Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Homo sapiens)

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Description

Glycerophospholipids are important structural and functional components of biological membranes and constituents of serum lipoproteins and the pulmonary surfactant. In addition, glycerophospholipids act as precursors of lipid mediators such as platelet-activating factor and eicosanoids. Cellular membranes contains a distinct composition of various glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipin (CL), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysobisphosphatidic acid (also known as bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate - BMP).

Glycerophospholipids are first formed by the de novo (Kennedy) pathway using fatty acids activated as acyl-CoA donors. However, the acyl groups of glycerophospholipids are highly diverse and distributed in an asymmetric manner. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are usually esterified at the sn-1 position, whereas polyunsaturated acyl groups are esterified at the sn-2 position. Subsequent acyl chain remodeling (Lands cycle) generates the diverse glycerophospholipid composition and asymmetry characteristic of cell membranes.

In the de novo pathway of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as LPAAT), then PA is metabolized into two types of glycerol derivatives. The first is diacylglycerol (DAG) which is converted to triacylglycerol (TAG), PC, and PE. Subsequently, PS is synthesized from PC or PE. The second is cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), which is processed into PI, PG, CL, and BMP. Each glycerophospholipid is involved in acyl chain remodeling via cleavage by phospholipases followed by reacylation by an acyltransferase.

Most of the glycerophospholipids are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), however, some, most notably cardiolipin, and BMP are synthesized in the mitochondrial and endosomal membranes respectively. Since the most of the glycerophospholipids are found in all membrane compartments, there must be extensive network of transport of glycerophospholipids from one membrane compartment to another via various mechanisms including diffusion through the cytosol, formation of transportation complexes, and diffusion via membrane contact sites (MCS) (Osman et al. 2011, Lebiedzinska et al. 2009, Lev 2010, Scherer & Schmitz 2011, Orso et al. 2011, Hermansson et al. 2011, Vance & Vance 2008). Source:Reactome.

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  207. Li J, Dong Y, Lü X, Wang L, Peng W, Zhang XC, Rao Z.; ''Crystal structures and biochemical studies of human lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase type 6.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  208. Saito K, Nishijima M, Kuge O.; ''Genetic evidence that phosphatidylserine synthase II catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylserine in Chinese hamster ovary cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
115029view16:56, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113474view11:55, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112673view16:06, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101590view11:46, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101126view21:30, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100654view20:04, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100204view16:49, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99755view15:15, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99317view12:47, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93847view13:40, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93404view11:22, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
87153view18:57, 18 July 2016MkutmonOntology Term : 'glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway' added !
86490view09:19, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83341view10:51, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81498view13:02, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
76974view08:26, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76679view12:04, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76007view10:06, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75714view11:06, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75067view13:57, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74711view08:47, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
1-acyl LPAMetaboliteCHEBI:16975 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPCMetaboliteCHEBI:17504 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPEMetaboliteCHEBI:29017 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPGMetaboliteCHEBI:62747 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPIMetaboliteCHEBI:28914 (ChEBI)
1-acyl LPSMetaboliteCHEBI:52603 (ChEBI)
2-MAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17389 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPCMetaboliteCHEBI:16728 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPEMetaboliteCHEBI:28936 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPGMetaboliteCHEBI:27923 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPIMetaboliteCHEBI:62746 (ChEBI)
2-acyl LPSMetaboliteCHEBI:37646 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
AGPAT5ProteinQ9NUQ2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AGPAT6ProteinQ86UL3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AGPATR-HSA-1500583 (Reactome)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
Ac-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:15351 (ChEBI)
AcChoMetaboliteCHEBI:15355 (ChEBI)
AdoHcyMetaboliteCHEBI:16680 (ChEBI)
AdoMetMetaboliteCHEBI:15414 (ChEBI)
BMPMetaboliteCHEBI:60815 (ChEBI)
CDIPT ProteinO14735 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDIPT:Mg2+/Mn2+ComplexR-HSA-1500647 (Reactome)
CDP-ChoMetaboliteCHEBI:16436 (ChEBI)
CDP-DAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17962 (ChEBI)
CDP-ETAMetaboliteCHEBI:16732 (ChEBI)
CDS1 ProteinQ92903 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDS1:Mg2+ComplexR-HSA-1500651 (Reactome)
CDS2ProteinO95674 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CEPT1 ProteinQ9Y6K0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CEPT1/EPT1R-HSA-1500592 (Reactome)
CEPT1:Mg2+/Mn2+ComplexR-HSA-1500587 (Reactome)
CHATProteinP28329 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHK dimerR-HSA-1524078 (Reactome)
CHK/ETNKR-HSA-1500619 (Reactome)
CHPT1 ProteinQ8WUD6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CHPT1:Mg2+/Mn2+ComplexR-HSA-1500652 (Reactome)
CLMetaboliteCHEBI:28494 (ChEBI)
CMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17361 (ChEBI)
CO2MetaboliteCHEBI:16526 (ChEBI)
CPNE1 ProteinQ99829 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPNE3 ProteinO75131 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPNE6 ProteinO95741 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPNE7 ProteinQ9UBL6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPNEs:PLComplexR-HSA-5333679 (Reactome)
CPNEsR-HSA-5333699 (Reactome)
CRLS1ProteinQ9UJA2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTL1-5R-HSA-444452 (Reactome)
CTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
Ca2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29108 (ChEBI)
ChoMetaboliteCHEBI:15354 (ChEBI)
CholinesteraseR-HSA-3640837 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
CoA-SHMetaboliteCHEBI:15346 (ChEBI)
DAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17815 (ChEBI)
DGAT1/2R-HSA-1500588 (Reactome)
DHAPMetaboliteCHEBI:16108 (ChEBI)
DLCLMetaboliteCHEBI:60431 (ChEBI)
ETAMetaboliteCHEBI:16000 (ChEBI)
G3PMetaboliteCHEBI:15978 (ChEBI)
GNPATProteinO15228 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GO3PMetaboliteCHEBI:17197 (ChEBI)
GPAM/GPAT2R-HSA-1500606 (Reactome)
GPCPD1ProteinQ9NPB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPChoMetaboliteCHEBI:16870 (ChEBI)
