Hedgehog ligand biogenesis (Homo sapiens)

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14, 22, 35, 38, 41...48, 526, 18, 20, 33, 45...5018, 506, 18, 20, 33, 45...18, 2518, 5036, 39, 446, 18, 506, 18, 5012-14, 19, 23...18, 502, 27, 30, 32, 42...5048, 501, 7, 10, 16, 31...6, 18, 33, 45, 47...3, 8, 9, 11, 15...4, 5, 21, 24, 26...21, 26, 38cytosolendoplasmic reticulum lumenphosphateGPI-GPC5PSMF1 PSMB9 OS9 PSMA8 PSMB5 SEL1L PSMD9 PSMC3 NOTUMVCP PSMA7 PSMA3 PSMC6 PSMC1 PSMA2 Palmitoyl-CoACoA-SHPSMD4 PSME3 PSMC5 PSMA5 26S proteasomePSMB1 PSMD13 ADAM17PSMD8 PSMD11 ub C-terminal HhfragmentsPSMB4 SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCPhexamerPSMD7 PSMD12 SEL1L Hh-Np:SCUBE2SEL1L PSMB7 Hh-NpPSMC2 H2ON-terminal CHOL-HhfragmentsOS9 PSMD6 PSMB11 GPI-cleaved GPC5 P4HBPSMB8 PSME2 OS9 PSMB2 ERLEC1 Hh-Np:GPC5DERL2 NglycoAsn-Hhprecursors:P4HBSYVN1(1-617) PSMD5 PSMB6 DERL2 OS9 SHH processingvariants:OS9/ERLEC1PSMA6 ERLEC1 PSMD14 PSMD1 Hh-Np:DISP2PSMC4 ATPPSMA4 C-terminalHhfragments:OS9/ERLEC1SYVN1(1-617) P4HB SYVN1(1-617) GPI-GPC5 PSMA1 SCUBE2 VCP C-terminalHhfragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamerSHHprocessingvariants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamerHHATERLEC1 SEL1L DISP2PSMD3 SYVN1(1-617) ERLEC1 Hh-NppSEL1L ub-C-terminalHhfragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamerOS9 Ubub-SHHprocessingvariants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamerADPERLEC1 SYVN1(1-617) DERL2 PSMD10 Hh-Np:GPI-GPC5C-terminal HhfragmentsVCP VCP NglycoAsn-HhprecursorsDERL2 OS9/ERLEC1ERLEC1 SCUBE2ub-SHH variantsPSME1 SHH variantsPSMB10 cholesterolOS9 VCP Hh precursorsPSMD2 PSME4 PSMB3 Hh-NpDERL2 DISP2 182540218, 50


Description

Mammalian genomes encode three Hedgehog ligands, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH). These secreted morphogens can remain associated with lipid rafts on the surface of the secreting cell and affect developmental processes in adjacent cells. Alternatively, they can be released by proteolysis or packaging into vesicles or lipoprotein particles and dispersed to act on distant cells. SHH activity is required for organization of the limb bud, notochord and neural plate, IHH regulates bone and cartilage development and is partially redundant with SHH, and DHH contributes to germ cell development in the testis and formation of the peripheral nerve sheath (reviewed in Pan et al, 2013).

Despite divergent biological roles, all Hh ligands are subject to proteolytic processing and lipid modification during transit to the surface of the secreting cell (reviewed in Gallet, 2011). Precursor Hh undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage mediated by the C-terminal region to yield an amino-terminal peptide Hh-Np (also referred to as Hh-N) (Chen et al, 2011). No other well defined role for the C-terminal region of Hh has been identified, and the secreted Hh-Np is responsible for all Hh signaling activity. Hh-Np is modified with cholesterol and palmitic acid during transit through the secretory system, and both modifications contribute to the activity of the ligand (Porter et al, 1996; Pepinsky et al, 1998; Chamoun et al, 2001).

