S Phase (Homo sapiens)

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535425452, 583, 7, 10, 51, 56182543351514, 216, 12, 13, 33, 52...553639353, 579299345422, 3312, 16, 494117, 461414, 37, 59, 602521, 32, 5923, 317, 47, 48, 50, 51, 5621, 3826321, 30, 44, 5932, 5914254, 8, 991112, 19, 20nucleoplasmUBC(457-532) UBB(77-152) PSMA5 UBB(153-228) PRIM2 RPA1 PSMD4 UBC(533-608) PSMC2 MCM4 Processive complexp-T187-CDKN1B POLA2 PSMA2 POLD2 PSMC1 POLE WAPAL SMC3 POLD2 PRIM2 PRIM1 ubiquitinMCM3 GINS2 p-T286-CCND1 STAG2 STAG1 STAG2 MCM4 PSMB10 PRIM2 CUL1 CKS1B POLA2 RNA primer-DNAprimer:originduplex:PCNAPDS5B ATPp-S130-CDKN1A RPS27A(1-76) POLD2 PRIM2 PDS5A MCM7 PSMA7 PSMD12 PSMA6 CDKN1AESCORAD21 MitoticTelophase/CytokinesisORC4 UBB(1-76) PSME2 NTPSMC1A anaphase-promotingcomplex (APC)MCM8 PDS5A MCM7 PSMD11 MYC PRIM1 POLD3 RPA1 CDCA5RPA2 RAD21 PSMA3 p-Y15-CDK2 RFC3 MCM6 CKS1B UBC(533-608) RPS27A(1-76) PSMD14 PSMB9 UBC(77-152) UBC(305-380) GINS4POLA1 CyclinA:Cdk2:p21/p27complexMCM2 UBC(229-304) SKP1 ubiquitinated Orc1Processivecomplex:Okazakifragments:RemainingFlapMCM6 PSMD13 RFCHeteropentamer:RNAprimer-DNAprimer:originduplexCDKN1B RFC4 MCM2PDS5B Replication ForkPSMB1 APEX1 RFC4 MCM5 LIG1Sister ChromosomalArmSMC1A RPA heterotrimerPRIM1 PSMC6 GINS complexPRIM2 2xAcK-SMC3 RFC1 PSMB8 MAX RFC2 ADPCDT1 PRIM2 UBC(77-152) SMC3 POLA2 CDK2PSMA6 STAG1 GINS1 UBB(1-76) PSMD5 ATPPOLD3 UBC(533-608) RFC1 CDK2 MCM4 STAG1 UBC(533-608) Cyclin D1:Cdk4POLD2 UBA52(1-76) UBC(229-304) RPA1 UBC(609-684) PSME3 PSMD10 UBC(1-76) CyclinE/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21POLE ADPmulti-ubiquitinatedphospho-(T286)Cyclin D1CAKUBC(229-304) GINS1 PCNA POLD4 CCNA:p-T160-CDK2RFC2 PRIM1 p-RB1 MCM6 UBC(1-76) POLD3 UBC(609-684) GINS3UBB(153-228) UBB(153-228) RFC1 CDKN1B PCNA PCNA CUL1 UBB(153-228) ATPUBC(77-152) CyclinA:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21 complexPSMA4 MCM6 ATPPOLA1 PSMD5 PDS5B Cyclin E/A:Cdk2UBC(153-228) PRIM2 PDS5B PSMA1 UBC(305-380) p-T286-CCND1 RPA3 PSMA4 PSMD8 PRIM1 PSMD14 POLD4 POLA1 UBC(381-456) ADPRPA2 POLD4 UBC(229-304) ORC5 PSMA2 CDKN1A FZR1 PSMD3 GINS3 ADPPSMB3 POLE2 ATPPOLA1 PSMB4 PRIM2 PSMA3 ADPMCM5 CyclinE/A:Cdk2:multiubiquitinated phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexSMC1A CDC45POLD1 CyclinA:Cdk2:substratecomplexORC2 PRIM1 RFC5 GINS4 RFC3 Processivecomplex:Okazakifragment:FlapRAD21 SKP2 PSMD9 UBB(77-152) PSMD11 PRIM1 POLA2 p-S130-CDKN1A UBC(609-684) ADPPSMD7 PSMD10 CDC6 PCNA homotrimerPSMC2 MCM4 POLA2 CDKN1B Processivecomplex:Okazakifragment complexPOLA1 POLD3 p-T187-CDKN1B GINS3 UBC(381-456) p-T160-CDK2 UBA52(1-76) Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal ArmPDS5A MCM3 p-T187-CDKN1B Processivecomplex:Okazakifragment:Flap:RPAheterotrimerCDC6UBC(1-76) PRIM1 CDKN1BPOLD3 RAD21 PRIM2 Cdc25 A/BPCNA PDS5A CDK2 RFC5 CKS1B PCNA PSMC3 CDC25ACDT1 RFCHeteropentamer:RNAprimer-DNAprimer:originduplex:PCNAhomotrimerPCNA phospho(T286)-CyclinD1:Cdk4POLD3 CDKN1BAc-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal ArmCDC6 POLA2 PSMD2 PSMB7 PSMD12 POLA1 glycogen synthasekinase-3 betap-T286-CCND1 RAD21 UBB(1-76) POLD1 POLD4 POLD1 PRIM1 POLD3 CDK2 MCM4 PSMB2 p-CDC6PSMD4 POLA1 26S proteasomePSMD2 STAG1 CKS1BPOLD1 CDK2 POLA2 SMC1A PCNA UBA52(1-76) CDK2 STAG2 UBC(77-152) Myc/Max heterodimerMCM3 PRIM1 POLA1 p-T286-CCND1SKP1 ORC4 POLD2 PRIM1 POLA2 dTTPCCND1 Cyclin A:Cdk2complexMCM2 PRIM2 PSMD13 PSMB6 PRIM2 PSMD9 PSMA5 Sister CentromereUBC(77-152) Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:CentromereUBC(1-76) POLD1 PRIM2 PDS5B PSMC6 UbCDK2 FEN1PDS5A CDC45 MCM7 ATPSKP1 PDS5B ORC3 POLA1 UBC(305-380) UBC(153-228) ORC6 p-S,T-ORC1CyclinE/A:Cdk2:p27/p21complexORC1 POLA1 PSME1 GINS2 UBC(609-684) DNA polymerasealpha:primasePSMD1 p-CDC6PSMB8 PSMC4 PSMB5 RB1 CCNH UBC(153-228) LIG1:APEX1GINS2UBC(305-380) ADPLIG1 CDK4 PSMA8 PSMB4 CDCA5 CDK4 UBB(77-152) SKP1 POLA2 UBB(1-76) CCNASKP2 PSME1 RPA2 SMC1A CDK7 UBC(457-532) PRIM1 p-S130-CDKN1A phospho(T286)-CyclinD1:Cdk4WAPAL WEE1UBB(77-152) ATPSTAG2 UBC(153-228) MCM3 UBC(1-76) p-T286-CCND1WAPAL STAG1 PDS5A MCM7 p21/p27SisterChromosomalArms:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPALPOLA2 POLA1 PRIM2 PSMD3 PSMB1 MCM7 MCM8MNAT1 RPS27A(1-76) UBC(533-608) STAG2 DNA polymerasealpha:primase:DNApolymerasealpha:origincomplexdCTPPOLA2 CDKORC1 CDK2 Mitotic PrometaphaseH2OUMPPOLE2 AMPSKP2 UBC(457-532) POLA2 ATPUBC(457-532) Mcm4,6,7 complexMCM3RPA3 UBC(381-456) PSMC5 UBB(77-152) ORC1 PSMD1 POLD2 WAPAL CyclinA:phospho-Cdk2(Tyr15)DNA polymeraseepsilonPSMF1 POLD4 PSMB2 p-S130-CDKN1A DNA Polymerase deltatetramerp-FZR1 POLD2 ADPp-T160-CDK2 CDK2 Processivecomplex:nicked DNAfrom adjacentOkazaki fragmentsPSMC4 CUL1 2xAcK-SMC3 Mcm2-7 complexPSMB3 PSMB5 GINS4 p-T187-CDKN1B POLA2 UBC(229-304) UBC(381-456) UBC(609-684) PSMD8 RPS27A(1-76) STAG1 PRIM1 ubiquitinated Cdc6ATPPSMD7 UBC(381-456) ORC3 CDC6 SisterCentromeres:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPALSCF(Skp2):Cks1complexWAPAL PRIM2 PSMD6 POLA1 RAD21 Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:CentromereMCM6 ubiquitinated Orc1GMPp-T187-CDKN1B PSMC1 MCM8 ORC6 RFC4 PSMC3 2xAcK-SMC3 UBB(153-228) MCM5 ORC5 WAPAL PSME4 SMC1A p-T160-CDK2 Unwinding complex atreplication forkRNA primer-DNAprimer:originduplexCDKN1A SCF(Skp2) complexpre-replicativecomplexPSMC5 RFC3 DNA2POLD4 PCNA CUL1 UBC(153-228) CMPdATPMCM5 CyclinA:Cdk2:phosphorylated substrate complexp-S130-CDKN1A MCM2 CyclinE/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexPSMD6 PSME3 CDCA5 ORC2 CDK2 SKP2 PSMB9 POLD4 Ac-CoAPRIM1 PCNA PSMB6 PCNA POLD1 RFC5 PSME2 Ubiquitin ligasePOLD1 UBC(457-532) PSMB11 MCM2 Okazaki fragmentPSMB10 UBA52(1-76) POLA1 26S proteasomeCDKN1AdGTPCDK2 ligated okazakifragmentPOLD2 POLA2 RFC2 UBB(1-76) POLD3 DNA2 PSMB7 RFC HeteropentamerPSMF1 GINS1POLD4 RPS27A(1-76) PiRNA primer:originduplex:DNApolymerasealpha:primasecomplexUBA52(1-76) POLA1 STAG2 Unwound forkPSMA1 pre-replicativecomplex(Orc1-minus)UBC(305-380) Processivecomplex:Okazakifragment:Flap:RPAheterotrimer:dna2CDK4 CDKN1A Cyclin A:Cdk2complexRPA3 PSMA7 CoA-SHPOLD1 2xAcK-SMC3 MCM51, 540282725282442115425