GPD1/GPD1L homodimerR-HSA-1500610 (Reactome)
GPETAMetaboliteCHEBI:16929 (ChEBI)
GlycerolMetaboliteCHEBI:17754 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
HADH octamerComplexR-HSA-1524100 (Reactome)
HADHA ProteinP40939 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HADHB ProteinP55084 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
InsMetaboliteCHEBI:17268 (ChEBI)
LCFA(-)MetaboliteCHEBI:57560 (ChEBI)
LCLAT1ProteinQ6UWP7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LPCATR-HSA-1524029 (Reactome)
LPEATR-HSA-1524035 (Reactome)
LPGATR-HSA-1524026 (Reactome)
LPINR-HSA-1500636 (Reactome)
LPSATR-HSA-1524037 (Reactome)
MBOAT7ProteinQ96N66 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MGLL ProteinQ99685 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MGLL dimerComplexR-HSA-1500601 (Reactome)
MLCLMetaboliteCHEBI:60430 (ChEBI)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
Mn2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29035 (ChEBI)
NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:15846 (ChEBI)
NADHMetaboliteCHEBI:16908 (ChEBI)
PAMetaboliteCHEBI:16337 (ChEBI)
PC MetaboliteCHEBI:16110 (ChEBI)
PC:PITPNBComplexR-HSA-1524110 (Reactome)
PC:PITPNBComplexR-HSA-1524122 (Reactome)
PCMetaboliteCHEBI:16110 (ChEBI)
PCYT1 dimerR-HSA-1524125 (Reactome)
PCYT2 ProteinQ99447 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCYT2 dimerComplexR-HSA-1500642 (Reactome)
PChoMetaboliteCHEBI:36700 (ChEBI)
PEMetaboliteCHEBI:16038 (ChEBI)
PEMTProteinQ9UBM1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PETAMetaboliteCHEBI:17553 (ChEBI)
PGMetaboliteCHEBI:17517 (ChEBI)
PGPMetaboliteCHEBI:37393 (ChEBI)
PGS1ProteinQ32NB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHOSPHO1 ProteinQ8TCT1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHOSPHO1:Mg2+ComplexR-HSA-1500633 (Reactome)
PI MetaboliteCHEBI:16749 (ChEBI)
PI:PITPNBComplexR-HSA-1524117 (Reactome)
PI:PITPNBComplexR-HSA-1524150 (Reactome)
PIMetaboliteCHEBI:16749 (ChEBI)
PISD(1-377) ProteinQ9UG56 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PISD(378-409) ProteinQ9UG56 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PISD:PyruvoylComplexR-HSA-1500656 (Reactome)
PITPNB ProteinP48739 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PL MetaboliteCHEBI:16247 (ChEBI)
PLA2(1)R-HSA-1500634 (Reactome)
PLA2(10)R-HSA-1524155 (Reactome)
PLA2(11)R-HSA-1524151 (Reactome)
PLA2(12)R-HSA-1524141 (Reactome)
PLA2(13)R-HSA-1524143 (Reactome)
PLA2(14)R-HSA-1524142 (Reactome)
PLA2(15)R-HSA-1602359 (Reactome)
PLA2(16)R-HSA-1602354 (Reactome)
PLA2(2)R-HSA-1524137 (Reactome)
PLA2(3)R-HSA-1524128 (Reactome)
PLA2(4)R-HSA-1524135 (Reactome)
PLA2(5)R-HSA-1524120 (Reactome)
PLA2(6)R-HSA-1524107 (Reactome)
PLA2(7)R-HSA-1524112 (Reactome)
PLA2(8)R-HSA-1524040 (Reactome)
PLA2(9)R-HSA-1524157 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A ProteinP14555 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G2A:Ca2+ComplexR-HSA-1500630 (Reactome)
PLA2G4A ProteinP47712 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4A:Ca2+ComplexR-HSA-1524095 (Reactome)
PLA2G4BProteinP0C869 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G4CProteinQ9UP65 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2G6ProteinO60733 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLA2GR-HSA-3215272 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
PLB1ProteinQ6P1J6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PLMetaboliteCHEBI:16247 (ChEBI)
PLD1-4/6R-HSA-1524126 (Reactome)
PLD1/2R-HSA-1500639 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3R-HSA-1500579 (Reactome)
PPiMetaboliteCHEBI:29888 (ChEBI)
PSMetaboliteCHEBI:18303 (ChEBI)
PTDSS1ProteinP48651 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PTDSS2ProteinQ9BVG9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PTPMT1ProteinQ8WUK0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
Pyruvoyl MetaboliteCHEBI:45360 (ChEBI)
SerMetaboliteCHEBI:17115 (ChEBI)
TAGMetaboliteCHEBI:17855 (ChEBI)
TAZProteinQ16635 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
acetateMetaboliteCHEBI:30089 (ChEBI)
acyl-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:17984 (ChEBI)
fatty acidMetaboliteCHEBI:35366 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
1-acyl LPAArrowR-HSA-1482604 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowR-HSA-1482656 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowR-HSA-1482679 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowR-HSA-1482695 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowR-HSA-1602446 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAArrowR-HSA-549112 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAR-HSA-1482548 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPAR-HSA-75885 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowR-HSA-1482781 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowR-HSA-1482816 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowR-HSA-1482856 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowR-HSA-1602399 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCArrowR-HSA-1602417 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCR-HSA-1482547 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCR-HSA-1482685 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCR-HSA-1482696 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPCR-HSA-1482794 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowR-HSA-1482850 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowR-HSA-1482884 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowR-HSA-1482887 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPEArrowR-HSA-1602398 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPER-HSA-1482571 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPER-HSA-1482667 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPER-HSA-1482894 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowR-HSA-1482745 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowR-HSA-1482900 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowR-HSA-1482907 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGArrowR-HSA-1602368 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGR-HSA-1482539 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPGR-HSA-1482689 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIArrowR-HSA-1482825 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIArrowR-HSA-1482868 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIArrowR-HSA-1602377 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPIR-HSA-1482598 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSArrowR-HSA-1482771 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSArrowR-HSA-1482776 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSArrowR-HSA-1602374 (Reactome)
1-acyl LPSR-HSA-1482636 (Reactome)
2-MAGArrowR-HSA-1482811 (Reactome)
2-MAGR-HSA-1482543 (Reactome)
2-MAGR-HSA-1482647 (Reactome)
2-MAGR-HSA-1482654 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCArrowR-HSA-1482827 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCArrowR-HSA-1482862 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCR-HSA-1482533 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCR-HSA-1482612 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPCR-HSA-1482629 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPEArrowR-HSA-1482828 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPEArrowR-HSA-1482892 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPER-HSA-1482545 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPER-HSA-1482646 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGArrowR-HSA-1482847 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGArrowR-HSA-1482920 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGR-HSA-1482546 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPGR-HSA-1482635 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPIArrowR-HSA-1482932 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPIR-HSA-1482626 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPSArrowR-HSA-1482897 (Reactome)
