a significant induction of vitamin uptake over that with SLC5A6 alone (Nabokina et al. 2011).
R-HSA-199216 (Reactome) Graves disease carrier protein (SLC25A16), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediates the transport of cytosolic coenzyme A (CoA-SH) into the mitochondrial matrix. Evidence for this event is indirect. The protein has the sequence motifs expected for a transport protein, and yeast cells deficient in its homologue, Leu5p, fail to accumulate mitochondrial CoA-SH and can be rescued by expression of SLC25A16. At the same time, neither the yeast nor the human protein has been shown directly to function as a transporter (Prohl et al. 2001, Leonardi et al. 2007).
R-HSA-199219 (Reactome) The plasma membrane-associated transport protein SLC5A6 (aka sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter, SMVT) mediates the uptake of one molecule of biotin (Btn) and two sodium ions from the extracellular space to the cytosol. Limited Northern blotting studies suggest that SLC5A6 is widely expressed and abundant in placenta, liver and small intestine. SLC5A6 may thus play a central role in Btn uptake from dietary sources. SLC5A6 also mediates the uptake of pantothenate and lipoate (Prasad et al. 1999, Wang et al. 1999, Balamurugan et al. 2003). PDZ domain-containing protein 11 (PDZD11 aka AIPP1) is a cytosolic protein with a single PDZ domain which can bind to the C-terminal class 1 PDZ binding motif of SLC5A6, resulting in a significant induction of vitamin uptake over that with SLC5A6 alone (Nabokina et al. 2011).
R-HSA-199626 (Reactome) Two transport proteins, SLC19A2 (THTR1) and SLC19A3 (THTR2), associated with the plasma membrane, are each able to mediate the transport of extracellular thiamin into the cytosol. In the body, both transporters are widely distributed, and both are abundant in kidney and intestinal epithelia, consistent with their involvement in thiamin uptake under physiological conditions (Ashokkumar et al. 2006; Said et al. 2004; Subramanian et al. 2006 - J Biol Chem). The observation that mutations in SLC19A2 (THTR1) cause a progressive disorder that can be partially reversed by treatment with high doses of thiamin likewise suggests a role for this protein in thiamin uptake under normal conditions (Diaz et al. 1999; Fleming et al. 1999; Labay et al. 1999).

Two features of this transport process remain incompletely understood, however. First, mutations in SLC19A3 cause a progressive disorder that is responsive to biotin treatment (Zhou et al. 2005), although studies of cultured cells indicate that the protein has no affinity for biotin (Subramanian et al. 2006 - Am J Physiol). Also, studies to date provide little information about the mechanism by which thiamin, once taken up by epithelial cells in the intestine and kidney, is released from these cells into the blood.

R-HSA-200474 (Reactome) NMNAT3 catalyzes the reaction of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide and ATP to form deamino-NAD+ (nicotinate adenine dinucleotide) and pyrophosphate (Sorci et al. 2007). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer in vitro (Zhang et al. 2003). Recombinant FLAG-tagged protein expressed in HeLa cells localizes both to the cytosol and to mitochondria (Berger et al. 2005). The cytosolic protein is annotated here.
R-HSA-200512 (Reactome) NMNAT1 catalyzes the reaction of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide and ATP to form deamino-NAD+ (nicotinate adenine dinucleotide) and pyrophosphate (Schweiger et al. 2001). The active form of the enzyme in vitro is a hexamer (Zhou et al. 2002), and its activity is substantially greater in the presence of Zn++ than of Mg++ (Sorci et al. 2007). The predicted amino acid sequence of the enzyme contains a nuclear localization domain and the protein is observed to localize to the nucleus (Schweiger et al. 2001; Berger et al. 2005).
R-HSA-200644 (Reactome) The methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and NADP+ to form 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate, NADPH, and H+. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
R-HSA-200646 (Reactome) SLC46A1 protein in the plasma membrane mediates the reversible transport of folate between the extracellular space and the cytosol. Retention of folate within the cell is dependent on polyglutamate addition (Qiu et al. 2006; Chen et al. 1996).
R-HSA-200651 (Reactome) Cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and glycine to form tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate (THF polyglutamate) and serine. The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Renwick et al. 1998).
R-HSA-200652 (Reactome) SLC19A1 protein, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of extracellular 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and other reduced folates (Williams and Flintoff 1995; Ferguson and Flintoff 1999).
R-HSA-200661 (Reactome) The methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 10-formylTHF polyglutamate to form 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate and H2O. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
R-HSA-200676 (Reactome) Cytosolic MTHFR dimer catalyzes the reaction of 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate, NADPH, and H+ to form 5-methylTHF polyglutamate and NADP+. The specificity and importance of this reaction in vivo have been established through the study of patients deficient in the enzyme (Goyette et al. 1995).
R-HSA-200680 (Reactome) SLC25A32 protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane mediates the reversible transport of tetrahydrofolate between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. Retention of tetrahydrofolate within the mitochondrial matrix is dependent on mitochondrial polyglutamate addition (Titus and Moran 2000; Chen et al. 1996).