Description

DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase, or the synthesis phase, of the cell cycle. The cell duplicates its hereditary material, and two copies of the chromosome are formed. As DNA replication continues, the E type cyclins shared by the G1 and S phases, are destroyed and the levels of the mitotic cyclins rise. Source:Reactome.

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Ontology Terms

 

Bibliography

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  30. Jackman M, Kubota Y, den Elzen N, Hagting A, Pines J.; ''Cyclin A- and cyclin E-Cdk complexes shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  36. Sarshad AA, Corcoran M, Al-Muzzaini B, Borgonovo-Brandter L, Von Euler A, Lamont D, Visa N, Percipalle P.; ''Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β phosphorylates and protects nuclear myosin 1c from proteasome-mediated degradation to activate rDNA transcription in early G1 cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  37. Hou F, Zou H.; ''Two human orthologues of Eco1/Ctf7 acetyltransferases are both required for proper sister-chromatid cohesion.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  38. Patel P, Asbach B, Shteyn E, Gomez C, Coltoff A, Bhuyan S, Tyner AL, Wagner R, Blain SW.; ''Brk/Protein tyrosine kinase 6 phosphorylates p27KIP1, regulating the activity of cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase 4.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  39. Carrano AC, Eytan E, Hershko A, Pagano M.; ''SKP2 is required for ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the CDK inhibitor p27.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  40. Rankin S, Ayad NG, Kirschner MW.; ''Sororin, a substrate of the anaphase-promoting complex, is required for sister chromatid cohesion in vertebrates.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
118522view10:10, 28 May 2021EweitzOntology Term : 'S phase pathway' added !
115059view17:00, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113503view11:58, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112703view16:10, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101618view11:48, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101154view21:34, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100681view20:07, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100231view16:52, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99783view15:18, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99337view12:47, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93537view11:26, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86636view09:22, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83395view11:07, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81589view13:07, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamVersion53
77049view08:35, 17 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76754view12:11, 16 July 2014ReactomeTeamFixed remaining interactions
76079view10:14, 11 June 2014ReactomeTeamRe-fixing comment source
75789view11:32, 10 June 2014ReactomeTeamReactome 48 Update
75139view14:08, 8 May 2014AnweshaFixing comment source for displaying WikiPathways description
74786view08:52, 30 April 2014ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
26S proteasomeComplexR-HSA-177750 (Reactome)
26S proteasomeComplexR-HSA-68819 (Reactome)
2xAcK-SMC3 ProteinQ9UQE7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
AMPMetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
APEX1 ProteinP27695 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
Ac-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:15351 (ChEBI)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:CentromereComplexR-HSA-2473149 (Reactome)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal ArmComplexR-HSA-2473153 (Reactome)
CAKComplexR-HSA-69221 (Reactome)
CCNA:p-T160-CDK2ComplexR-HSA-187952 (Reactome)
CCNAR-HSA-170089 (Reactome)
CCND1 ProteinP24385 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNH ProteinP51946 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDC25AProteinP30304 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDC45 ProteinO75419 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDC45ProteinO75419 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDC6 ProteinQ99741 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDC6ProteinQ99741 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDCA5 ProteinQ96FF9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDCA5ProteinQ96FF9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK2 ProteinP24941 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK2ProteinP24941 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK4 ProteinP11802 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7 ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDKN1A ProteinP38936 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDKN1AProteinP38936 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDKN1B ProteinP46527 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDKN1BProteinP46527 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDKComplexR-HSA-68380 (Reactome)
CDT1 ProteinQ9H211 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CKS1B ProteinP61024 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CKS1BProteinP61024 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17361 (ChEBI)
CUL1 ProteinQ13616 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Cdc25 A/BR-HSA-187904 (Reactome)
CoA-SHMetaboliteCHEBI:15346 (ChEBI)
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:CentromereComplexR-HSA-2545177 (Reactome)
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal ArmComplexR-HSA-2545179 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:p21/p27