2-acyl LPSR-HSA-1482691 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1483004 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-1483222 (Reactome)
AGPAT5mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482548 (Reactome)
AGPAT6mim-catalysisR-HSA-549112 (Reactome)
AGPATmim-catalysisR-HSA-75885 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1483004 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-1483222 (Reactome)
Ac-CoAR-HSA-264622 (Reactome)
AcChoArrowR-HSA-264622 (Reactome)
AcChoR-HSA-372519 (Reactome)
AdoHcyArrowR-HSA-1483174 (Reactome)
AdoMetR-HSA-1483174 (Reactome)
BMPArrowR-HSA-1483209 (Reactome)
CDIPT:Mg2+/Mn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482976 (Reactome)
CDP-ChoArrowR-HSA-1483081 (Reactome)
CDP-ChoR-HSA-1482961 (Reactome)
CDP-ChoR-HSA-1482973 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGArrowR-HSA-1483121 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGArrowR-HSA-1483165 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGR-HSA-1482939 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGR-HSA-1482976 (Reactome)
CDP-DAGR-HSA-1483063 (Reactome)
CDP-ETAArrowR-HSA-1483190 (Reactome)
CDP-ETAR-HSA-1482962 (Reactome)
CDS1:Mg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483121 (Reactome)
CDS2mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483165 (Reactome)
CEPT1/EPT1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482962 (Reactome)
CEPT1:Mg2+/Mn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482961 (Reactome)
CHATmim-catalysisR-HSA-264622 (Reactome)
CHK dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-1483004 (Reactome)
CHK/ETNKmim-catalysisR-HSA-1483222 (Reactome)
CHPT1:Mg2+/Mn2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482973 (Reactome)
CLArrowR-HSA-1482775 (Reactome)
CLArrowR-HSA-1482781 (Reactome)
CLArrowR-HSA-1482850 (Reactome)
CLArrowR-HSA-1482857 (Reactome)
CLArrowR-HSA-1482861 (Reactome)
CLArrowR-HSA-1483063 (Reactome)
CLR-HSA-1482778 (Reactome)
CLR-HSA-1482794 (Reactome)
CLR-HSA-1482857 (Reactome)
CLR-HSA-1482894 (Reactome)
CMPArrowR-HSA-1482939 (Reactome)
CMPArrowR-HSA-1482961 (Reactome)
CMPArrowR-HSA-1482962 (Reactome)
CMPArrowR-HSA-1482973 (Reactome)
CMPArrowR-HSA-1482976 (Reactome)
CMPArrowR-HSA-1483063 (Reactome)
CO2ArrowR-HSA-1483212 (Reactome)
CPNEs:PLArrowR-HSA-5333678 (Reactome)
CPNEsR-HSA-5333678 (Reactome)
CRLS1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482546 (Reactome)
CRLS1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482689 (Reactome)
CRLS1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483063 (Reactome)
CTL1-5mim-catalysisR-HSA-444433 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-1483081 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-1483121 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-1483165 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-1483190 (Reactome)
ChoArrowR-HSA-1483116 (Reactome)
ChoArrowR-HSA-1483142 (Reactome)
ChoArrowR-HSA-1483159 (Reactome)
ChoArrowR-HSA-1483182 (Reactome)
ChoArrowR-HSA-1483186 (Reactome)
ChoArrowR-HSA-372519 (Reactome)
ChoArrowR-HSA-444433 (Reactome)
ChoR-HSA-1483004 (Reactome)
ChoR-HSA-264622 (Reactome)
ChoR-HSA-444433 (Reactome)
Cholinesterasemim-catalysisR-HSA-372519 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482533 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482539 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482546 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482547 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482548 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482598 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482626 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482635 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482636 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482646 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482667 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482689 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482691 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482695 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482775 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482861 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482867 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1482889 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-1483002 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-264622 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-549112 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-75885 (Reactome)
DAGArrowR-HSA-1482654 (Reactome)
DAGArrowR-HSA-1482777 (Reactome)
DAGArrowR-HSA-1483203 (Reactome)
DAGR-HSA-1482647 (Reactome)
DAGR-HSA-1482811 (Reactome)
DAGR-HSA-1482889 (Reactome)
DAGR-HSA-1482961 (Reactome)
DAGR-HSA-1482962 (Reactome)
DAGR-HSA-1482973 (Reactome)
DGAT1/2mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482889 (Reactome)
DHAPR-HSA-1483002 (Reactome)
DHAPR-HSA-75889 (Reactome)
DLCLArrowR-HSA-1482759 (Reactome)
DLCLArrowR-HSA-1482860 (Reactome)
DLCLR-HSA-1482860 (Reactome)
DLCLR-HSA-1482867 (Reactome)
ETAArrowR-HSA-1483089 (Reactome)
ETAArrowR-HSA-1483096 (Reactome)
ETAArrowR-HSA-1483107 (Reactome)
ETAR-HSA-1483222 (Reactome)
G3PArrowR-HSA-1483107 (Reactome)
G3PArrowR-HSA-1483116 (Reactome)
G3PArrowR-HSA-75889 (Reactome)
G3PR-HSA-1482695 (Reactome)
G3PR-HSA-1482939 (Reactome)
G3PR-HSA-549112 (Reactome)
GNPATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1483002 (Reactome)
GO3PArrowR-HSA-1483002 (Reactome)
GPAM/GPAT2mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482695 (Reactome)
GPCPD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483107 (Reactome)
GPCPD1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483116 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowR-HSA-1482612 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowR-HSA-1482629 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowR-HSA-1482685 (Reactome)
GPChoArrowR-HSA-1482696 (Reactome)
GPChoR-HSA-1483116 (Reactome)
GPD1/GPD1L homodimermim-catalysisR-HSA-75889 (Reactome)
GPETAArrowR-HSA-1482545 (Reactome)
GPETAArrowR-HSA-1482571 (Reactome)
GPETAR-HSA-1483107 (Reactome)
GlycerolArrowR-HSA-1482543 (Reactome)
GlycerolArrowR-HSA-1482647 (Reactome)
GlycerolArrowR-HSA-1482654 (Reactome)
GlycerolR-HSA-1483142 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-75889 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482543 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482545 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482571 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482604 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482612 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482629 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482656 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482679 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482685 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482696 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482745 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482759 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482771 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482776 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482777 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482778 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482811 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482816 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482825 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482827 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482828 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482847 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482856 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482862 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482868 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482884 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482887 