At the cell surface, Hh-Np remains associated with the secreting cell membrane by virtue of its lipid modifications, which promote clustering of Hh-Np into lipid rafts (Callejo et al, 2006; Peters et al, 2004). Long range dispersal of Hh-Np depends on the untethering of the ligand from the membrane through a variety of mechanisms. These include release of monomers through the combined activity of the transmembrane protein Dispatched (DISP2) and the secreted protein SCUBE2, assembly into soluble multimers or apolipoprotein particles or release on the surface of exovesicles (Vyas et al, 2008; Tukachinsky et al, 2012; Chen 2004; Zeng et al, 2001; reviewed in Briscoe and Therond, 2013). Source:Reactome.

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114749view16:23, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113193view11:26, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112419view15:36, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101323view11:21, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
100860view20:53, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100401view19:27, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
99949view16:11, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99505view14:44, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
93767view13:34, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93291view11:19, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
87463view14:10, 22 July 2016MkutmonOntology Term : 'Hedgehog signaling pathway' added !
86377view09:16, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83415view11:10, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81610view13:09, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
26S proteasomeComplexR-HSA-68819 (Reactome)
ADAM17ProteinP78536 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ComplexR-HSA-5362413 (Reactome)
C-terminal

Hh

fragments:OS9/ERLEC1		ComplexR-HSA-5362409 (Reactome)
C-terminal Hh fragmentsR-HSA-5358286 (Reactome)
CoA-SHMetaboliteCHEBI:15346 (ChEBI)
DERL2 ProteinQ9GZP9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DISP2 ProteinA7MBM2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DISP2ProteinA7MBM2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ERLEC1 ProteinQ96DZ1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPI-GPC5 ProteinP78333 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPI-GPC5ProteinP78333 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GPI-cleaved GPC5 ProteinP78333 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
HHATProteinQ5VTY9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Hh precursorsR-HSA-5358318 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:DISP2ComplexR-HSA-5362421 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:GPC5ComplexR-HSA-5362546 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:GPI-GPC5ComplexR-HSA-5362428 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:SCUBE2ComplexR-HSA-5362543 (Reactome)
Hh-NpR-HSA-5358329 (Reactome)
Hh-NpR-HSA-5362423 (Reactome)
Hh-NppR-HSA-5362783 (Reactome)
N-terminal CHOL-Hh fragmentsR-HSA-5358332 (Reactome)
NOTUMProteinQ6P988 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NglycoAsn-Hh precursors:P4HBComplexR-HSA-5490380 (Reactome)
NglycoAsn-Hh precursorsR-HSA-5362382 (Reactome)
OS9 ProteinQ13438 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
OS9/ERLEC1R-HSA-5362377 (Reactome)
P4HB ProteinP07237 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P4HBProteinP07237 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA1 ProteinP25786 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA2 ProteinP25787 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA3 ProteinP25788 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA4 ProteinP25789 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA5 ProteinP28066 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA6 ProteinP60900 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA7 ProteinO14818 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMA8 ProteinQ8TAA3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB1 ProteinP20618 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB10 ProteinP40306 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB11 ProteinA5LHX3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB2 ProteinP49721 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB3 ProteinP49720 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB4 ProteinP28070 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB5 ProteinP28074 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB6 ProteinP28072 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB7 ProteinQ99436 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB8 ProteinP28062 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMB9 ProteinP28065 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC1 ProteinP62191 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC2 ProteinP35998 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC3 ProteinP17980 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC4 ProteinP43686 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC5 ProteinP62195 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMC6 ProteinP62333 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD1 ProteinQ99460 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD10 ProteinO75832 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD11 ProteinO00231 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD12 ProteinO00232 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD13 ProteinQ9UNM6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD14 ProteinO00487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD2 ProteinQ13200 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD3 ProteinO43242 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD4 ProteinP55036 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD5 ProteinQ16401 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD6 ProteinQ15008 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD7 ProteinP51665 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD8 ProteinP48556 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMD9 ProteinO00233 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME1 ProteinQ06323 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME2 ProteinQ9UL46 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME3 ProteinP61289 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSME4 ProteinQ14997 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PSMF1 ProteinQ92530 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Palmitoyl-CoAMetaboliteCHEBI:15525 (ChEBI)
SCUBE2 ProteinQ9NQ36 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SCUBE2ProteinQ9NQ36 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SEL1:SYVN1