complex		ComplexR-HSA-187926 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21 complexComplexR-HSA-187912 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2:phosphorylated substrate complexComplexR-HSA-187965 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:substrate

complex		ComplexR-HSA-187947 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:phospho-Cdk2(Tyr

15)		ComplexR-HSA-187907 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:multiubiquitinated phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexComplexR-HSA-187568 (Reactome)
Cyclin

E/A:Cdk2:p27/p21

complex		ComplexR-HSA-187516 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexComplexR-HSA-187565 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21ComplexR-HSA-187522 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexComplexR-HSA-141608 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexComplexR-HSA-187501 (Reactome)
Cyclin D1:Cdk4ComplexR-HSA-113844 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2ComplexR-HSA-187496 (Reactome)
DNA Polymerase delta tetramerComplexR-HSA-68450 (Reactome)
DNA polymerase

alpha:primase:DNA polymerase alpha:origin

complex		ComplexR-HSA-68510 (Reactome)
DNA polymerase alpha:primaseComplexR-HSA-68507 (Reactome)
DNA polymerase epsilonComplexR-HSA-68483 (Reactome)
DNA2 ProteinP51530 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DNA2ProteinP51530 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ESCOR-HSA-2468046 (Reactome)
FEN1ProteinP39748 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FZR1 ProteinQ9UM11 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS complexComplexR-HSA-176952 (Reactome)
GINS1 ProteinQ14691 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS1ProteinQ14691 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS2 ProteinQ9Y248 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS2ProteinQ9Y248 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS3 ProteinQ9BRX5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS3ProteinQ9BRX5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS4 ProteinQ9BRT9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GINS4ProteinQ9BRT9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17345 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
LIG1 ProteinP18858 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LIG1:APEX1ComplexR-HSA-110348 (Reactome)
LIG1ProteinP18858 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MAX ProteinP61244 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM2 ProteinP49736 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM2ProteinP49736 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM3 ProteinP25205 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM3ProteinP25205 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM4 ProteinP33991 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM5 ProteinP33992 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM5ProteinP33992 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM6 ProteinQ14566 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM7 ProteinP33993 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM8 ProteinQ9UJA3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MCM8ProteinQ9UJA3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MNAT1 ProteinP51948 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MYC ProteinP01106 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Mcm2-7 complexComplexR-HSA-68558 (Reactome)
Mcm4,6,7 complexComplexR-HSA-69018 (Reactome)
Mitotic Telophase/CytokinesisPathwayR-HSA-68884 (Reactome) In this final phase of mitosis, new membranes are formed around two sets of chromatids and two daughter cells are formed. The chromosomes and the spindle fibers disperse, and the fiber ring around the center of the cell, composed of actin, contracts, pinching the cell into two daughter cells.
Mitotic PrometaphasePathwayR-HSA-68877 (Reactome) The dissolution of the nuclear membrane marks the beginning of the prometaphase. Kinetochores are created when proteins attach to the centromeres. Microtubules then attach at the kinetochores, and the chromosomes begin to move to the metaphase plate.
Myc/Max heterodimerComplexR-HSA-188378 (Reactome)
NTPR-ALL-30595 (Reactome)
ORC1 ProteinQ13415 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ORC2 ProteinQ13416 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ORC3 ProteinQ9UBD5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ORC4 ProteinO43929 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ORC5 ProteinO43913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ORC6 ProteinQ9Y5N6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Okazaki fragmentR-NUL-68452 (Reactome)
PCNA ProteinP12004 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PCNA homotrimerComplexR-HSA-68440 (Reactome)
PDS5A ProteinQ29RF7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PDS5B ProteinQ9NTI5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLA1 ProteinP09884 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLA2 ProteinQ14181 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLD1 ProteinP28340 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLD2 ProteinP49005 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLD3 ProteinQ15054 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLD4 ProteinQ9HCU8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLE ProteinQ07864 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLE2 ProteinP56282 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PRIM1 ProteinP49642 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PRIM2 ProteinP49643 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA1 ProteinP25786 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA2 ProteinP25787 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA3 ProteinP25788 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA4 ProteinP25789 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA5 ProteinP28066 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA6 ProteinP60900 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA7 ProteinO14818 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA8 ProteinQ8TAA3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB1 ProteinP20618 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB10 ProteinP40306 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB11 ProteinA5LHX3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB2 ProteinP49721 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB3 ProteinP49720 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB4 ProteinP28070 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB5 ProteinP28074 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB6 ProteinP28072 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB7 ProteinQ99436 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB8 ProteinP28062 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB9 ProteinP28065 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC1 ProteinP62191 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC2 ProteinP35998 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC3 ProteinP17980 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC4 ProteinP43686 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC5 ProteinP62195 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC6 ProteinP62333 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD1 ProteinQ99460 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD10 ProteinO75832 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD11 ProteinO00231 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD12 ProteinO00232 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD13 ProteinQ9UNM6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD14 ProteinO00487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD2 ProteinQ13200 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD3 ProteinO43242 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD4 ProteinP55036 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD5 ProteinQ16401 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD6 ProteinQ15008 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD7 ProteinP51665 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD8 ProteinP48556 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD9 ProteinO00233 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME1 ProteinQ06323 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME2 ProteinQ9UL46 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME3 ProteinP61289 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME4 ProteinQ14997 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMF1 ProteinQ92530 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
Processive

complex:Okazaki

fragment complex		ComplexR-HSA-68453 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragment:Flap:RPA

heterotrimer:dna2		ComplexR-HSA-68466 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragment:Flap:RPA

heterotrimer		ComplexR-HSA-68463 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki

fragment:Flap		ComplexR-HSA-68455 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragments:Remaining