R-HSA-200681 (Reactome) Cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthase catalyzes the reaction of 5-methylTHF-glutamate(n), L-glutamate, and ATP to form 5-methylTHF-glutamate(n+1), ADP, and orthophosphate. (The first glutamate residue is attached to the glutamate moiety of 5-methylTHF itself; for convenience the process is annotated here as if it proceeded in a single concerted step.) The extent of conjugation is variable, but the commonest cytosolic form of 5-methylTHF has five added glutamate residues. Although its properties as a donor of one-carbon units are not affected by glutamate addition, 5-methylTHF that lacks added glutamate residues cannot be retained in the cytosol so this reaction is needed for normal 5-methylTHF function under physiological conditions (Garrow et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1996).
R-HSA-200682 (Reactome) Mitochondrial folylpolyglutamate synthase catalyzes the reaction of THF-glutamate(n), L-glutamate, and ATP to form THF-glutamate(n+1), ADP, and orthophosphate. (The first glutamate residue is attached to the glutamate moiety of THF itself; for convenience the process is annotated here as if it proceeded in a single concerted step.) The extent of conjugation is variable, but the commonest mitochondrial form of THF has six added glutamate residues. Although its properties as a donor of one-carbon units are not affected by glutamate addition, THF that lacks added glutamate residues cannot be retained in the mitochondrial matrix so this reaction is needed for normal THF function under physiological conditions. The mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of folylpolyglutamate synthase are encoded by the same gene - alternative splicing generates mRNA with or without an initial exon encoding a mitochondrial targeting sequence (Garrow et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1996).
R-HSA-200711 (Reactome) The formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reaction of THF polyglutamate, formate, and ATP to form 10-formylTHF polyglutamate, ADP, and orthophosphate. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
R-HSA-200718 (Reactome) The methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate, NADPH, and H+ to form 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and NADP+. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
R-HSA-200720 (Reactome) SLC25A32 protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane mediates the reversible transport of tetrahydrofolate between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. Retention of tetrahydrofolate within the mitochondrial matrix is dependent on mitochondrial polyglutamate addition (Titus and Moran 2000; Chen et al. 1996).
R-HSA-200729 (Reactome) SLC46A1 protein in the plasma membrane mediates the reversible transport of folate between the extracellular space and the cytosol. Retention of folate within the cell is dependent on polyglutamate addition. Although the SLC46A1 gene is expressed in several tissues in the body, this transporter appears to be primarily needed for absorption of dietary folate from the intestinal lumen (Qiu et al. 2006; Chen et al. 1996).
R-HSA-200735 (Reactome) Cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes the reversible reaction of tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate (THF polyglutamate) and serine to form 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and glycine. The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Renwick et al. 1998). In the body, this reaction is a major source of 5,10-methyleneTHF, which in turn is a critical precursor in the synthesis of dTMP.
R-HSA-200740 (Reactome) The methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate and H2O to form 10-formylTHF polyglutamate. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
R-HSA-2309773 (Reactome) Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2) exhibits a dual catalytic activity, a cyclooxygenase and a peroxidase. The peroxidase function converts prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) via a two-electron reduction (Hamberg et al. 1973, Hla & Neilson 1992, Swinney et al. 1997, Barnett et al. 1994).
R-HSA-2993447 (Reactome) Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme to 4 carboxylases which exist in their inactive apo forms. These apo-carboxylases are biotinylated to their active halo forms by the activity of biotin-protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010). HCLS is localised to the cytosol and mitochondrion so can perform this activity in either of these locations. Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of multiple carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). Propionyl-CoA carboxylase is most likely functional as a dodecamer, composed of six Btn-containing alpha subunits (PCCA) and six beta subunits (PCCB). The exact order in which this complex is constructed is unknown.
R-HSA-2993799 (Reactome) Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme to 4 carboxylases which exist in their inactive apo forms. In the cytosol, these apo carboxylases are biotinylated to their active halo forms by the activity of biotin-protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010). HCLS is localised to the cytosol and mitochondrion so can perform this activity in either of these locations. Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of multiple carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase is most likely functional as a dodecamer, composed of 6 Btn-containing alpha subunits (MCCC1) and six beta subunits (MCCC2). The exact order in which this complex is constructed is unknown.
R-HSA-2993802 (Reactome) Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme to 4 carboxylases which exist in their inactive apo forms. In the cytosol, these apo-carboxylases are biotinylated to their active halo forms by the activity of biotin-protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010). HCLS is localised to the cytosol and mitochondrion so can perform this activity in either of these locations. Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of multiple carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is homotetrameric, binds 1 Mn2+ and 1 Btn per PC subunit (Xiang & Tong 2008). The exact order in which this complex is constructed is unknown.
R-HSA-2993814 (Reactome) Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme for 5 carboxylases that exist in their inactive apo forms. In the cytosol and mitochondrion, these apo-carboxylases are biotinylated to their active holo forms by the activity of biotin protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Bailey et al. 2010, Hiratsuka et al. 1998). Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka early-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of all five carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). The first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids is performed by the biotin-dependent enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase [EC 6.4.1.2]. Acetyl CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 (ACACA and ACACB) have one Btn moiety covalently attached to each subunit (Abu-Elheiga et al. 1995). Eukaryotic acetyl-CoA carboxylases are heterodimers that can form catalytically active extended oligomers (Weatherly et al. 2004). Unlike the other biotin-dependent carboxylases that reside inside the mitochondrion, ACACA and B are located in the cytosol (shown here) and outer mitochondrial membrane respectively (Abu-Elheiga et al. 2000).