dimer:DERL2:VCP

hexamer		ComplexR-HSA-5362378 (Reactome)
SEL1L ProteinQ9UBV2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ComplexR-HSA-5387378 (Reactome)
SHH processing variants:OS9/ERLEC1ComplexR-HSA-5362380 (Reactome)
SHH variantsR-HSA-5358456 (Reactome)
SYVN1(1-617) ProteinQ86TM6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UbR-HSA-113595 (Reactome)
VCP ProteinP55072 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
cholesterolMetaboliteCHEBI:16113 (ChEBI)
phosphateMetaboliteCHEBI:18367 (ChEBI)
ub C-terminal Hh fragmentsR-HSA-5362391 (Reactome)
ub-C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ComplexR-HSA-5362408 (Reactome)
ub-SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ComplexR-HSA-5483239 (Reactome)
ub-SHH variantsR-HSA-5387369 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
26S proteasomemim-catalysisR-HSA-5362448 (Reactome)
26S proteasomemim-catalysisR-HSA-5387392 (Reactome)
ADAM17mim-catalysisR-HSA-5362793 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ArrowR-HSA-5362441 (Reactome)
C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		R-HSA-5362412 (Reactome)
C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		mim-catalysisR-HSA-5362412 (Reactome)
C-terminal

Hh

fragments:OS9/ERLEC1		ArrowR-HSA-5362437 (Reactome)
C-terminal

Hh

fragments:OS9/ERLEC1		R-HSA-5362441 (Reactome)
C-terminal Hh fragmentsArrowR-HSA-5358340 (Reactome)
C-terminal Hh fragmentsR-HSA-5362437 (Reactome)
CoA-SHArrowR-HSA-5358343 (Reactome)
DISP2ArrowR-HSA-5362551 (Reactome)
DISP2R-HSA-5362422 (Reactome)
GPI-GPC5R-HSA-5362427 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
HHATmim-catalysisR-HSA-5358343 (Reactome)
Hh precursorsR-HSA-5362386 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:DISP2ArrowR-HSA-5362422 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:DISP2R-HSA-5362551 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:GPC5ArrowR-HSA-5362553 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:GPI-GPC5ArrowR-HSA-5362427 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:GPI-GPC5R-HSA-5362553 (Reactome)
Hh-Np:SCUBE2ArrowR-HSA-5362551 (Reactome)
Hh-NpArrowR-HSA-5358343 (Reactome)
Hh-NpArrowR-HSA-5362549 (Reactome)
Hh-NpR-HSA-5362422 (Reactome)
Hh-NpR-HSA-5362427 (Reactome)
Hh-NpR-HSA-5362549 (Reactome)
Hh-NpR-HSA-5362793 (Reactome)
Hh-NppArrowR-HSA-5362793 (Reactome)
N-terminal CHOL-Hh fragmentsArrowR-HSA-5358340 (Reactome)
N-terminal CHOL-Hh fragmentsR-HSA-5358343 (Reactome)
NOTUMmim-catalysisR-HSA-5362553 (Reactome)
NglycoAsn-Hh precursors:P4HBArrowR-HSA-5358336 (Reactome)
NglycoAsn-Hh precursors:P4HBR-HSA-5358340 (Reactome)
NglycoAsn-Hh precursors:P4HBmim-catalysisR-HSA-5358340 (Reactome)
NglycoAsn-Hh precursorsArrowR-HSA-5362386 (Reactome)
NglycoAsn-Hh precursorsR-HSA-5358336 (Reactome)
OS9/ERLEC1ArrowR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
OS9/ERLEC1ArrowR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
OS9/ERLEC1R-HSA-5362437 (Reactome)
OS9/ERLEC1R-HSA-5362450 (Reactome)
P4HBArrowR-HSA-5358340 (Reactome)
P4HBR-HSA-5358336 (Reactome)
Palmitoyl-CoAR-HSA-5358343 (Reactome)
R-HSA-5358336 (Reactome) Hh ligands undergo a autoproteolytic cleavage mediated by a conserved residue in the C-terminal region to yield an N-terminal fragment destined for further modification and secretion, and a C-terminal fragment that is subsequently degraded by ERAD (reviewed in Gallet, 2011). Recent work has shown that autoproteolytic cleavage of Hh ligands depends on prior formation of an intramolecular disulphide bond between the catalytic cysteine residue and another conserved cysteine residue in the C-terminal region of the precursor (Chen et al, 2011). Mutation of either of these cysteine residues abolishes cleavage, suggesting that the intramolecular disulphide bond is required to establish a catalytically active conformation of the precursor (Chen et al, 2011).