Flap		ComplexR-HSA-68468 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:nicked DNA from adjacent

Okazaki fragments		ComplexR-HSA-68470 (Reactome)
Processive complexComplexR-HSA-68451 (Reactome)
RAD21 ProteinO60216 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RB1 ProteinP06400 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RFC

Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex:PCNA

homotrimer		ComplexR-HSA-68471 (Reactome)
RFC

Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin

duplex		ComplexR-HSA-68437 (Reactome)
RFC HeteropentamerComplexR-HSA-68436 (Reactome)
RFC1 ProteinP35251 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RFC2 ProteinP35250 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RFC3 ProteinP40938 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RFC4 ProteinP35249 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RFC5 ProteinP40937 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNA primer-DNA

primer:origin

duplex:PCNA		ComplexR-HSA-68441 (Reactome)
RNA primer-DNA

primer:origin

duplex		ComplexR-HSA-68425 (Reactome)
RNA primer:origin

duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase

complex		ComplexR-HSA-68423 (Reactome)
RPA heterotrimerComplexR-HSA-68462 (Reactome)
RPA1 ProteinP27694 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPA2 ProteinP15927 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPA3 ProteinP35244 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPS27A(1-76) ProteinP62979 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Replication ForkR-NUL-169515 (Reactome)
SCF(Skp2) complexComplexR-HSA-187541 (Reactome)
SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexComplexR-HSA-187547 (Reactome)
SKP1 ProteinP63208 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SKP2 ProteinQ13309 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SMC1A ProteinQ14683 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SMC3 ProteinQ9UQE7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
STAG1 ProteinQ8WVM7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
STAG2 ProteinQ8N3U4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Sister Centromeres:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPALComplexR-HSA-1638799 (Reactome)
Sister

Chromosomal

Arms:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPAL		ComplexR-HSA-1638802 (Reactome)
Sister CentromereR-NUL-1638792 (Reactome)
Sister Chromosomal ArmR-NUL-1638790 (Reactome)
UBA52(1-76) ProteinP62987 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBB(1-76) ProteinP0CG47 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBB(153-228) ProteinP0CG47 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBB(77-152) ProteinP0CG47 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(1-76) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(153-228) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(229-304) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(305-380) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(381-456) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(457-532) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(533-608) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(609-684) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBC(77-152) ProteinP0CG48 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UMPMetaboliteCHEBI:16695 (ChEBI)
UbR-HSA-113595 (Reactome)
Ubiquitin ligaseR-HSA-69593 (Reactome)
Unwinding complex at replication forkComplexR-HSA-176949 (Reactome)
Unwound forkR-NUL-169509 (Reactome)
WAPAL ProteinQ7Z5K2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
WEE1ProteinP30291 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
anaphase-promoting complex (APC)R-HSA-69007 (Reactome)
dATPMetaboliteCHEBI:16284 (ChEBI)
dCTPMetaboliteCHEBI:16311 (ChEBI)
dGTPMetaboliteCHEBI:16497 (ChEBI)
dTTPMetaboliteCHEBI:18077 (ChEBI)
glycogen synthase kinase-3 betaR-NUL-75818 (Reactome)
ligated okazaki fragmentR-NUL-69172 (Reactome)
multi-ubiquitinated

phospho-(T286)

Cyclin D1		ComplexR-HSA-177997 (Reactome)
p-CDC6ProteinQ99741 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-FZR1 ProteinQ9UM11 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-RB1 ProteinP06400 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The pRB C-terminus contains a cluster of seven candidate in vivo cdk phosphorylation sites (residues 795, 807, 811, 821, and 826) and is phosphorylated in vitro by cyclin A, cyclin E, and cyclin D-associated kinases.
p-S,T-ORC1ProteinQ13415 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-S130-CDKN1A ProteinP38936 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-T160-CDK2 ProteinP24941 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-T187-CDKN1B ProteinP46527 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-T286-CCND1 ProteinP24385 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-T286-CCND1ProteinP24385 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-Y15-CDK2 ProteinP24941 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p21/p27R-HSA-182558 (Reactome)
phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1:Cdk4ComplexR-HSA-75812 (Reactome)
phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1:Cdk4ComplexR-HSA-75814 (Reactome)
pre-replicative

complex

(Orc1-minus)		ComplexR-HSA-157563 (Reactome)
pre-replicative complexComplexR-HSA-68559 (Reactome)
ubiquitinR-HSA-68524 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Cdc6ComplexR-HSA-68570 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Orc1ComplexR-HSA-113570 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Orc1ComplexR-HSA-68586 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
26S proteasomemim-catalysisR-HSA-187574 (Reactome)
26S proteasomemim-catalysisR-HSA-68948 (Reactome)
26S proteasomemim-catalysisR-HSA-69016 (Reactome)
26S proteasomemim-catalysisR-HSA-75825 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-174164 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-187520 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-187948 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-187949 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-68944 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-69005 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-69063 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-75820 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-174164 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-187520 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-187948 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-187949 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-68944 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-69005 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-69015 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-69063 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-75820 (Reactome)
Ac-CoAR-HSA-2468039 (Reactome)
Ac-CoAR-HSA-2473152 (Reactome)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:CentromereArrowR-HSA-2473152 (Reactome)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:CentromereR-HSA-2473151 (Reactome)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal ArmArrowR-HSA-2468039 (Reactome)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal ArmR-HSA-2468041 (Reactome)
CAKmim-catalysisR-HSA-187949 (Reactome)
CCNA:p-T160-CDK2ArrowR-HSA-187949 (Reactome)
CCNAR-HSA-174054 (Reactome)
CDC25AArrowR-HSA-188345 (Reactome)
CDC45R-HSA-176942 (Reactome)
CDC6R-HSA-69005 (Reactome)
CDCA5R-HSA-2468041 (Reactome)
CDCA5R-HSA-2473151 (Reactome)
CDK2R-HSA-174054 (Reactome)
CDKN1AArrowR-HSA-187828 (Reactome)
CDKN1AR-HSA-187828 (Reactome)
CDKN1BArrowR-HSA-187506 (Reactome)
CDKN1BR-HSA-187506 (Reactome)
CDKmim-catalysisR-HSA-69005 (Reactome)
CKS1BR-HSA-187545 (Reactome)
CMPArrowR-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
Cdc25 A/Bmim-catalysisR-HSA-174110 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-2468039 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-2473152 (Reactome)
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:CentromereR-HSA-2473152 (Reactome)
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal ArmR-HSA-2468039 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:p21/p27

complex		ArrowR-HSA-187934 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:p21/p27

complex		R-HSA-187916 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:p21/p27

complex		mim-catalysisR-HSA-187916 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21 complexArrowR-HSA-187916 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2:phosphorylated substrate complexArrowR-HSA-187948 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:substrate

complex		R-HSA-187948 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:substrate

complex		mim-catalysisR-HSA-187948 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:Cdk2:substrate

complex		mim-catalysisR-HSA-68944 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:phospho-Cdk2(Tyr

