Peptide hormone biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)
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Description
Peptide hormones are peptides that are secreted directly into the blood stream (endocrine hormones). They are synthesized as precursors that require proteolytic processing (not discussed here) to generate the biologically active peptides that mediate neurotransmission and hormonal action. Glycoprotein hormones (those which include carbohydrate side-chains) and the processing of corticotropin are annotated here.
Source:Reactome.
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- Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S, Raffin-Sanson ML, Sanders L, Montague CT, Hutton JC, O'Rahilly S.; ''Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Fujiki Y, Rathnam P, Saxena BB.; ''Studies on the disulfide bonds in human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Sairam MR, Li CH.; ''Human pituitary lutropin. Isolation, properties, and the complete amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Rull K, Laan M.; ''Expression of beta-subunit of HCG genes during normal and failed pregnancy.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Fares F.; ''The role of O-linked and N-linked oligosaccharides on the structure-function of glycoprotein hormones: development of agonists and antagonists.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- LEE TH, LERNER AB, BUETTNER-JANUSCH V.; ''On the structure of human corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone).''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Beebe JS, Mountjoy K, Krzesicki RF, Perini F, Ruddon RW.; ''Role of disulfide bond formation in the folding of human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit into an alpha beta dimer assembly-competent form.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Chin WW, Habener JF.; ''Thyroid-stimulating hormone subunits: evidence from endoglycosidase-H cleavage for late presecretory glycosylation.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Tager HS, Steiner DF.; ''Peptide hormones.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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Annotated Interactions
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| Source | Target | Type | Database reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACTIVIN | Arrow | R-HSA-378975 (Reactome)  | ||
| CGA | R-HSA-378952 (Reactome) | |||
| CGA | R-HSA-378956 (Reactome) | |||
| CGA | R-HSA-378975 (Reactome) | |||
| CGA | R-HSA-378978 (Reactome) | |||
| CGB | R-HSA-378978 (Reactome) | |||
| FSHB | R-HSA-378975 (Reactome) | |||
| Follitropin | Arrow | R-HSA-378975 (Reactome) | ||
| Gonadotropin | Arrow | R-HSA-378978 (Reactome) | ||
| INHIB | TBar | R-HSA-378975 (Reactome) | ||
| LHB | R-HSA-378956 (Reactome) | |||
| Lutropin | Arrow | R-HSA-378956 (Reactome) | ||
| PC1:calcium cofactor | mim-catalysis | R-HSA-265301 (Reactome) | ||
| POMC(1-241) | R-HSA-265301 (Reactome) | |||
| POMC(138-176) | Arrow | R-HSA-265301 (Reactome) | ||
| R-HSA-265301 (Reactome) | Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) is a 39-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. It is often produced in response to biological stress (along with corticotropin-releasing hormone). Its principal effects are increased production of androgens and cortisol. Corticotropin is processed from the precursor pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The enzyme that performs the cleavage of POMC to corticotropin is prohormone convertase 1 (PC1). In addition to corticotropin, POMC is processed into other small, biologically active fragments. These include lipotropins, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphins. | |||
| R-HSA-378952 (Reactome) | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) is a glycopeptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. Like other glycoprotein hormones, TSH consists of a common alpha subunit and a beta subunit unique to TSH which determines its specificty. TSH binds to TSH receptor to stimulate the release of the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). | |||
| R-HSA-378956 (Reactome) | Luteinizing hormone (LH, lutropin) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In females it can trigger ovulation whereas in males it stimulates testosterone production. Like other glycoproteins, lutropin is composed of a common alpha subunit bound to a unique beta subunit (Sairam MR and Li CH, 1975). The beta subunit is responsible for lutropin's interaction with the LH receptor. | |||
| R-HSA-378975 (Reactome) | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the reproductive processes of the human body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction. In the female ovary, FSH stimulates the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturation. In males, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein, required for spermatogenesis. Like the other glycoprotein hormones, FSH consists of a common alpha subunit and a unique beta subunit. Inhibins and activins are two closely related complexes which inhibit and activate respectively, FSH synthesis and secretion (Bilezikjian et al, 2006). | |||
| R-HSA-378978 (Reactome) | Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy. Its role is to maintain progesterone production by preventing the disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and thus sustain the growing foetus. hCG is made up of a common alpha subunit and a unique beta subunit, bound by six intrachain disulfide bonds, required for dimer formation (Beebe JS et al, 1990) | |||
| TSHB | R-HSA-378952 (Reactome) | |||
| Thyrotropin | Arrow | R-HSA-378952 (Reactome) |