Prior to the autoproteolytic cleavage reaction, the protein disulphide isomerase P4HB is required to reduce the intramolecular disulphide, freeing the catalytic cysteine side chain for nucleophilic attack. Mutational analysis and co-immunoprecipitation studies support a model where the N-terminal CXXC motif of P4HB forms a mixed disulphide with the non-catalytic cysteine residue of the Hh precursor (Chen et al, 2011.
R-HSA-5358340 (Reactome) Autoproteolytic processing of the Hh precursor is essential for the production of active secreted Hh ligand and mutants that disrupt this processing have been identified in the congenital nervous system disorder holoprosencephaly (Traiffort et al, 2004; Maity et al, 2005; Roessler et al, 2009; reviewed in Jiang et al, 2008). Cleavage of Hh occurs through two nucleophilic substitutions. The first step is mediated by the catalytic cysteine residue, which is found in a conserved G-C-F motif. The cysteine side chain attacks the carbonyl carbon of the main peptide chain between the glycine and cysteine residues, replacing the amino group in the peptide backbone with a thioester linkage (Lee et al, 1994; Porter et al, 1995; Porter et al, 1996a, b; Chen et al, 2011). The second step involves nucleophilic attack of the same carbonyl group by cholesterol. This step displaces the C-terminal fragment (Hh-C) of the Hh precursor and results in the formation of the N-terminal fragment (Hh-Np) modified at its C-terminus by an ester linkage with cholesterol (Porter et al, 1996a, b; Chen et al, 2011). Cholesterol modification appears to contribute to further processing and trafficking of the Hh ligand, as engineered forms of vertebrate and fly Hh that lack cholesterol are not efficiently palmitoylated (Pepinsky et al, 1998). Cholesterol also restricts the diffusion of the secreted ligand by interacting with the lipid bilayer of the secreting cell. Consistent with this, aberrant activation of Hh target genes is seen in the absence of cholesterol modification (Peters et al, 2004; Guerrero et al, 2007; Li et al, 2006; Huang et al, 2007).

R-HSA-5358343 (Reactome) In addition to being modified by cholesterol at its C-terminal end, the N-terminal fragment of Hh (Hh-Np) is also palmitoylated by the O-acyltransferase HHAT (Pepinsky et al, 1998; Charmoun et al 2001; Chen et al, 2004; Hardy and Resh, 2007). HHAT-mediated palmitoylation of Hh can be recapitulated in vitro and in vivo, and the cholesterol- and palmitoyl-modified N-terminal fragment represents the predominant secreted form of Hh in vivo (Buglino and Resh, 2008; Buglino and Resh, 2010; Taipale et al, 2000). Mutation or depletion of the HHAT enzyme and mutation of the palmitoyl acceptor cysteine in Hh itself abrogates palmitoylation of the ligand and reduces Hh signaling (Chen et al, 2004; Chamoun et al, 2001; Pepinsky et al, 1998; Callier et al, 2014).
R-HSA-5362386 (Reactome) Proteomic studies show that the C-termini of SHH and IHH are N-glycosylated (Liu et al, 2005). A N278A mutant of SHH does not undergo cholesterol-mediated autoproteolysis suggesting that glycosylation is a prerequisite for this processing step (Huang et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5362412 (Reactome) SYVN1 ubiquitinates Hh-C as part of the retrotranslocon that targets these Hh fragments for degradation through the ERAD pathway. Both depletion of SYVN1 by siRNA and expression of a catalytically inactive form of the enzyme strongly inhibits Hh-C degradation. Consistent with this, a dominant negative version of SYVN1 abrogates the polyubiquitination of Hh-C as assessed by IP-Western from HEK293 cells (Chen et al, 2011).
R-HSA-5362422 (Reactome) Long range signaling of Hh depends on a number of additional factors that promote the release and spread of Hh-Np ligand. Dispatched2 (DISP2) is a 12-pass transmembrane protein that was identified as being required for release and long-range signaling by Hh-Np (Burke et al, 1999; Ma et al, 2002; Nakano et al, 2004). In mammals, DISP2 has been shown to bind directly to the cholesterol moiety of Hh-Np through its first extracellular region, and this interaction is required for secretion and long-range signaling. Mutants of DISP2 that are inactive in promoting Hh long-range signaling show tighter binding to Hh-Np, suggesting that these mutants interfere with the release of Hh ligand from the plasma membrane (Tukachinsky et al, 2012). Although this pathway shows DISP2 and Hh-Np interacting at the plasma membrane, it is possible that the interaction occurs earlier in the secretory pathway and that DISP2 escorts Hh-Np to the cell surface.