15)		ArrowR-HSA-174164 (Reactome)
Cyclin

A:phospho-Cdk2(Tyr

15)		R-HSA-174110 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:multiubiquitinated phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexArrowR-HSA-187575 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:multiubiquitinated phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexR-HSA-187574 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:multiubiquitinated phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexmim-catalysisR-HSA-187575 (Reactome)
Cyclin

E/A:Cdk2:p27/p21

complex		R-HSA-187520 (Reactome)
Cyclin

E/A:Cdk2:p27/p21

complex		mim-catalysisR-HSA-187520 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexArrowR-HSA-187552 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexR-HSA-187575 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21ArrowR-HSA-187520 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21R-HSA-187552 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexArrowR-HSA-174054 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexArrowR-HSA-174110 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexArrowR-HSA-174273 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexR-HSA-174164 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexR-HSA-174273 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexR-HSA-187934 (Reactome)
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexR-HSA-187949 (Reactome)
Cyclin D1:Cdk4R-HSA-75820 (Reactome)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2ArrowR-HSA-187574 (Reactome)
DNA Polymerase delta tetramerR-HSA-69074 (Reactome)
DNA Polymerase delta tetramerR-HSA-69098 (Reactome)
DNA Polymerase delta tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-69116 (Reactome)
DNA polymerase

alpha:primase:DNA polymerase alpha:origin

complex		R-HSA-68913 (Reactome)
DNA polymerase alpha:primasemim-catalysisR-HSA-68913 (Reactome)
DNA polymerase alpha:primasemim-catalysisR-HSA-68950 (Reactome)
DNA polymerase epsilonArrowR-HSA-68913 (Reactome)
DNA2ArrowR-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
DNA2R-HSA-69142 (Reactome)
ESCOmim-catalysisR-HSA-2468039 (Reactome)
ESCOmim-catalysisR-HSA-2473152 (Reactome)
FEN1mim-catalysisR-HSA-69152 (Reactome)
GINS complexArrowR-HSA-176956 (Reactome)
GINS complexR-HSA-176942 (Reactome)
GINS1R-HSA-176956 (Reactome)
GINS2R-HSA-176956 (Reactome)
GINS3R-HSA-176956 (Reactome)
GINS4R-HSA-176956 (Reactome)
GMPArrowR-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-174110 (Reactome)
LIG1:APEX1mim-catalysisR-HSA-69173 (Reactome)
MCM2ArrowR-HSA-69019 (Reactome)
MCM3ArrowR-HSA-69019 (Reactome)
MCM5ArrowR-HSA-69019 (Reactome)
MCM8mim-catalysisR-HSA-169461 (Reactome)
Mcm2-7 complexR-HSA-176942 (Reactome)
Mcm2-7 complexR-HSA-69019 (Reactome)
Mcm2-7 complexmim-catalysisR-HSA-169468 (Reactome)
Mcm4,6,7 complexArrowR-HSA-69019 (Reactome)
Myc/Max heterodimerArrowR-HSA-188345 (Reactome)
NTPR-HSA-68913 (Reactome)
Okazaki fragmentR-HSA-69173 (Reactome)
PCNA homotrimerR-HSA-69063 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-174110 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki

fragment complex		ArrowR-HSA-69116 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki

fragment complex		R-HSA-69127 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragment:Flap:RPA

heterotrimer:dna2		ArrowR-HSA-69142 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragment:Flap:RPA

heterotrimer:dna2		R-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragment:Flap:RPA

heterotrimer		ArrowR-HSA-69140 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragment:Flap:RPA

heterotrimer		R-HSA-69142 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki

fragment:Flap		ArrowR-HSA-69127 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki

fragment:Flap		R-HSA-69140 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragments:Remaining

Flap		ArrowR-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:Okazaki fragments:Remaining

Flap		R-HSA-69152 (Reactome)
Processive

complex:nicked DNA from adjacent

Okazaki fragments		ArrowR-HSA-69152 (Reactome)
Processive complexArrowR-HSA-69074 (Reactome)
Processive complexArrowR-HSA-69098 (Reactome)
Processive complexR-HSA-69116 (Reactome)
R-HSA-169461 (Reactome) The MCM2-7 related protein, MCM8, is required to replicate chromosomal DNA in Xenopus egg extracts. MCM8 binds chromatin upon initiation of DNA synthesis. It may function as an helicase in the elongation step.
R-HSA-169468 (Reactome) In budding yeast, all MCM proteins have been proved to be essential for elongation. The active form of this protein complex may be a heterohexamer. A subcomplex of MCM proteins consisting fo MCM4,6, and -7 has a weak helicase activity that may contribute to DNA unwinding.
R-HSA-174054 (Reactome) During G1 phase of the cell cycle, cyclin A is synthesized and associates with Cdk2.
R-HSA-174110 (Reactome) Cdc25A, and probably Cdc25B, regulate the entry into S phase cell cycle by removing inhibitory phosphates from the Cdk2 subunit of Cyclin A:Cdk2.
R-HSA-174164 (Reactome) The CDK activity of the Cyclin A:Cdk2 complex is inhibited by phosphorylation at Tyr 15, presumably by the Wee1 kinase.
R-HSA-174273 (Reactome) After forming in the cytoplasm, the Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexes are translocated to the nucleus.
R-HSA-176942 (Reactome) By applying the chromatin immunoprecipitation technique to paused forks, certain proteins like DNA pol alpha, DNA pol delta, DNA pol epsilon, MCM2-7, CDC45, GINS and MCM10 were identified. By uncoupling a helicase at the site using a polymerase inhibitor, MCM2-7, GINS complex and CDC45 alone were found to be enriched at the paused fork suggesting these proteins may form a part of an "unwindosome" at the replicating fork.
R-HSA-176956 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PSF3p', 1 molecule of 'SLD5P', 1 molecule of 'PSF2p', and 1 molecule of 'PSF1p' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'GINS complex' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.