R-HSA-3000074 (Reactome) Transcobalamin (TCN, TC) is a vitamin B12-binding protein secreted by endothelial cells into plasma that facilitates the endocytosis of cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) into hepatocytes or cells requiring Cbl. Two TCN genes, TCN1 (aka haptocorrin) and TCN2, code for functional proteins (TCI and TCII respectively) that can bind Cbl (Johnston et al. 1989, Quadros et al. 1986, Wuerges et al. 2006). TCII can be bound to between 10-30% of the total circulating Cbl, the remaining Cbl bound to TCI and not available for uptake by cells outside of the liver. TCII transports Cbl used by tissues. The role of TCI carrying between 70-90% of the Cbl serum fraction is unknown. Free Cbl can be taken up by passive diffusion but only at concentrations that are never achieved in the body.
R-HSA-3000103 (Reactome) In the mucosal cells of the distal ileum, in preparation for internalisation, the gastric intrinsic factor:cobalamin (GIF:Cbl) complex interacts with cubilin (CUBN). CUBN is a cotransporter facilitating uptake of lipoproteins, vitamins and iron (Matthews et al. 2007). CUBN is in complex with protein amnionless (AMN), a necessary component which directs subcellular localization and endocytosis of GIF:Cbl (Fyfe et al. 2004, Anderson et al. 2010). Defects in CUBN and AMN both cause recessive hereditary megaloblastic anemia 1 (RH-MGA1 aka MGA1 Norwegian type or Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, I-GS; MIM:261100). The resultant malabsorption of Cbl (vitamin B12) leads to impaired B12-dependent folate metabolism and ultimately impaired thymine synthesis and DNA replication (Aminoff et al. 1999, Kristiansen et al. 2000, Tanner et al. 2003, Densupsoontorn et al. 2012).
R-HSA-3000109 (Reactome) Once the receptor complex (TCII:Cbl:CD320) is internalised by endocytosis, the receptor (CD320) dissociates to return to the plasma membrane (Youngdahl-Turner et al. 1979).
R-HSA-3000112 (Reactome) Transcobalamin II (TCII, the product of the gene TCN2) degradation is necessary for cobalamin (Cbl) to be released from the complex and made available for binding to Cbl-dependant apoenzymes (Youngdahl-Turner et al. 1979). The TCII:Cbl complex translocates to lysosomes for degradation.
R-HSA-3000120 (Reactome) Gastric parietal cells secrete gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) which binds tightly to free cobalamin (Cbl) released from transcobalamin (TCN1, haptocorrin) in the proximal intestine (Matthews et al. 2007). Cbl must bind to GIF to be absorbed from the small intestine.
R-HSA-3000122 (Reactome) The ubiquitously-expressed CD320 antigen (CD320 aka transcobalamin receptor, TCblR) internalises TCII:Cbl by endocytosis after binding to it (Quadros et al. 2009, Quadros et al. 2005). Defects in CD320 cause methylmalonic aciduria type TCblR (MMATC aka methylmalonic aciduria; MIM:613646) (Quadros et al. 2010). The first patient identified had only methylmalonic aciduria, subsequent patients had both this and homocystinuria. There is so far no confirmed clinical consequence of this disorder; patients have somewhat elevated MMA and homocysteine levels but no consistent additional findings.
R-HSA-3000137 (Reactome) The cubilin:protein amnionless (CUBN:AMN) complex mediates the internalisation and endocytosis of gastric internal factor:cobalamin (GIF:Cbl) into mucosal cells of the distal ileum (Fyfe et al. 2004).
R-HSA-3000238 (Reactome) The probable lysosomal cobalamin transporter (LMBD1) is the most likely candidate to transport cobalamin (Cbl) from inside the lysosome to the cytosol (Rutsch et al. 2009). From here, Cbl can either be used to synthesise the essential cofactors for methionine synthase in the cytosol or methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in the mitochondria or, it can transported out of the cell to tissues that require Cbl. Defects in LMBRD1 (the gene that produces LMBD1) cause methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblF (MMAHCF; MIM:277380), characterised biochemically by decreased levels of the coenzymes adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl) (Rutsch et al. 2009, Gailus et al. 2010).
R-HSA-3000243 (Reactome) In the lysosome, gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) bound to cobalamin (Cbl) is degraded to release Cbl (Fyfe et al. 2004).
R-HSA-3000247 (Reactome) Gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) bound to cobalamin (Cbl) is targeted to lysosomes for degradation (Fyfe et al. 2004).
R-HSA-3000263 (Reactome) Once in the lysosome, transcobalamin 2:cobalamin (TCII:Cbl) is degraded to release Cbl (Youngdahl-Turner et al. 1979). Cbl is ready to be exported out of the lysosome to the cytosol by the probable lysosomal cobalamin transporter (LMBRD1) (Rutsch et al. 2009). Once in the cytosol, Cbl can be used in the synthesis of the essential cofactors methylcobalamin (MeCbl) and adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as described in the steps above.