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482892 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482897 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482900 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482907 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482920 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1482932 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1483096 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1483107 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1483116 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1483159 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1483182 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1483197 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1483203 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1602368 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1602374 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1602377 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1602398 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1602399 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1602417 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-1602446 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-372519 (Reactome)
HADH octamermim-catalysisR-HSA-1482775 (Reactome)
InsR-HSA-1482976 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482545 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482571 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482604 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482612 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482629 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482656 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482679 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482685 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482696 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482745 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482759 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482771 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482776 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482777 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482778 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482811 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482816 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482825 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482827 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482828 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482847 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482856 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482862 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482868 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482884 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482887 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482892 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482897 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482900 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482907 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482920 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1482932 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1602368 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1602374 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1602377 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1602398 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1602399 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1602417 (Reactome)
LCFA(-)ArrowR-HSA-1602446 (Reactome)
LCLAT1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482861 (Reactome)
LCLAT1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482867 (Reactome)
LPCATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482533 (Reactome)
LPCATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482547 (Reactome)
LPEATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482646 (Reactome)
LPEATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482667 (Reactome)
LPGATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482539 (Reactome)
LPGATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482635 (Reactome)
LPINmim-catalysisR-HSA-1483203 (Reactome)
LPSATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482636 (Reactome)
LPSATmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482691 (Reactome)
MBOAT7mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482598 (Reactome)
MBOAT7mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482626 (Reactome)
MGLL dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-1482543 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowR-HSA-1482773 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowR-HSA-1482778 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowR-HSA-1482794 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowR-HSA-1482867 (Reactome)
MLCLArrowR-HSA-1482894 (Reactome)
MLCLR-HSA-1482759 (Reactome)
MLCLR-HSA-1482773 (Reactome)
MLCLR-HSA-1482775 (Reactome)
MLCLR-HSA-1482781 (Reactome)
MLCLR-HSA-1482850 (Reactome)
MLCLR-HSA-1482861 (Reactome)
NAD+ArrowR-HSA-75889 (Reactome)
NADHR-HSA-75889 (Reactome)
PAArrowR-HSA-1482548 (Reactome)
PAArrowR-HSA-1483099 (Reactome)
PAArrowR-HSA-1483182 (Reactome)
PAArrowR-HSA-75885 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1482604 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1482656 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1482679 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1483099 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1483121 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1483165 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1483203 (Reactome)
PAR-HSA-1602446 (Reactome)
PC:PITPNBArrowR-HSA-1483087 (Reactome)
PC:PITPNBArrowR-HSA-1483211 (Reactome)
PC:PITPNBR-HSA-1483211 (Reactome)
PC:PITPNBR-HSA-1483219 (Reactome)
PCArrowR-HSA-1482533 (Reactome)
PCArrowR-HSA-1482547 (Reactome)
PCArrowR-HSA-1482794 (Reactome)
PCArrowR-HSA-1482961 (Reactome)
PCArrowR-HSA-1482973 (Reactome)
PCArrowR-HSA-1483174 (Reactome)
PCArrowR-HSA-1483219 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1482781 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1482816 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1482827 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1482856 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1482862 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1483087 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1483142 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1483182 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1483186 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1602399 (Reactome)
PCR-HSA-1602417 (Reactome)
PCYT1 dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-1483081 (Reactome)
PCYT2 dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-1483190 (Reactome)
PChoArrowR-HSA-1483004 (Reactome)
PChoR-HSA-1483081 (Reactome)
PChoR-HSA-1483159 (Reactome)
PEArrowR-HSA-1482646 (Reactome)
PEArrowR-HSA-1482667 (Reactome)
PEArrowR-HSA-1482894 (Reactome)
PEArrowR-HSA-1482962 (Reactome)
PEArrowR-HSA-1483077 (Reactome)
PEArrowR-HSA-1483212 (Reactome)
PEMTmim-catalysisR-HSA-1483174 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1482828 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1482850 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1482884 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1482887 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1482892 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1483077 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1483089 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1483174 (Reactome)
PER-HSA-1602398 (Reactome)
PETAArrowR-HSA-1483222 (Reactome)
PETAR-HSA-1483096 (Reactome)
PETAR-HSA-1483190 (Reactome)
PGArrowR-HSA-1482539 (Reactome)
PGArrowR-HSA-1482546 (Reactome)
PGArrowR-HSA-1482635 (Reactome)