R-HSA-187506 (Reactome) p27 translocates to the nucleoplasm where it associates with CyclinE:Cdk2 complexes. Localization of p27 to the nucleus is necessary to inhibit Cdk activation by Cdk-activating kinase.
R-HSA-187520 (Reactome) The interaction between the Skp2 subunit of the SCF(Skp2) complex and p27 is dependent upon Cdk2:Cyclin A/E mediated phosphorylation of p27 at Thr 187 (Carrano et al, 1999; Tsvetkov et al, 1999). There is evidence that Cyclin A/B:Cdk1 can also bind and phosphorylate p27 on Thr 187 (Nakayama et al., 2004). This phosphorylation is also essential for the subsequent ubiquitination of p27.
R-HSA-187545 (Reactome) The accessory protein, Cks1 promotes efficient interaction between phosphorylated p27 and the SCF (Skp2) complex (Ganoth et al., 2001; Spruck et al., 2001). Cks1 binds to Skp2 in the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and C-terminal tail (Hao et al., 2005). The phosphorylated Thr187 side chain of p27 associates with a phosphate binding site on Cks1, and the side chain containing Glu185 is positioned in the interface between Skp2 and Cks1 where it interacts with both (Hao et al., 2005).
R-HSA-187552 (Reactome) The association of Cks1 with both Skp2 and phosphorylated p27 promotes a tight interaction between p27 and the SCF complex (Hao et al., 2005).
R-HSA-187574 (Reactome) Following ubiquitination by the SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complex, phospho-p27/p21 is degraded by the 26S proteasome.
R-HSA-187575 (Reactome) Once in tight contact with the SCF (Skp2):Cks1 complex, phosphorylated p27/p21 is ubiquitinated.
R-HSA-187828 (Reactome) p21 associates with and inhibits Cyclin:Cdk complexes in the nucleus.
R-HSA-187916 (Reactome) Recognition of p27 by SCF(Skp2) and the subsequent ubiquitination of p27 is dependent upon Cyclin E/A:Cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of p27 at Thr 187 (Montagnoli et al., 1999). p21 is also phosphorylated at a specific site (Ser130) by Cyclin E/A:Cdk2, stimulating its ubiquitination. Unlike p27, however, p21 ubiquitination can take place in the absence of phosphorylation, although with less efficiency (Bornstein et al.,2003).
R-HSA-187934 (Reactome) During G1, the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is kept in check by the CDK inhibitors (CKIs) p27 and p21, thereby preventing premature entry into S phase (see Guardavaccaro and Pagano, 2006).
R-HSA-187948 (Reactome) Active Cyclin A:Cdk2 complexes phosphorylate and inactivate proteins required for maintaining the G1/S phase including: Cdh1, RB1, p21 and p27. All this creates auto-amplification loops that render Cdk2 increasingly more active. In G2, Cdk2, in association with cyclin A, phosphorylates E2F1 and E2F3 resulting in the inactivation and possibly degradation of these two transcription factors (Dynlacht et al., 1994; Krek et al., 1994).
R-HSA-187949 (Reactome) Phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) by the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) is required for the activation of the CDK kinase activity. The association of p21/p27 with the Cyclin A/E:Cdk2 complex prevents CAK mediated phosphorylation of Cdk2 (Aprelikova et al., 1995).
R-HSA-188345 (Reactome) The Myc/Max heterodimer binds to elements in the cdc25A gene and activates transcription in mid to late G1.
R-HSA-2468039 (Reactome) Acetyltransferases ESCO1 and ESCO2 are homologs of the S. cerevisiae acetyltransferase Eco1, essential for viability in yeast. ESCO1 and ESCO2 share sequence homology in the C-terminal region, consisting of a H2C2 zinc finger motif and an acetyltransferase domain (Hou and Zou 2005). Both ESCO1 and ESCO2 acetylate the cohesin subunit SMC3 on two lysine residues, K105 and K106 (Zhang et al. 2008), an important step in the establishment of sister-chromatid cohesion during the S-phase of the cell cycle. These dual acetylations on SMC3 are deacetylated by HDAC8 after the cohesin removal from chromatin for the dissociation and recycling of cohesin subunits (Deardorff et al. 2012). ESCO1 and ESCO2 differ in their N-termini, which are necessary for chromatin binding, and may perform distinct functions in sister chromatid cohesion (Hou and Zou 2005), as suggested by the study of Esco2 knockout mice (Whelan et al. 2012).
R-HSA-2468041 (Reactome) CDCA5 (Sororin) is essential for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells (Rankin et al. 2005) in the S-phase of the cell cycle (Nishiyama et al. 2010). Several factors contribute to the recruitment of CDCA5 to chromatin-associated cohesin: DNA replication (i.e. presence of two sister chromatids), association of cohesin complex with PDS5, and acetylation of the SMC3 cohesin subunit by ESCO1/ESCO2 acetyltransferases. Experiments in which a recombinant tagged mouse CDCA5 was expressed in human HeLa cell line showed that CDCA5 starts to accumulate on chromatin in S-phase and dissociates from chromosomal arms in prophase (Nishiyama et al. 2010).

CDCA5 is essential for the establishment of chromosomal cohesion only in the presence of WAPAL, suggesting that the key role of CDCA5 (Sororin) is to antagonize WAPAL. Both CDCA5 and WAPAL contain an FGF (phenylalanine-glycine-phenylalanine) motif that is essential for PDS5 binding and is also essential for CDCA5 function in cohesion establishment. Indeed, CDCA5 is able to displace WAPAL from PDS5:WAPAL heterodimers in vitro. In vivo experiments in Xenopus egg extracts suggest that CDCA5 rearranges the topology of cohesin associated proteins so that WAPAL is no longer able to inhibit sister chromatid cohesion but remains associated with cohesin (Nishiyama et al. 2010).
R-HSA-2473151 (Reactome) CDCA5 (Sororin) is essential for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion at centromeres. Experiments in which a recombinant tagged mouse CDCA5 was expressed in human HeLa cell line showed that CDCA5 starts to accumulate on chromatin in S-phase and dissociates from centromeres in anaphase (Nishiyama et al. 2010).
R-HSA-2473152 (Reactome) Acetyltransferases ESCO1 and ESCO2 are homologs of the S. cerevisiae acetyltransferase Eco1, essential for viability in yeast. ESCO1 and ESCO2 share sequence homology in the C-terminal region, consisting of a H2C2 zinc finger motif and an acetyltransferase domain (Hou and Zou 2005). Both ESCO1 and ESCO2 acetylate the cohesin subunit SMC3 on two lysine residues, K105 and K106 (Zhang et al. 2008), an important step in the establishment of sister-chromatid cohesion during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Divergent N-termini of ESCO1 and ESCO2, necessary for chromatin binding, suggest that ESCO1 and ESCO2 may perform distinct functions in sister chromatid cohesion (Hou and Zou 2005). Several studies suggest that ESCO2 may be predominantly involved in acetylation of the SMC3 subunit of centromeric cohesin. A conditional targeting of Esco2 locus in mice leads to pre-implantational loss of homozygous Esco2 -/- embryos at the eight-cell stage. Prometaphase chromosomes isolated from two-cell stage Esco2 knockout embryos show marked cohesion defect at centromeres (Whelan et al. 2012). ESCO2 protein appears in the S-phase (Hou and Zou 2005, Whelan et al. 2012) and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts Esco2 predominantly localizes to pericentric heterochromatin (Whelan et al. 2012). Mutations in the ESCO2 gene (Vega et al. 2005) that impair ESCO2 acetyltransferase activity (Gordillo et al. 2008) are the cause of the Roberts syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by craniofacial and limb abnormalities, and intellectual disability. Metaphase chromosomes of Roberts syndrome patients exhibit loss of cohesion at heterochromatic regions of centromeres and the Y chromosome, with a characteristic 'railroad track appearance' (Van den Berg and Francke 1993, Vega et al. 2005).
R-HSA-68913 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA polymerase alpha:primase:DNA polymerase alpha:origin complex', and 1 molecule of 'NTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA polymerase epsilon', and 1 molecule of 'RNA primer:origin duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex' are present.