R-HSA-3065958 (Reactome) Cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 (Btn-ACACA/B:2Mn2+) are degraded proteolytically to biocytin (BCTN aka biotinyl-lysine) or small biotinyl peptides (not shown here) by an unknown protease (Chandler & Ballard 1985, Hymes & Wolf 1996, Hymes & Wolf 1999).
R-HSA-3065959 (Reactome) The mitochondrial holocarboxylases (hCBXs) propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase are degraded proteolytically to biocytin (BCTN aka biotinyl-lysine) or small biotinyl peptides (not shown here) (Chandler & Ballard 1985, Hymes & Wolf 1996, Hymes & Wolf 1999).
R-HSA-3076881 (Reactome) After holocarboxylase degradation, biocytin (BCTN) translocates to the extracellular region by an unknown mechanism (Chandler & Ballard 1985).
R-HSA-3076905 (Reactome) Human biotinidase (BTD, EC 3.5.1.12) (Cole et al. 1994) catalyzes the hydrolysis of biocytin (BCTN, aka biotinyl-lysine), a product of biotin dependent carboxylase degradation, to biotin (Btn) and lysine. As a result, Btn is again available to be used in the biotinylation of apo-carboxylases in the mitochondrion. BTD is both secreted from various cells and localised in the mitochondria (Wolf & Jensen 2005). BTD deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder, results in a secondary Btn deficiency that leads to juvenile onset multiple carboxylase deficiency (MIM:253260) (Wolf et al. 1983).
R-HSA-3095889 (Reactome) Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein (MMACHC aka cblC protein) is suggested to be involved in the binding and intracellular transport of cobalamin (Cbl aka vitamin B12). MMACHC can catalyse the removal of the "R" group (formally called the upper axial ligand) from Cbl (eg dealkylation of AdoCbl and MeCbl or decyanation of CNCbl) which can result in the reduction of Cbl (+3 oxidation state) to cob(II)alamin (B12r, vitamin B12r +2 oxidation state) (Hannibal et al. 2009). Cob(II)alamin is escorted by MMACHC to its destination enzyme partners in the mitochondria and cytosol.

Defects in MMACHC cause methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblC (MMAHCC; MIM:277400). MMAHCC is the most common disorder of Cbl metabolism and is characterised by decreased levels of the coenzymes adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MetCbl). Affected individuals may have developmental, haematologic, neurologic, metabolic, ophthalmologic, and dermatologic clinical findings (Lerner-Ellis et al. 2006).
R-HSA-3095901 (Reactome) Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1, MRP1) can specifically mediate the ATP-dependant export of free cobalamin (Cbl aka vitamin B12) from small intestine cells to the portal vein (Shah et al. 2011).
R-HSA-3132753 (Reactome) In the proximal intestine, pancreatic enzymes degrade transcobalamin 1 (TCN1) to release cobalamin (Cbl). The two major pancreatic proteases are trypsins (PRSSs) and chymotrypsins (CTRBs) (Srikumar & Premalatha 2003, Nielsen et al. 2012).
R-HSA-3132759 (Reactome) Transcobalamin 1 (TCN1 aka haptocorrin, HC, TCII) is a glycoprotein produced by salivary glands in response to food ingestion (Johnston et al. 1989). TCN1 binds strongly to cobalamin (Cbl aka vitamin B12) and its essential function is protection of the acid-sensitive Cbl while it moves through the stomach. Once food is in the stomach, pepsin and the acidic pH degrade food proteins. Cbl is in its +3 oxidation state in dietary sources.
R-HSA-3149492 (Reactome) Exact details are unclear but it is assumed once the binding proteins (MMADCHC and MMADHC) deliver cob(II)alamin (B12r) to its cytosolic destination, they dissociate from it (Mah et al. 2013, Plesa et al. 2011, Deme et al. 2012).
R-HSA-3149494 (Reactome) MMACHC:cob(II)alamin (B12r, vitamin B12r) binding to methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type D protein (MMADHC) represents a branch point in the targeted delivery of cob(II)alamin to either cytosolic or mitochondrial enzymes requiring this cofactor (Mah et al. 2013, Plesa et al. 2011, Deme et al. 2012). Both MMACHC and MMADHC are implicated in the intracellular transport of cobalamins but exact details of the mechanisms involved remain unclear.

Defects in MMADHC cause methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type cblD (MMAHCD; MIM:277410), a disorder of Cbl metabolism characterised by decreased levels of the coenzymes adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl) (Coelho et al. 2008).
R-HSA-3149518 (Reactome) Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is involved in reducing cob(II)alamin (B12r) to methylcobalamin (MeCbl), the cofactor form used by methionine synthase (MTR). Regeneration of functional MTR requires reductive methylation via a reaction catalysed by MTRR in which S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet, SAM) is used as a methyl donor. MTRR requires 1 FMN and 1 FAD per subunit for activity (Wolthers et al. 2007). MTRR exists in a stable complex with MTR, bound through their FMN-binding and C-terminal activation domains respectively (Wolthers & Scrutton 2007, Wolthers & Scrutton 2009).