In addition to binding to DISP2, the cholesterol moiety of Hh-Np is also bound by the secreted protein SCUBE2 (Tukachinsky et al, 2012; Creanga et al, 2012). Like DISP2, SCUBE2 is required for long-range signaling by Hh-Np (Johnson et al, 2012; Tukachinsky et al, 2012; Creanga et al, 2012). DISP2 and SCUBE2 recognize distinct portions of the cholesterol group on Hh-Np, suggesting a possible hand-off mechanism at the plasma membrane that allows the release of Hh from the secreting cell (Tukachinsky et al, 2012; Creanga et al, 2012).

R-HSA-5362427 (Reactome) The establishment of a signaling gradient of Hh-Np is modulated in part by the interaction of the ligand with heparin sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the secreting cell. Interactions with HSPGs can influence Hh oligomerization and also impact the lateral and long-range spread of Hh ligand (reviewed in Gallet, 2011; Briscoe and Therond, 2013). Interactions with HSPGs can stimulate or restrict Hh signaling depending on the context and the particular proteoglycans involved (see for instance Witt et al, 2013; Li et al, 2011; Capurro et al, 2005; Capurro et al, 2012; reviewed in Gallet, 2011).

In vertebrate cells, the GPI-anchored HSPG glypican 5 (GPC5) has been shown to stimulate Hh signaling by promoting the interaction between SHH ligand and the PTCH1 receptor (Li et al, 2011; Witt et al, 2013). SHH and PTCH1 binding depends on the GAG chains of GPC5, as versions lacking the GAG insertion sites are compromised for both ligand and receptor binding, and these proteins do not stimulate Hh signaling (Li et al, 2011). Amplification of GPC5 has been observed in 20% of rhabdomyosarcomas (Williamson et al, 2007), and aberrant activation of Hh signaling in these cells promotes cellular proliferation (Li et al, 2011).
R-HSA-5362437 (Reactome) Promotion of the cholesterol-mediated autocleavage reaction is the only well documented role for the C-terminal region of intact Hh (reviewed in Briscoe and Therond, 2013), and recent in vitro studies suggest that the Hh-C fragment generated by autocleavage is subsequently targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway (Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013). This pathway delivers N-glycosylated ER-resident substrates to a retrotranslocation channel, where they are ubiquitinated and translocated to the cytosol for proteasome-mediated degradation in an ATP-ase dependent fashion (reviewed in Vembar and Brodsky, 2008). Recognition and targettng of ER proteins for the ERAD pathway depends at least in part on modification and binding of the glycosyl groups. Consistent with this, depletion of the lectins OS9 and ERLEC1 abrogates degradation of the Hh-C fragments (Chen et al, 2011). OS9 and ERLEC1 may target Hh-C to the retrotranslocation channel by virtue of their interaction with SEL1, an ER membrane protein with established roles in the ERAD pathway (Christianson et al, 2008; Mueller et al, 2008; Hosokawa et al, 2008; Hosokawa et al, 2009).
R-HSA-5362441 (Reactome) After binding to OS9/ERLEC1, the Hh C-terminal fragments are recruited to the ER membrane through a lectin-SEL1 interaction. SEL1 is a component of a multiprotein retrotranslocation complex in the ER membrane that also includes the E3 ubiquitin ligase SYVN1 (also known as HRD1; present as a dimer), DERL2 and the hexameric ATPase VCP (Christianson et al, 2008; Hosokawa et al, 2008; Mueller et al, 2008; Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013; reviewed in Vembar and Brodsky, 2008). Depletion of SEL1, SYVN1, VCP or DERL2 results in the accumulation of the Hh-C in the ER lumen (Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5362448 (Reactome) After retrotranslocation to the cytosol, Hh-C is degraded by the proteasome (Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5362450 (Reactome) Like the WT C-terminal fragment of Hh, processing-defective variant precursors of full-length Hh are also targetted for degradation by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradtion (ERAD) pathway (Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013). This pathway delivers N-glycosylated ER-resident substrates to a retrotranslocation channel, where they are ubiquitinated and translocated to the cytosol for proteasome-mediated degradation in an ATP-ase dependent fashion (reviewed in Vembar and Brodsky, 2008). Recognition and targetting of ER proteins for the ERAD pathway depends at least in part by modification and binding of the glycosyl groups, and as is the case for the WT C-terminal fragment, lectins OS9 and ERLEC1 are required for the degradation of processing-defective variants of Hh (Chen et al, 2011). OS9 and ERLEC1 may target substrates to the retrotranslocation channel by virtue of their interaction SEL1, an ER membrane protein with established roles in the ERAD pathway (Christianson et al, 2008; Mueller et al, 2008; Hosokawa et al, 2008; Hosokawa et al, 2009).