PGArrowR-HSA-1482689 (Reactome)
PGArrowR-HSA-1483142 (Reactome)
PGArrowR-HSA-1483197 (Reactome)
PGArrowR-HSA-1483218 (Reactome)
PGPArrowR-HSA-1482939 (Reactome)
PGPR-HSA-1483197 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1482745 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1482847 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1482900 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1482907 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1482920 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1483063 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1483209 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1483218 (Reactome)
PGR-HSA-1602368 (Reactome)
PGS1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482939 (Reactome)
PHOSPHO1:Mg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483096 (Reactome)
PHOSPHO1:Mg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483159 (Reactome)
PI:PITPNBArrowR-HSA-1483219 (Reactome)
PI:PITPNBArrowR-HSA-1483229 (Reactome)
PI:PITPNBR-HSA-1483087 (Reactome)
PI:PITPNBR-HSA-1483229 (Reactome)
PIArrowR-HSA-1482598 (Reactome)
PIArrowR-HSA-1482626 (Reactome)
PIArrowR-HSA-1482976 (Reactome)
PIArrowR-HSA-1483087 (Reactome)
PIR-HSA-1482825 (Reactome)
PIR-HSA-1482868 (Reactome)
PIR-HSA-1482932 (Reactome)
PIR-HSA-1483219 (Reactome)
PIR-HSA-1602377 (Reactome)
PISD:Pyruvoylmim-catalysisR-HSA-1483212 (Reactome)
PLA2(1)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482604 (Reactome)
PLA2(1)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482656 (Reactome)
PLA2(1)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482900 (Reactome)
PLA2(10)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482897 (Reactome)
PLA2(11)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482825 (Reactome)
PLA2(12)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482868 (Reactome)
PLA2(13)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482932 (Reactome)
PLA2(14)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482920 (Reactome)
PLA2(15)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1602374 (Reactome)
PLA2(15)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1602377 (Reactome)
PLA2(15)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1602446 (Reactome)
PLA2(16)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1602368 (Reactome)
PLA2(16)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1602398 (Reactome)
PLA2(16)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1602417 (Reactome)
PLA2(2)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482884 (Reactome)
PLA2(3)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482887 (Reactome)
PLA2(4)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482828 (Reactome)
PLA2(5)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482856 (Reactome)
PLA2(6)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482816 (Reactome)
PLA2(7)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482862 (Reactome)
PLA2(8)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482612 (Reactome)
PLA2(8)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482685 (Reactome)
PLA2(9)mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482771 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A:Ca2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482679 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A:Ca2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482776 (Reactome)
PLA2G2A:Ca2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482907 (Reactome)
PLA2G4A:Ca2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482759 (Reactome)
PLA2G4Cmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482545 (Reactome)
PLA2G4Cmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482571 (Reactome)
PLA2G4Cmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482629 (Reactome)
PLA2G4Cmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482696 (Reactome)
PLA2G4Cmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482827 (Reactome)
PLA2G4Cmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482892 (Reactome)
PLA2G6mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482778 (Reactome)
PLA2Gmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482745 (Reactome)
PLA2Gmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482847 (Reactome)
PLB1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1602399 (Reactome)
PLD1-4/6mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483142 (Reactome)
PLD1/2mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483182 (Reactome)
PLR-HSA-5333678 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482647 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482654 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482777 (Reactome)
PNPLA2/3mim-catalysisR-HSA-1482811 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-1483081 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-1483121 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-1483165 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-1483190 (Reactome)
PSArrowR-HSA-1482636 (Reactome)
PSArrowR-HSA-1482691 (Reactome)
PSArrowR-HSA-1483089 (Reactome)
PSArrowR-HSA-1483170 (Reactome)
PSArrowR-HSA-1483186 (Reactome)
PSR-HSA-1482771 (Reactome)
PSR-HSA-1482776 (Reactome)
PSR-HSA-1482897 (Reactome)
PSR-HSA-1483170 (Reactome)
PSR-HSA-1483212 (Reactome)
PSR-HSA-1602374 (Reactome)
PTDSS1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483186 (Reactome)
PTDSS2mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483089 (Reactome)
PTPMT1mim-catalysisR-HSA-1483197 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1483096 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1483159 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1483197 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-1483203 (Reactome)
R-HSA-1482533 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form phosphatidylcholine (PC). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) (Shindou et al. 2006); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482539 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006), lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase (LPGAT1) (Yang et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1482543 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) hydrolyzes 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) to form a fatty acid and glycerol (Dinh et al. 2004, Zvonok et al. 2008, Bertrand et al. 2010, Labar et al. 2010).
R-HSA-1482545 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) hydrolyzes 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to produce glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Yamashita et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482546 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) acylates 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (Nie et al. 2010).
R-HSA-1482547 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form phosphatidylcholine (PC). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) (Shindou et al. 2006); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482548 (Reactome) At the outer mitochondrial (OM) membrane, 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is acylated to phosphatidic acid (PA) by the enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases epsilon (AGPAT5) (Prasad et al. 2011).
R-HSA-1482571 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) hydrolyzes 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to produce glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Yamashita et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482598 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) aka LPIAT acylates 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) to form phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Gijon et al. 2008, Lee et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482604 (Reactome) At the outer mitochondrial (OM) membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010).