When methionine synthase (MTR) is functioning properly, cobalamin (Cbl) is continuously shuttled between two forms, cob(I)alamin and MeCbl. There are 2 half reactions: transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) to enzyme-bound cob(I)alamin to form MeCbl; and transfer of the methyl group from MeCbl to homocysteine (HYCS) to form AdoMet, methionine and regenerate cob(I)alamin. From time to time (every few hundred cycles), the enzyme-bound cobalamin is spontaneously oxidized to form cob(II)alamin. When this happens, MTRR in conjunction with MTR catalyzes the reductive methylation of cob(II)alamin to form MeCbl. If MTRR is defective, cob(II)alamin accumulates and methionine synthase is inactivated.

Defects in MTRR cause methylcobalamin deficiency type E (cblE; MIM:236270) (Wilson et al. 1999). Patients with cblE exhibit megaloblastic anemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. AdoMet is used as a methyl donor in many biological reactions and its demethylation produces homocysteine. Remethylation is carried out by MTR in conjunction with MTRR but in cblE patients, MTR-bound cobalamin cannot be reduced by defective MTRR to form a functional enzyme thus homocysteine accumulates. Mutations in MTRR that cause cblE include Leu576del (Leclerc et al. 1998) and S454L (Zavadakova et al. 2005). In terms of frequency, the most common MTRR mutation is a c.903+469C>T mutation which creates a novel splice site deep in an intron and results in inclusion of a 140-bp insertion in MTRR mRNA (Homolova et al. 2010). Wilson et al. showed that a 66A G polymorphism, resulting in an Ile22Met (I22M) substitution, is associated with susceptibility to folate sensitive neural tube defects (FS NTD; MIM:601634) (Wilson et al. 1999b, Doolin et al. 2002). Serum deficiency of vitamin B12 increased the effect.
R-HSA-3149519 (Reactome) A semi-synthetic form of the vitamin, cyanocobalamin (CNCbl, where a cyanide group is in the upper axial position), is produced from bacterial hydroxocobalamin and used in many pharmaceuticals, supplements and as a food additive. It is presumed to take the same route after ingestion as other forms of cobalamin (Cbl) (Randaccio et al. 2010). At this point in the pathway, CNCbl is reductively decyanated by methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein (MMACHC) to produce cob(II)alamin (B12r, vitaman B12r) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (Kim et al. 2008). Decyanation of CNCbl is required for it to be made available for conversion to active cofactors. MMACHC can remove the methyl (Me) and adenosyl (Ado) groups from MeCbl and AdoCbl respectively (not shown in this reaction), as well as CN from CNCbl.
R-HSA-3149539 (Reactome) Methionine synthase (MTR) catalyses the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) to homocysteine (HCYS) to then form methionine (L-Met). In the first step, MTR mediates the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) to cob(I)alamin (B12s, bound to the enzyme MTR) to form the cofactor methylcobalamin (MeCbl), the form that activates MTR (Leclerc et al. 1996). Defects in MTR cause methylcobalamin deficiency type G (cblG, methionine synthase deficiency; MIM:250940), an autosomal recessive inherited disease that causes mental retardation, macrocytic anemia, and homocystinuria (Leclerc et al. 1996).
R-HSA-3149560 (Reactome) Mitochondrial cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase (MMAB) is an enzyme involved in the adenosylation of cob(I)alamin. In the first step, an unidentified reducing system reduces cob(II)alamin (B12r) to cob(I)alamin (B12s) (Fan & Bobik 2008, Leal et al. 2003).
R-HSA-3149563 (Reactome) Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type D protein (MMADHC) has sequence homology with a bacterial ATP-binding cassette transporter and contains a putative cobalamin binding motif and a putative mitochondrial targeting sequence which is thought to target cob(II)alamin (B12r) to the mitochondria (Stucki et al. 2012, Coelho et al. 2008). The actual mechanism of transport into the mitochondrion is unknown.
R-HSA-3159253 (Reactome) Mitochondrial cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase (MMAB) is an enzyme involved in the adenosylation of cobalamin. MMAB transfers an adenosyl group from ATP to cob(I)alamin (B12s) to form adenosylcabalamin (AdoCbl) (Fan & Bobik 2008, Leal et al. 2003). Defects in MMAB cause methylmalonic aciduria type cblB (MMAB aka methylmalonic aciduria type B or vitamin B12-responsive methylmalonicaciduria of cblB complementation type; MIM:251110). Affected individuals have methylmalonic aciduria and metabolic ketoacidosis, despite a functional methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. In severe cases, newborns become severely acidotic and may die if acidosis is not treated promptly (Dobson et al. 2002).
R-HSA-3159259 (Reactome) Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT aka MCM) (Jansen et al. 1989) utilises adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor and catalyses interchange of a carbonyl-CoA group and a hydrogen atom in conversion of methymalonyl-CoA to form succinyl-CoA, a precursor for the citric acid cycle. MUT has a homodimeric structure and is located in the mitochondrial matrix. Defects in MUT cause methylmalonic aciduria type mut (MMAM; MIM:251000), an often fatal disorder of organic acid metabolism (Worgan et al. 2006).

Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein (MMAA) (Dobson et al. 2002) is thought to act as a chaperone to MUT and is suggested to play a dual role with regards to MUT protection and reactivation.