This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity' of 'DNA polymerase alpha:primase'.

R-HSA-68944 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'pre-replicative complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Orc1', 1 molecule of 'pre-replicative complex (Orc1-minus)', and 1 molecule of 'ADP' are present.

This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'Cyclin A:Cdk2 complex'.

R-HSA-68946 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitin', and 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Orc1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Orc1' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.

R-HSA-68947 (Reactome) In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Orc1' is translocated from nucleoplasm to cytosol.

This movement of the molecule occurs through the 'nuclear pore'.

R-HSA-68948 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Orc1' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitin' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'endopeptidase activity' of '26S proteasome'.

R-HSA-68950 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'dTTP', 1 molecule of 'dGTP', 1 molecule of 'dATP', 1 molecule of 'RNA primer:origin duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex', and 1 molecule of 'dCTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity' of 'DNA polymerase alpha:primase'.

R-HSA-69005 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'CDC6', and 1 molecule of 'ATP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ADP', and 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Cdc6' are present.

This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'CDK'.

R-HSA-69006 (Reactome) In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Cdc6' is translocated from nucleoplasm to cytosol.

This movement of the molecule occurs through the 'nuclear pore'.

R-HSA-69015 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Cdc6', 1 molecule of 'ubiquitin', and 1 molecule of 'ATP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Cdc6' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'endopeptidase activity' of 'anaphase-promoting complex (APC)'.

R-HSA-69016 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Cdc6' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitin' is present.

This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'endopeptidase activity' of '26S proteasome'.

R-HSA-69019 (Reactome) At the start of the elongation phase of DNA replication, the Mcm2-7 complex may re-arrange to function as the replicative helicase associated with the replication fork. In general, a replicative helicase is associated with the replication fork and unwinds DNA ahead of the polymerase. In yeast, the Mcm proteins associate with origin DNA in G1 phase and then exit the origin upon replication initiation, consistent with moving out of the origin with the replication fork. The Mcm2-7 complex is a ring-shaped hexamer. Complexes of Mcm4, Mcm6 and Mcm7 proteins from humans or S. pombe display a modest ATP-dependent helicase activity in vitro. Consistent with the hypothesis that eukaryotic Mcm complexes function as helicases, an archaeal Mcm homolog is a ring-shaped double hexamer that has a processive DNA unwinding activity. Mcm proteins may have additional functions during elongation, as uninterrupted function of all six is required for replication fork progression in budding yeast. Mcm4,6,7 helicase activity may be negatively regulated in two ways. Mcm2, Mcm4, Mcm6, and Mcm7 also form a stable complex which, however, has no helicase activity, suggesting that Mcm2 inhibits DNA unwinding by Mcm4,6,7. In addition, phosphorylation of human Mcm4,6,7 complex by CDK inhibits its helicase activity.
R-HSA-69053 (Reactome) Once the RNA-DNA primer is synthesized, replication factor C (RFC) initiates a reaction called "polymerase switching"; pol delta, the processive enzyme replaces pol alpha, the priming enzyme. RFC binds to the 3'-end of the RNA-DNA primer on the Primosome, to displace the pol alpha primase complex. The binding of RFC triggers the binding of the primer recognition complex.
R-HSA-69063 (Reactome) The binding of the primer recognition complex involves the loading of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Replication Factor C transiently opens the PCNA toroid in an ATP-dependent reaction, and then allows PCNA to re-close around the double helix adjacent to the primer terminus. This leads to the formation of the "sliding clamp".
R-HSA-69068 (Reactome) Replication factor C is proposed to dissociate from PCNA following sliding clamp formation, and the DNA toroid alone tethers pol delta to the DNA.
R-HSA-69074 (Reactome) The loading of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) leads to recruitment of pol delta. Human PCNA is a homotrimer of 36 kDa subunits that form a toroidal structure. The loading of PCNA by RFC is a key event in the transition from the priming mode to the extension mode of DNA synthesis. The processive complex is composed of the pol delta holoenzyme and PCNA.
R-HSA-69098 (Reactome) Polymerase switching is a key event that allows the processive synthesis of DNA by the pol delta and PCNA complex. Polymerase delta possesses polymerization and proofreading activities, which increases the overall fidelity of DNA replication. The pol delta holoenzyme is a heterotetrameric complex that contains p125, p66, p50, and p12 subunits, in human cells.
R-HSA-69116 (Reactome) After RFC initiates the assembly of the primer recognition complex, the complex of pol delta and PCNA is responsible for incorporating the additional nucleotides prior to the position of the next downstream initiator RNA primer. On the lagging strand, short discontinuous segments of DNA, called Okazaki fragments, are synthesized on RNA primers. The average length of the Okazaki fragments is 100 nucleotides. Polymerase switching is a key event that allows the processive synthesis of DNA by the pol delta and PCNA complex.
R-HSA-69127 (Reactome) When the polymerase delta:PCNA complex reaches a downstream Okazaki fragment, strand displacement synthesis occurs. The primer containing 5'-terminus of the downstream Okazaki fragment is folded into a single-stranded flap.
R-HSA-69140 (Reactome) The first step in the removal of the flap intermediate is the binding of Replication Protein A (RPA) to the long flap structure. RPA is a eukaryotic single-stranded DNA binding protein.
R-HSA-69142 (Reactome) After RPA binds the long flap, it recruits the Dna2 endonuclease. Dna2 endonuclease removes most of the flap, but the job of complete removal of the flap is then completed by FEN-1.
R-HSA-69144 (Reactome) The Dna2 endonuclease removes the initiator RNA along with several downstream deoxyribonucleotides. The cleavage of the single-stranded RNA substrate results in the disassembly of RPA and Dna2. The current data for the role of the Dna2 endonuclease has been derived from studies with yeast and Xenopus Dna2.
R-HSA-69152 (Reactome) The remaining flap, which is too short to support RPA binding, is then processed by FEN-1. There is evidence that binding of RPA to the displaced end of the RNA-containing Okazaki fragment prevents FEN-1 from accessing the substrate. FEN-1 is a structure-specific endonuclease that cleaves near the base of the flap at a position one nucleotide into the annealed region. Biochemical studies have shown that the preferred substrate for FEN-1 consists of a one-nucleotide 3'-tail on the upstream primer in addition to the 5'-flap of the downstream primer.
R-HSA-69173 (Reactome) Removal of the flap by FEN-1 leads to the generation of a nick between the 3'-end of the upstream Okazaki fragment and the 5'-end of the downstream Okazaki fragment. DNA ligase I then seals the nicks between adjacent processed Okazaki fragments to generate intact double-stranded DNA.
R-HSA-75820 (Reactome) At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Cyclin D1:Cdk4', and 1 molecule of 'ATP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1:Cdk4', and 1 molecule of 'ADP' are present.