R-HSA-1482612 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/E/F) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009, Sharp et al. 1994) or by Phospholipase B1-like (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 also acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
R-HSA-1482626 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) aka LPIAT acylates 2-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) to form phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Gijon et al. 2008, Lee et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482629 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482635 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006), lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase (LPGAT1) (Yang et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1482636 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) to form phosphatidylserine (PS). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482646 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482647 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, a 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) molecule and a diacylglycerol (DAG) molecule are transacylated by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3). This forms triacylglycerol (TAG) and glycerol (Jenkins et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1482654 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, two 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) molecules are transacylated by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) and glycerol (Jenkins et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1482656 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010).
R-HSA-1482667 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al., 2005); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482679 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A (PLA2G2A), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Singer et al. 2002).
R-HSA-1482685 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/E/F) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009, Sharp et al. 1994) or by Phospholipase B1-like (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 also acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
R-HSA-1482689 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IR) membrane, cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) acylates 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (Nie et al. 2010).
R-HSA-1482691 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) to form phosphatidylserine (PS). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1482695 (Reactome) Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is acylated to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by the enzymes glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (GPAT, also known as GPAM) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 (GPAT2), at the outer mitochondrial (OM) membrane (Shindou & Shimizu 2009, Chen et al. 2008, Takeuchi & Reue 2009).
R-HSA-1482696 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) by membrane-bound cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482745 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 beta (PLA2G4B) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002).
R-HSA-1482759 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), the phospholipase A2 group IV alpha (PLA2G4A) protein hydrolyzes monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and produces dilysocardiolipin (DLCL) (Buckland et al. 1998, Sharp et al. 1994).
R-HSA-1482771 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A,B,D/E/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010), or by group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008). This produces 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS).
R-HSA-1482773 (Reactome) Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) transports via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) (Cao et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2009, Taylor & Hatch 2009).
R-HSA-1482775 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), the trifunctional enzyme HADH (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), an octamer of four alpha (HADHA) and four beta (HADHB) subunits, acylates monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to cardiolipin (CL) (Taylor & Hatch 2009).
R-HSA-1482776 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, PLA2G2A, to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) (Singer et al. 2002).
R-HSA-1482777 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, triacylglycerol (TAG) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups to form diacylglycerol (DAG) by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) (He et al. 2010, Jenkins et al. 2004, Basantani et al. 2011).
R-HSA-1482778 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), calcium-independent phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G6) hydrolyzes, removing one of the acyl chains, cardiolipin (CL) to form monolysocardiolipin (MLCL). This reaction is inferred from rats. PLA2G6 has also been characterized in humans (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999).
R-HSA-1482781 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) to cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009). Although this reaction is reversible, the net effect of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase reactions drives it towards the formation of LPC and CL.
R-HSA-1482794 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482811 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) hydrolyze diacylglycerol (DAG), removing an acyl group to form 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) (He et al. 2010, Jenkins et al. 2004, Basantani et al. 2011).
R-HSA-1482816 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by a membrane-associated phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The phospholipases are either phospholipase A2 group II alpha (PLA2G2A) (Seihamer et al. 1989, Singer et al. 2002), cytosolic phospholipase A2 group IV gamma (PLA2G4C) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Pickard et al. 1999, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009), or calcium-independent phospholipase A2-gamma (PNPLA8) (Murakami et al. 2005, Underwood et al. 1998).
R-HSA-1482825 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by a phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/zeta (PLA2G4A/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 also acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
R-HSA-1482827 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 4C, PLA2G4C (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009), to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolysing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482828 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/D/E/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482847 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IR) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolysed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 beta (PLA2G4B) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010) to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG). Phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolysing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482850 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009). Although this reaction is reversible, the net effect of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase reactions drives it towards the formation of LPE and CL.
R-HSA-1482856 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off by a phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Clarke et al. 1991, Sharp et al. 1994, Song et al. 1999, Chiba et al. 2004), 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
R-HSA-1482857 (Reactome) Cardiolipin (CL) transports via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) (Osman et al. 2011, Vance 1990, Gaigg et al. 1995, Zhao et al. 2009, Simbeni et al. 1991, Ardail et al. 1993, Shiao et al., 1995).
R-HSA-1482860 (Reactome) Dilysocardiolipin (DLCL) transports via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) (Zhao et al. 2009, Buckland et al. 1998).
R-HSA-1482861 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (LCLAT1) aka ALCAT1 acylates monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to cardiolipin (CL) (Cao et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482862 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolysed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/E/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolysing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482867 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (LCLAT1) aka ALCAT1 acylates dilysocardiolipin (DLCL) to produce monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) (Zhao et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482868 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A (PLA2G2A) (Singer et al. 2002) or by cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G4C) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI).
R-HSA-1482884 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G(4A/B/D/E/F) (Ghosh et al. 2006, Yamashita et al. 2009, Yamashita et al. 1999, Ghomashchi et al. 2010), 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
R-HSA-1482887 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, (PLA2G2A) or by calcium-independent phospholipase A2-gamma (PNPLA8), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (Murakami et al. 2005, Kramer et al. 1989, Singer et al. 2002).
R-HSA-1482889 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, diacylglycerol (DAG) is acylated and forms triacylglycerol (TAG) by the action of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) tetramer or by diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) (Wakimoto et al. 2003, Oelkers et al. 1998, Cases et al. 2001).
R-HSA-1482892 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, PLA2G2A, to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Yamashita et al. 2009). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482894 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1482897 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482900 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010) to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG).
R-HSA-1482907 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by membrane-associated phospholipase A2 gamma 2A, PLA2G2A (Singer et al. 2002), to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG).
R-HSA-1482920 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 delta/zeta (PLA2G4D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010) to form 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482932 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by cytosolic phospholipase A2 delta/epsilon (PLA2G4D/E) Ghomashchi et al. 2010). This produces 2-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes show not only PLA2 hydrolyzing activity to form the 1-acyl lysophospholipid but also have a degree of PLA1 activity, producing a 2-acyl lysophospholipid.