Defects in MMAA cause methylmalonic aciduria type cblA (MMAA aka methylmalonic aciduria type A or vitamin B12-responsive methylmalonicaciduria of cblA complementation type; MIM:251100). Affected individuals accumulate methylmalonic acid in the blood and urine and are prone to potentially life threatening acidotic crises in infancy or early childhood (Dobson et al. 2002, Lerner-Ellis et al. 2004).
R-HSA-3165230 (Reactome) Solute carrier family 52, riboflavin transporter, member 3 (SLC52A3) transports riboflavin (RIB) from the lumen into small intestine epithelial cells (Yao et al. 2010). Activity is inhibited by riboflavin analogues such as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (Yao et al. 2010). Defects in SLC52A3 cause Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome type 1 (BVVLS1; MIM:211530). BVVLS1 is a rare autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and a variety of cranial nerve palsies (Green et al. 2010). Defects in SLC52A3 also cause Fazio-Londe disease (FALOND; MIM:211500), a rare neurological disease characterized by progressive weakness of the muscles innervated by cranial nerves located at the lower brain stem (Bosch et al. 2011).
R-HSA-3204311 (Reactome) Aldehyde oxidase (AOX1) is a complex molybdo-flavoprotein that belongs to the xanthine oxidase family. It is active as a homodimer, with each monomer binding two distinct [2Fe2S] clusters, FAD and the molybdenum cofactor. AOX1 plays an important role in the metabolism of drugs based on its broad substrate specificity oxidising aromatic aza-heterocycles and aldehydes (Hartmann et al. 2012).
R-HSA-3204318 (Reactome) Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is involved in reducing cob(II)alamin (B12r) to cob(I)alamin (B12s), the cofactor form used by methionine synthase (MTR). MTRR requires 1 FMN and 1 FAD per subunit for activity (Wolthers et al. 2007). MTRR exists a stable complex with MTR, bound through their FMN-binding and C-terminal activation domains respectively (Wolthers & Scrutton 2007, Wolthers & Scrutton 2009).
R-HSA-3245898 (Reactome) Transcobalamin 1 (TCN1 aka haptocorrin, HC, TCI) is a glycoprotein produced by many cells including gastric cells in response to go food intake (Johnston et al. 1989). It can also bind a large fraction of cobalamin (Cbl) in the general circulation. No functional significance for this general binding is presently known (Quadros 2010, Alpers & Russel-Jones 1999 (in Chemistry and Biochemistry of B12, Banerjee 1999)).
R-HSA-3323111 (Reactome) Once biotinylated, three halocarboxylases (hCBXs) are localised to the mitochondrial matrix. The mechanism of transfer is still unclear. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is required for gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, neurotransmitter synthesis and insulin secretion; Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) is required for amino acid metabolism; propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) is required for odd-chain fatty acid oxidation (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010).
R-HSA-4167501 (Reactome) Cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 (Btn-ACACA/B:2Mn2+) are degraded proteolytically to biocytin (BCTN aka biotinyl-lysine) or small biotinyl peptides (not shown here) by an unknown protease (Chandler & Ballard 1985, Hymes & Wolf 1996, Hymes & Wolf 1999).
R-HSA-4167509 (Reactome) Human biotinidase (BTD, EC 3.5.1.12) (Cole et al. 1994) catalyzes the hydrolysis of biocytin (BCTN, aka biotinyl-lysine), a product of biotin dependent carboxylase degradation, to biotin (Btn) and lysine. As a result, Btn is again available to be used in the biotinylation of apo-carboxylases in the mitochondrion. BTD is both secreted from various cells and localised in the mitochondria (Wolf & Jensen 2005). BTD deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder, results in a secondary Btn deficiency that leads to juvenile onset multiple carboxylase deficiency (MIM:253260) (Wolf et al. 1983).
R-HSA-4167511 (Reactome) Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme for 5 carboxylases that exist in their inactive apo forms. In the cytosol and mitochondrion, these apo-carboxylases are biotinylated to their active holo forms by the activity of biotin protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Bailey et al. 2010, Hiratsuka et al. 1998). Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka early-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of all five carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). The first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids is performed by the biotin-dependent enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase [EC 6.4.1.2]. Acetyl CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 (ACACA and ACACB) have one Btn moiety covalently attached to each subunit (Abu-Elheiga et al. 1995). Eukaryotic acetyl-CoA carboxylases are heterodimers that can form catalytically active extended oligomers (Weatherly et al. 2004). Unlike the other biotin-dependent carboxylases that reside inside the mitochondrion, ACACA and B are located in the cytosol and outer mitochondrial membrane (shown here) respectively (Abu-Elheiga et al. 2000).
R-HSA-5223313 (Reactome) ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 4 (ABCD4), originally thought to be localised to the peroxisomal membrane, has since been demonstrated to colocalise with the lysosomal proteins LAMP1 and LMBD1. Mutations modifying the ATPase domain of ABCD4 can affect its function and suggests a role in the intracellular transport of cobalamin (Cbl, aka vitamin B12) (Coelho et al. 2012). Further evidence for this role comes from mutation studies in ABCD4 that can cause methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type CblJ (MAHCJ; MIM:614857), a disorder of Cbl metabolism characterised by decreased levels of the coenzymes adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl). This disease mimics the cblF defect caused by LMBRD1 mutations (Coelho et al. 2012).