R-HSA-5362459 (Reactome) The ATPase activity of VCP is required for the retrotranslocation of Hh-C across the ER membrane (Chen et al, 2011). Although in this pathway, the VCP hexamer is shown as part of the SEL1:SYVN1:DERL2 retrotranslocon, the details, order of events and even the full complement of protein players in this process are not known. In yeast, the VCP homologue Cdc48 is associated with two additional proteins Ufd1 and Npl4 -both of which are also conserved in mammals- and this complex interacts with several ER components including derlins and the yeast SYVN1 homologue, Hrd1 (reviewed in Vembar and Brodsky, 2009). Consistent with the yeast data, VCP interacts with DERL2 by co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293 cells (Huang et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5362549 (Reactome) Hh-Np traffics to the plasma membrane where it may cluster in lipid rafts. Cholesterol modification is thought to contribute to this transit and targeting, possibly by promoting interaction with the lipid raft components caveolin and flotillin2, although this has not been demonstrated in mammalian cells (reviewed in Gallet, 2011). Cholesterol and lipid modification also impact the effective signaling range of the secreted ligand: due to the hydrophobic nature of these modifications, Hh-Np remains closely associated with the plasma membrane of the secreting cell, where it is competent for short-range signaling to adjacent cells. Long-range signaling depends on a number of possible mechanisms to extract the ligand from the secreting cell, including oligomerization of ligand into micelle-like structures, cleavage of the C-terminal cholesterol moiety by metalloproteases, or interaction with additional factors that help promote release from the plasma membrane (reviewed in Gallet, 2011; Briscoe and Therond, 2013).
R-HSA-5362551 (Reactome) SCUBE2 is a member of a family of secreted proteins that is required for long-range signaling Hh signaling (Johnson et al, 2012; Tukachinsky et al, 2012; Creanga et al, 2013). Like DISP2, SCUBE2 binds to the cholesterol moiety of the Hh ligand, although the structural elements recognized by the two proteins are distinct. This suggests a model where Hh is released from the plasma membrane to the extracellular region via a DISP2 to SCUBE hand-off (Tukachinsky et al, 2012; Creanga et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5362553 (Reactome) Notum is a secreted protein with phospholipase C activity that has been implicated in promoting long range Hh signaling in Drosophila (Ayers et al, 2010; Eugster et al, 2007; Takeo et al, 2005; Han et al, 2005; Giraldez et al, 2002). Notum is thought to cleave the GPI-anchor from Dally, a Drosophila glypican, to release Hh-Dally complexes from the plasma membrane of the Hh-secreting cell (Ayers et al, 2010; Han et al, 2005), although this cleavage has not been directly demonstrated. In cultured mammalian cells, NOTUM has been shown to cleave the GPI anchor of a number of glypicans to promote their release from the plasma membrane (Traister et al, 2008).
R-HSA-5362793 (Reactome) Hh-Np can be untethered from the plasma membrane of the secreting cell by ADAM17-mediated cleavage of the lipidated N- and C-termini (Dierker et al, 2009; Ohlig et al, 2011; Ohlig et al, 2012). Shedding of SHH Np from the plasma membrane is abrogated by siRNA depletion of ADAM17, as well as in the presence of metalloprotease inhibitors or mutation of the ADAM17 catalytic E406 residue (Dierker et al, 2009). ADAM17-mediated cleavage is stimulated by heparin sulphate and likely occurs in the context of a HSPG-SHH complex although specific HSPGs have not been identified (Dierker et al, 2009). Cleavage of the cholesterol- and palmitoyl-modified termini is suggested to promote a SHH conformation that is competent to bind to the Patched receptor (Ohlig et al, 2011).
R-HSA-5387386 (Reactome) As is the case for the WT Hh C-terminal fragment, siRNA depletion of SEL1 and SYVN1 inhibits the degradation of processing-defective Hh mutants, suggesting these versions of Hh are also targets for ERAD-mediated degradation (Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5387389 (Reactome) Depletion of the ATPase VCP results in the stabilization of processing-defective Hh variants in the ER lumen, supporting the notion that, as is the case for the WT Hh C-terminal fragment, these peptides are also substrates for ERAD (Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5387392 (Reactome) After retrotranslocation to the cytosol, processing-defective Hh variants are degraded by the proteasome (Chen et al, 2011; Huang et al, 2013).
R-HSA-5483238 (Reactome) Processing-defective SHH variants are ubiquitinated by SYVN1 (Chen et al, 2011).
SCUBE2R-HSA-5362551 (Reactome)
SEL1:SYVN1