This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta'.

R-HSA-75822 (Reactome) In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1:Cdk4' is translocated from nucleoplasm to cytosol.

This reaction takes place in the 'nuclear envelope'.

R-HSA-75823 (Reactome) In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1' is translocated from nucleoplasm to cytosol.

This reaction takes place in the 'nuclear envelope'.

R-HSA-75824 (Reactome) Cyclin D is targeted for degradation by multi-ubiquitination.
R-HSA-75825 (Reactome) Phosphorylated Cyclin D1 is degraded during S phase by the 26S proteasome allowing for efficient DNA synthesis.
RFC

Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex:PCNA

homotrimer		ArrowR-HSA-69063 (Reactome)
RFC

Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex:PCNA

homotrimer		R-HSA-69068 (Reactome)
RFC

Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin

duplex		ArrowR-HSA-69053 (Reactome)
RFC

Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin

duplex		R-HSA-69063 (Reactome)
RFC HeteropentamerArrowR-HSA-69068 (Reactome)
RFC HeteropentamerR-HSA-69053 (Reactome)
RNA primer-DNA

primer:origin

duplex:PCNA		ArrowR-HSA-69068 (Reactome)
RNA primer-DNA

primer:origin

duplex:PCNA		R-HSA-69074 (Reactome)
RNA primer-DNA

primer:origin

duplex:PCNA		R-HSA-69098 (Reactome)
RNA primer-DNA

primer:origin

duplex		ArrowR-HSA-68950 (Reactome)
RNA primer-DNA

primer:origin

duplex		R-HSA-69053 (Reactome)
RNA primer:origin

duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase

complex		ArrowR-HSA-68913 (Reactome)
RNA primer:origin

duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase

complex		R-HSA-68950 (Reactome)
RPA heterotrimerArrowR-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
RPA heterotrimerR-HSA-69140 (Reactome)
Replication ForkR-HSA-169461 (Reactome)
Replication ForkR-HSA-169468 (Reactome)
Replication ForkR-HSA-176942 (Reactome)
SCF(Skp2) complexR-HSA-187545 (Reactome)
SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexArrowR-HSA-187545 (Reactome)
SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexArrowR-HSA-187574 (Reactome)
SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complexR-HSA-187552 (Reactome)
Sister Centromeres:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPALArrowR-HSA-2473151 (Reactome)
Sister

Chromosomal

Arms:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPAL		ArrowR-HSA-2468041 (Reactome)
Sister CentromereR-HSA-2473151 (Reactome)
Sister Chromosomal ArmR-HSA-2468041 (Reactome)
UMPArrowR-HSA-69144 (Reactome)
UbArrowR-HSA-68948 (Reactome)
UbArrowR-HSA-69016 (Reactome)
UbArrowR-HSA-75825 (Reactome)
UbR-HSA-69015 (Reactome)
UbR-HSA-75824 (Reactome)
Ubiquitin ligasemim-catalysisR-HSA-75824 (Reactome)
Unwinding complex at replication forkArrowR-HSA-176942 (Reactome)
Unwound forkArrowR-HSA-169461 (Reactome)
Unwound forkArrowR-HSA-169468 (Reactome)
WEE1mim-catalysisR-HSA-174164 (Reactome)
anaphase-promoting complex (APC)mim-catalysisR-HSA-69015 (Reactome)
dATPR-HSA-68950 (Reactome)
dCTPR-HSA-68950 (Reactome)
dGTPR-HSA-68950 (Reactome)
dTTPR-HSA-68950 (Reactome)
glycogen synthase kinase-3 betamim-catalysisR-HSA-75820 (Reactome)
ligated okazaki fragmentArrowR-HSA-69173 (Reactome)
multi-ubiquitinated

phospho-(T286)

Cyclin D1		ArrowR-HSA-75824 (Reactome)
multi-ubiquitinated

phospho-(T286)

Cyclin D1		R-HSA-75825 (Reactome)
p-CDC6ArrowR-HSA-69005 (Reactome)
p-CDC6ArrowR-HSA-69006 (Reactome)
p-CDC6R-HSA-69006 (Reactome)
p-CDC6R-HSA-69015 (Reactome)
p-S,T-ORC1ArrowR-HSA-68944 (Reactome)
p-S,T-ORC1R-HSA-68946 (Reactome)
p-T286-CCND1ArrowR-HSA-75823 (Reactome)
p-T286-CCND1R-HSA-75823 (Reactome)
p-T286-CCND1R-HSA-75824 (Reactome)
p21/p27R-HSA-187934 (Reactome)
p21/p27mim-catalysisR-HSA-187934 (Reactome)
phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1:Cdk4ArrowR-HSA-75820 (Reactome)
phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1:Cdk4ArrowR-HSA-75822 (Reactome)
phospho(T286)-Cyclin D1:Cdk4R-HSA-75822 (Reactome)
pre-replicative

complex

(Orc1-minus)		ArrowR-HSA-68944 (Reactome)
pre-replicative complexR-HSA-68944 (Reactome)
ubiquitinArrowR-HSA-187574 (Reactome)
ubiquitinR-HSA-187575 (Reactome)
ubiquitinR-HSA-68946 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Cdc6ArrowR-HSA-69015 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Cdc6R-HSA-69016 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Orc1ArrowR-HSA-68946 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Orc1ArrowR-HSA-68947 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Orc1R-HSA-68947 (Reactome)
ubiquitinated Orc1R-HSA-68948 (Reactome)
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