R-HSA-71010 (Reactome) Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MUT aka MCM) (Jansen et al. 1989) utilises adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor and catalyzes interchange of a carbonyl-CoA group and a hydrogen atom in conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to form succinyl CoA, a precursor for the citric acid cycle. MUT has a homodimeric structure and is located in the mitochondrial matrix. Defects in MUT cause methylmalonic aciduria, mut type (MMAM; MIM:251000), an often fatal disorder of organic acid metabolism (Worgan et al. 2006).

Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein (MMAA) is thought to act as a chaperone to MUT, the enzyme which utilises adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. MMAA is suggested to play a dual role with regards to MUT protection and reactivation. Some AdoCbl-dependent enzymes undergo suicide inactivation after catalysis due to the oxidative inactivation of Cbl. MMAA is thought to play a protective role to prevent MUT being inactivated in this way. After the catalytic cycle when MUT is inactive, MMAA increases the enzymatic activity of MUT through exchange of the damaged cofactor. Whether this happens via GTP-mediated hydrolysis is unknown at present (Takahashi-Iniguez et al. 2011, Froese et al. 2010). Bacterial AdoCbl-containing enzymes possess reactivating factors which release the inactivated cofactor to allow the resulting apoenzyme to reconstitute into an active form. A bacterial orthologue of MMAA, MeaB, forms a stable complex with MUT and plays a role in its protection and reactivation (Padovani & Banerjee 2006).

Defects in MMAA cause methylmalonic aciduria type cblA (cblA aka methylmalonic aciduria type A or vitamin B12-responsive methylmalonicaciduria of cblA complementation type; MIM:251100). Affected individuals accumulate methylmalonic acid in the blood and urine and are prone to potentially life threatening acidotic crises in infancy or early childhood (Dobson et al. 2002, Lerner-Ellis et al. 2004).
R-HSA-76496 (Reactome) Prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) aka CYP8A1 mediates the isomerisation of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) aka prostacyclin (Wada et al. 2004). This reaction is not coupled with any P450 reductase proteins nor consumes NADPH. Experiments on rats with thrombolytic models suggest endogenous MNA could be a stimulator of the COX2/PGI2 pathway and thus regulate an anti-thrombotic effect (Chlopicki et al. 2007).
R-HSA-947499 (Reactome) While the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor for sulfite oxidase is finished after molybdenum ion insertion, human xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase will only show activity with this cofactor when one of the oxygens bound to molybdenum is replaced with sulfur. The exchange is catalyzed by the MOCOS cysteine desulfurase (Ichida et al, 2001).
R-HSA-947514 (Reactome) In order to get a sulfur atom for subsequent sulfuration reactions, cysteine is first desulfurated by NFS1 which transfers it onto a cysteine of MOCS3, yielding a protein persulfide (Marelja et al, 2008).
R-HSA-947531 (Reactome) Gephyrin, which stabilizes receptors on neuronal membranes, also catalyzes the transfer of a molybdenum ion onto the cofactor. The mechanism was elucidated in plants but, as the pathway is highly conserved, human gephyrin can complement missing plant proteins. Doubts remain about the actual molybdenum donor, probably molybdate, and whether a copper ion is possibly bound and removed (Stallmeyer et al, 1999).
R-HSA-947535 (Reactome) GTP cyclizes in a reaction involving radicals of S-adenosylmethionine, catalyzed by the iron-sulfur cluster dimeric MOCS1. The intermediate result is called precursor Z (Hanzelmann et al, 2002; Hanzelmann et al, 2004).
R-HSA-947538 (Reactome) Sulfur transfer onto MOCS2A is closely preceded by its adenylylation and deadenylylation. After release of MOCS2A-CO-S(1-), two cysteines on MOCS3 form a disulfide bridge. This means that MOCS3 has to be reduced to be able to participate in the next round. The reducing agent is not known (Marelja et al, 2008).
R-HSA-947541 (Reactome) After the MOCS2A dimer is loaded with two sulfur atoms, their sequential deposition on the precursor Z molecule, with ring cleavage, is catalyzed by the MOCS2B half of the MOCS2 tetramer (Leimkuhler et al, 2003; Wuebbens & Rajagopalan, 2002).
R-HSA-964958 (Reactome) Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of pyridoxamine (PXA) to form pyridoxamine phosphate (PXAP) (Lee et al. 2000, di Salvo et al. 2004).
R-HSA-964962 (Reactome) Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of pyridoxine (PDX) to form pyridoxine phosphate (PDXP) (Lee et al. 2000, di Salvo et al. 2004).
R-HSA-964970 (Reactome) Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of pyridoxal (PXL) to form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PXLP) (Lee et al. 2000, di Salvo et al. 2004).
R-HSA-965019 (Reactome) Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is able to oxidize pyridoxine phosphate (PDXP) to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PXLP) (Kang et al. 2004).
R-HSA-965067 (Reactome) Thiamin triphosphate (ThTP) can transfer phosphate to a few proteins. Animal tissues contain a membrane-associated as well as a soluble thiamine triphosphatase that can dephosphorylate ThTP. Only the soluble enzyme was characterized in calf (Lakaye et al, 2002).