dimer:DERL2:VCP

hexamer		ArrowR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
SEL1:SYVN1

dimer:DERL2:VCP

hexamer		ArrowR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
SEL1:SYVN1

dimer:DERL2:VCP

hexamer		R-HSA-5362441 (Reactome)
SEL1:SYVN1

dimer:DERL2:VCP

hexamer		R-HSA-5387386 (Reactome)
SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ArrowR-HSA-5387386 (Reactome)
SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		R-HSA-5483238 (Reactome)
SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		mim-catalysisR-HSA-5483238 (Reactome)
SHH processing variants:OS9/ERLEC1ArrowR-HSA-5362450 (Reactome)
SHH processing variants:OS9/ERLEC1R-HSA-5387386 (Reactome)
SHH variantsR-HSA-5362450 (Reactome)
UbArrowR-HSA-5362448 (Reactome)
UbArrowR-HSA-5387392 (Reactome)
UbR-HSA-5362412 (Reactome)
UbR-HSA-5483238 (Reactome)
cholesterolR-HSA-5358340 (Reactome)
phosphateArrowR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
phosphateArrowR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
ub C-terminal Hh fragmentsArrowR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
ub C-terminal Hh fragmentsR-HSA-5362448 (Reactome)
ub-C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ArrowR-HSA-5362412 (Reactome)
ub-C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		R-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
ub-C-terminal

Hh

fragments:ERLEC/OS9:SEL1:SYVN1dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		mim-catalysisR-HSA-5362459 (Reactome)
ub-SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		ArrowR-HSA-5483238 (Reactome)
ub-SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		R-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
ub-SHH

processing

variants:ERLEC:OS9:SEL1:SYVN1 dimer:DERL2:VCP hexamer		mim-catalysisR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
ub-SHH variantsArrowR-HSA-5387389 (Reactome)
ub-SHH variantsR-HSA-5387392 (Reactome)
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