R-HSA-1482939 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase (PGS1) converts cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP). This event is inferred from rats. The enzyme PGS1 has been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1482961 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase (CEPT1) converts CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
R-HSA-1482962 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1) or ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (EPT1) converts CDP- ethanolamine (CDP-ETA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Horibata et al. 2007, Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
R-HSA-1482973 (Reactome) At the Golgi membrane, cholinephosphotransferase 1 (CHPT1) converts CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
R-HSA-1482976 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase (CDIPT) converts cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and inositol (Ins) into phosphatidylinositol (PI) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Lykidis et al. 1997).
R-HSA-1483002 (Reactome) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to 1-acyl glycerone 3-phosphate (GO3P) by the enzyme dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (GNPAT) (de Vet et al. 1999, Ofman et al. 1994). This reaction step links Glycerolipid metabolism to Ether lipid metabolism.
R-HSA-1483004 (Reactome) In the cytosol, choline kinase alpha subunit (CHKA) homodimer, choline kinase beta subunit (CHKB) dimer, or CHKA:CHKB heterodimer phosphorylates choline (Cho) to produce phosphocholine (PCho) (Malito et al. 2006, Gallego-Ortega et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1483063 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) converts phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) into cardiolipin (CL) (Lu et al. 2006, Houtkooper et al. 2006).
R-HSA-1483077 (Reactome) Transport of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) occurs via membrane contact sites between the mitochondrial membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The event is inferred from rats (Vance 1990, Vance 1991).
R-HSA-1483081 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, active membrane-bound choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A (PCYT1A) or B (PCYT1B) homodimer condenses phosphocholine (PCho) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to produce CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) (Lykidis et al. 1998).
R-HSA-1483087 (Reactome) At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is exchanged for phosphatidylcholine (PC) within the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) complex (Tilley et al. 2004, Yolder et al. 2001, Carvou et al. 2010, Schouten et al. 2002, Vordtriede et al. 2005, Shadan et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1483089 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine synthase 2 (PTDSS2) converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by facilitating the exchange of L-Serine (L-Ser) with the ethanolamine (ETA) head group (Saito et al. 1998, Tomohiro et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1483096 (Reactome) In the cytosol, phosphoethanolamine (PETA) is dephosphorylated to ethanolamine (ETA) by phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase (PHOSPHO1) (Roberts et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1483099 (Reactome) Phosphatidic acid (PA) transport within the mitochondrion occurs as free diffusion through the aqueous phase and not mediated by phospholipid transfer proteins. This event is inferred from rats (Chakraborty et al. 1999, Wojtczak et al. 1990).
R-HSA-1483107 (Reactome) In the cytosol, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPCPD1, also known as GDE5) hydrolyzes glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) to produce ethanolamine (ETA) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This event has been inferred from mice. GPCPD1 has also been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1483116 (Reactome) In the cytosol, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPCPD1, also known as GDE5) hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) to produce choline (Cho) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This event has been inferred from mice. GPCPD1 has also been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1483121 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 (CDS1) converts phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). Both ER and mitochondrial membranes have the capability to synthesize cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) with phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 and 2 (CDS1 and CDS2) (Lykidis et al. 1997). However, transport of CDP-DAG between organelles cannot be ruled out (Stuhne-Sekalec et al. 1986).
R-HSA-1483142 (Reactome) In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phospholipase D1-4,6 (PLD1-4,6) transphosphatidylates phosphatidylcholine (PC) with glycerol to displace choline (Cho) and form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). This reaction is inferred from rats, but PLD enzymes are present in humans (Hammond et al. 1995, Steed et al. 1998, Cao et al. 1997).
R-HSA-1483159 (Reactome) In the cytosol, the phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase (PHOSPHO1) dephosphorylates phosphocholine (PCho) to choline (Cho) (Roberts et al. 2004).
R-HSA-1483165 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 2 (CDS2) converts phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). Both ER and mitochondrial membranes have the capability to synthesise cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) with phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 and 2 (CDS1 and CDS2) (Lykidis et al. 1997, Schlame & Haldar 1993). However, transport of CDP-DAG between organelles cannot be ruled out (Stuhne-Sekalec et al. 1986).
R-HSA-1483170 (Reactome) Transport of phosphatidylserine (PS) occurs via membrane contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane. This event has been inferred from rats (Vance 1990, Vance 1991).
R-HSA-1483174 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) methylates phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and produces phosphatidylcholine (PC) (Vance & Ridgway 1998, Shields et al. 2001, Guan et al. 1999).
R-HSA-1483182 (Reactome) Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline (Cho) by the enzymes phospholipase D1/2 (PLD1/2), at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (Lopez et al. 1998, Hammond et al. 1995).
R-HSA-1483186 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1) converts phosphatidylcholine (PC) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by facilitating the exchange of L-Serine (L-Ser) with the choline (Cho) head group (Saito et al. 1998, Tomohiro et al. 2009).
R-HSA-1483190 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, active membrane-bound ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (PCY2) dimer condenses phosphoethanolamine (PETA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to produce CDP-ethanolamine (CDP-ETA) (Zhu et al. 2008, Nakashima et al. 1997).
R-HSA-1483197 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, PTPMT1 (phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The biochemical properties of human PTPMT1 have not been determined; this reaction is inferred from the one catalyzed by the homologous mouse protein (Zhang et al. 2011).
R-HSA-1483203 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidate phosphatase 1-3 (LPIN) dephosphorylates phosphatidic acid (PA) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) (Grimsey et al. 2008, Donkor et al. 2007).
R-HSA-1483209 (Reactome) The biosynthetic pathway of lysobisphosphatidic acid, also known as bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate (BMP), is still not fully understood with the in vivo enzymes responsible yet to be fully identified. It appears to involve multiple steps including hydrolysis of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by a phospholipase A2, acylation, and a reorientation of the phosphoryl ester (Poorthuis & Hostetler 1978, Heravi & Waite 1999, Hullin-Matsuda et al. 2007, Gallala & Sandhoff 2010).