R-HSA-965079 (Reactome) Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is able to oxidize pyridoxamine phosphate (PXAP) to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PXLP) (Kang et al. 2004).
R-HSA-997381 (Reactome) Thiamin triphosphate (ThTP) is believed to be synthesized from thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), catalyzed by ThDP kinase (TDPK), an enzyme that remains poorly characterized (Nishino et al, 1983).
RFK:Mg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-196964 (Reactome)
RIBArrowR-HSA-196950 (Reactome)
RIBArrowR-HSA-3165230 (Reactome)
RIBR-HSA-196964 (Reactome)
RIBR-HSA-3165230 (Reactome)
SLC19A1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200652 (Reactome)
SLC19A2/3mim-catalysisR-HSA-199626 (Reactome)
SLC25A16mim-catalysisR-HSA-199216 (Reactome)
SLC25A32mim-catalysisR-HSA-200680 (Reactome)
SLC25A32mim-catalysisR-HSA-200720 (Reactome)
SLC46A1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200646 (Reactome)
SLC46A1mim-catalysisR-HSA-200729 (Reactome)
SLC52A3mim-catalysisR-HSA-3165230 (Reactome)
SLC5A6:PDZD11mim-catalysisR-HSA-199206 (Reactome)
SLC5A6:PDZD11mim-catalysisR-HSA-199219 (Reactome)
SOG-MOCS2ArrowR-HSA-947538 (Reactome)
SUCC-CoAArrowR-HSA-71010 (Reactome)
SVCT1/2mim-catalysisR-HSA-198870 (Reactome)
SerArrowR-HSA-200651 (Reactome)
SerR-HSA-200735 (Reactome)
TCII:Cbl:CD320ArrowR-HSA-3000122 (Reactome)
TCII:Cbl:CD320R-HSA-3000109 (Reactome)
TCII:CblArrowR-HSA-3000074 (Reactome)
TCII:CblArrowR-HSA-3000109 (Reactome)
TCII:CblArrowR-HSA-3000112 (Reactome)
TCII:CblR-HSA-3000112 (Reactome)
TCII:CblR-HSA-3000122 (Reactome)
TCII:CblR-HSA-3000263 (Reactome)
TCIIArrowR-HSA-3000263 (Reactome)
TCIIR-HSA-3000074 (Reactome)
TCN1:CblArrowR-HSA-3132759 (Reactome)
TCN1:CblArrowR-HSA-3245898 (Reactome)
TCN1:CblR-HSA-3132753 (Reactome)
TCN1R-HSA-3132759 (Reactome)
TCN1R-HSA-3245898 (Reactome)
TDPKmim-catalysisR-HSA-997381 (Reactome)
THFArrowR-HSA-197972 (Reactome)
THFArrowR-HSA-200680 (Reactome)
THFArrowR-HSA-200720 (Reactome)
THFArrowR-HSA-3149539 (Reactome)
THFPGArrowR-HSA-197958 (Reactome)
THFPGArrowR-HSA-200651 (Reactome)
THFPGArrowR-HSA-200682 (Reactome)
THFPGR-HSA-200711 (Reactome)
THFPGR-HSA-200735 (Reactome)
THFR-HSA-197958 (Reactome)
THFR-HSA-200680 (Reactome)
THFR-HSA-200682 (Reactome)
THFR-HSA-200720 (Reactome)
THMNArrowR-HSA-199626 (Reactome)
THMNR-HSA-196761 (Reactome)
THMNR-HSA-199626 (Reactome)
THTPA:Mg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-965067 (Reactome)
ThDPArrowR-HSA-196761 (Reactome)
ThDPArrowR-HSA-965067 (Reactome)
ThDPR-HSA-997381 (Reactome)
ThTPArrowR-HSA-997381 (Reactome)
ThTPR-HSA-965067 (Reactome)
VitCArrowR-HSA-198813 (Reactome)
VitCArrowR-HSA-198845 (Reactome)
VitCArrowR-HSA-198870 (Reactome)
VitCR-HSA-198870 (Reactome)
cob(I)alaminArrowR-HSA-3149560 (Reactome)
cob(I)alaminR-HSA-3159253 (Reactome)
cob(II)alaminArrowR-HSA-3149492 (Reactome)
cob(II)alaminArrowR-HSA-3149563 (Reactome)
cob(II)alaminR-HSA-3149560 (Reactome)
cob(II)alaminR-HSA-3204318 (Reactome)
dADEArrowR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
e-R-HSA-2309773 (Reactome)
hCBXsArrowR-HSA-3323111 (Reactome)
hCBXsR-HSA-3065959 (Reactome)
hCBXsR-HSA-3323111 (Reactome)
holo-MOCS1mim-catalysisR-HSA-947535 (Reactome)
sulfurated MoCoArrowR-HSA-947499 (Reactome)
unknown

cob(II)alamin

reductase		mim-catalysisR-HSA-3149560 (Reactome)
unknown peptidasemim-catalysisR-HSA-3065958 (Reactome)
unknown peptidasemim-catalysisR-HSA-3065959 (Reactome)
unknown peptidasemim-catalysisR-HSA-4167501 (Reactome)

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