R-HSA-1483211 (Reactome) The complex between phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) transports from the Golgi membrane to the ER membrane (Carvou et al. 2010, Shadan et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1483212 (Reactome) At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme (heterodimer of two chains from the same protein) (PISD) decarboxylates phosphatidylserine (PS) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This event has been inferred from rats and limited data for a human PISD (Forbes et al. 2007).
R-HSA-1483218 (Reactome) Lysobisphosphatidic acid, also known as bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate (BMP), is enriched in late endosomes and not found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria where phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is synthesised. Late endosomes form membrane contact sites with the ER, providing a means for PG to enter the late endosome and be converted to BMP (Levine 2004, Eden et al. 2010, Kobayashi et al. 1998, Hullin-Matsuda et al. 2007, Kobayashi et al. 1999).
R-HSA-1483219 (Reactome) At the ER membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is exchanged for phosphatidylinositol (PI) within the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) complex (Tilley et al. 2004, Yolder et al. 2001, Carvou et al. 2010, Schouten et al. 2002, Vordtriede et al. 2005, Shadan et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1483222 (Reactome) In the cytosol, ethanolamine (ETA) is phosphorylated to phosphoethanolamine (PETA) by choline kinase (CHK) dimer or by ethanolamine kinase 1/2 (ETNK1/2) (Lykidis et al. 2001, Gallego-Ortega et al. 2009). CHK dimer consists of either choline kinase alpha subunit (CHKA) or beta subunit (CHKB) homodimer, or of CHKA:CHKB heterodimer.
R-HSA-1483229 (Reactome) The phosphatidylinositol transfer protein beta isoform (PITPNB) bound to phosphatidylinositol (PI) complex transports from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to the Golgi membrane (Carvou et al. 2010, Shadan et al. 2008).
R-HSA-1602368 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
R-HSA-1602374 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
R-HSA-1602377 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
R-HSA-1602398 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
R-HSA-1602399 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by membrane-associated phospholipase B1 (PLB1) (Maury et al. 2002, Gassama-Diagne et al. 1992).
R-HSA-1602417 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
R-HSA-1602446 (Reactome) At the plasma membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
R-HSA-264622 (Reactome) In the cytosol, choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT) acetylates choline (Cho) to produce acetylcholine (AcCho) (Toussaint 1992).

AcCho is synthesised in the cytoplasm of cholinergic neurons from acetyl-CoA and Cho by CHAT enzyme.
R-HSA-372519 (Reactome) Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) oligomers (comprising monomers, dimers and tetramers), anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane, hydrolyze acetylcholine (AcCho) to form choline (Cho) and acetate (Weinstock & Groner 2008, Velan et al. 1991, Kryger et al. 2000).

Acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft is degraded into inactive molecules, Cho and acetate by ACHE, which is located in the synaptic cleft (Weinstock & Groner 2008).
R-HSA-444433 (Reactome) Choline (Cho) transports from the extracellular space through the plasma membrane via the choline transporter-like proteins (SLC44A1-5 also known as CTL1-5) to the cytosol (Okuda & Haga 2000, Traiffort et al. 2005, O'Regan et al. 2000).

CTL1 is broadly expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells (Wille et al. 2001). CTL2 is highly expressed in human inner ear and is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss (Nair et al. 2004).
R-HSA-5333678 (Reactome) Copine 1, 3, 6 and 7 (CPNE1,3,6,7) are a family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins thought to be involved in membrane trafficking processes. They contain two C2 domains, one each for the Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding properties (Creutz et al. 1998, Tomsig & Creutz 2002).
R-HSA-549112 (Reactome) Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is acylated to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by the enzymes glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (AGPAT6) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (Cao et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2008).
R-HSA-75885 (Reactome) At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 1-acyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is acylated to phosphatidic acid (PA) by the enzymes 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (AGPAT1 through 11), and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT1) (Aguado and Campbell 1998).

See recent review by Agarwal (2012, in press).

AGPAT1, 2, 3 and LPCAT1 have been characterized biochemically (AGPAT1, 2: Yamashita et al. 2007, West et al. 1997, Aguado and Campbell 1998, Gale et al. 2006; AGPAT3: Agarwal et al. 2006; LPCAT1: Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006). Two additional proteins, AGPAT4 and AGPAT5, are inferred to have such activity based on studies of homologous mouse enzymes (Lu et al. 2005). These enzymes differ in their tissue specific patterns of expression in the body and in their preferences for specific acyl CoA molecules (Shindou and Shimizu 2009; Takeuchi and Reue 2009).

R-HSA-75889 (Reactome) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) or by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like (GPD1L) enzymes (Ou et al. 2006, Valdivia et al. 2009). The active forms of both enzymes are homodimers. This reaction may be found in white adipose tissues where glycerol-3-kinase activity is not observed in sufficient levels. GPD1/GPD1L reduces dihydroxyacetone phosphate with NADH donating electrons to this reduction.
SerR-HSA-1483089 (Reactome)
SerR-HSA-1483186 (Reactome)
TAGArrowR-HSA-1482647 (Reactome)
TAGArrowR-HSA-1482889 (Reactome)
TAGR-HSA-1482777 (Reactome)
TAZmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482781 (Reactome)
TAZmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482794 (Reactome)
TAZmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482850 (Reactome)
TAZmim-catalysisR-HSA-1482894 (Reactome)
acetateArrowR-HSA-372519 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482533 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482539 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482546 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482547 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482548 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482598 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482626 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482635 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482636 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482646 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482667 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482689 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482691 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482695 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482775 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482861 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482867 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1482889 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-1483002 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-549112 (Reactome)
acyl-CoAR-HSA-75885 (Reactome)
fatty acidArrowR-HSA-1482543 (Reactome)
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