Scavenger receptors bind free extracellular ligands as the initial step in clearance of the ligands from the body (reviewed in Ascenzi et al. 2005, Areschoug and Gordon 2009, Nielsen et al. 2010). Some scavenger receptors, such as the CD163-haptoglobin system, are specific for only one ligand. Others, such as the SCARA receptors (SR-A receptors) are less specific, binding several ligands which share a common property, such as polyanionic charges. Brown and Goldstein originated the idea of receptors dedicated to scavenging aberrant molecules such as modified low density lipoprotein particles (Goldstein et al. 1979) and such receptors have been shown to participate in pathological processes such as atherosclerosis. Based on homology, scavenger receptors have been categorized into classes A-H (reviewed in Murphy et al. 2005).
View original pathway at:Reactome.
Nishikawa K, Arai H, Inoue K.; ''Scavenger receptor-mediated uptake and metabolism of lipid vesicles containing acidic phospholipids by mouse peritoneal macrophages.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Haberland ME, Olch CL, Folgelman AM.; ''Role of lysines in mediating interaction of modified low density lipoproteins with the scavenger receptor of human monocyte macrophages.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nieland TJ, Ehrlich M, Krieger M, Kirchhausen T.; ''Endocytosis is not required for the selective lipid uptake mediated by murine SR-BI.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sun B, Boyanovsky BB, Connelly MA, Shridas P, van der Westhuyzen DR, Webb NR.; ''Distinct mechanisms for OxLDL uptake and cellular trafficking by class B scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-BI.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Prevo R, Banerji S, Ni J, Jackson DG.; ''Rapid plasma membrane-endosomal trafficking of the lymph node sinus and high endothelial venule scavenger receptor/homing receptor stabilin-1 (FEEL-1/CLEVER-1).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Potter D, Chroneos ZC, Baynes JW, Sinclair PR, Gorman N, Liem HH, Muller-Eberhard U, Thorpe SR.; ''In vivo fate of hemopexin and heme-hemopexin complexes in the rat.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Babitt J, Trigatti B, Rigotti A, Smart EJ, Anderson RG, Xu S, Krieger M.; ''Murine SR-BI, a high density lipoprotein receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake, is N-glycosylated and fatty acylated and colocalizes with plasma membrane caveolae.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rechner C, Kühlewein C, Müller A, Schild H, Rudel T.; ''Host glycoprotein Gp96 and scavenger receptor SREC interact with PorB of disseminating Neisseria gonorrhoeae in an epithelial invasion pathway.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Boucher P, Herz J.; ''Signaling through LRP1: Protection from atherosclerosis and beyond.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hamaguchi H, Isomoto A, Miyake Y, Nakajima H.; ''Some spectral properties of the human hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Tolosano E, Fagoonee S, Morello N, Vinchi F, Fiorito V.; ''Heme scavenging and the other facets of hemopexin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Baranova IN, Vishnyakova TG, Bocharov AV, Kurlander R, Chen Z, Kimelman ML, Remaley AT, Csako G, Thomas F, Eggerman TL, Patterson AP.; ''Serum amyloid A binding to CLA-1 (CD36 and LIMPII analogous-1) mediates serum amyloid A protein-induced activation of ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Shakhov YA, Oram JF, Perova NV, Alexandri AL, Kolpakova GV, Marcovina S, Oganov RG, Bierman EL.; ''Comparative study of the activity and composition of HDL3 in Russian and American men.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Harris EN, Weigel PH.; ''The ligand-binding profile of HARE: hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfates A, C, and D bind to overlapping sites distinct from the sites for heparin, acetylated low-density lipoprotein, dermatan sulfate, and CS-E.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Gough PJ, Greaves DR, Gordon S.; ''A naturally occurring isoform of the human macrophage scavenger receptor (SR-A) gene generated by alternative splicing blocks modified LDL uptake.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Yang H, Chen SC, Tang YQ, Dai YL.; ''Effect of overexpression of human SR-AI on oxLDL uptake and apoptosis in 293T cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Boullier A, Gillotte KL, Hörkkö S, Green SR, Friedman P, Dennis EA, Witztum JL, Steinberg D, Quehenberger O.; ''The binding of oxidized low density lipoprotein to mouse CD36 is mediated in part by oxidized phospholipids that are associated with both the lipid and protein moieties of the lipoprotein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Haisma HJ, Boesjes M, Beerens AM, van der Strate BW, Curiel DT, Plüddemann A, Gordon S, Bellu AR.; ''Scavenger receptor A: a new route for adenovirus 5.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Mielewczyk SS, Breslauer KJ, Anachi RB, Brodsky B.; ''Binding studies of a triple-helical peptide model of macrophage scavenger receptor to tetraplex nucleic acids.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Xu S, Laccotripe M, Huang X, Rigotti A, Zannis VI, Krieger M.; ''Apolipoproteins of HDL can directly mediate binding to the scavenger receptor SR-BI, an HDL receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Tamura Y, Adachi H, Osuga J, Ohashi K, Yahagi N, Sekiya M, Okazaki H, Tomita S, Iizuka Y, Shimano H, Nagai R, Kimura S, Tsujimoto M, Ishibashi S.; ''FEEL-1 and FEEL-2 are endocytic receptors for advanced glycation end products.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Solar I, Muller-Eberhard U, Shaklai N.; ''Serum proteins as mediators of hemin efflux from red cell membranes: specificity of hemopexin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Greer J, Liao WD, Brown WE.; ''Haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex. Subunit interaction probed by cross-linking.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Harris EN, Baggenstoss BA, Weigel PH.; ''Rat and human HARE/stabilin-2 are clearance receptors for high- and low-molecular-weight heparins.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Bultel-Brienne S, Lestavel S, Pilon A, Laffont I, Tailleux A, Fruchart JC, Siest G, Clavey V.; ''Lipid free apolipoprotein E binds to the class B Type I scavenger receptor I (SR-BI) and enhances cholesteryl ester uptake from lipoproteins.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Limmon GV, Arredouani M, McCann KL, Corn Minor RA, Kobzik L, Imani F.; ''Scavenger receptor class-A is a novel cell surface receptor for double-stranded RNA.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Peiser L, Gough PJ, Kodama T, Gordon S.; ''Macrophage class A scavenger receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Escherichia coli: role of cell heterogeneity, microbial strain, and culture conditions in vitro.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
ALLISON AC, REES WA.; ''The binding of haemoglobin by plasma proteins (haptoglobins); its bearing on the renal threshold for haemoglobin and the aetiology of haemoglobinuria.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
El Khoury J, Hickman SE, Thomas CA, Cao L, Silverstein SC, Loike JD.; ''Scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of microglia to beta-amyloid fibrils.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Jang S, Ohtani K, Fukuoh A, Yoshizaki T, Fukuda M, Motomura W, Mori K, Fukuzawa J, Kitamoto N, Yoshida I, Suzuki Y, Wakamiya N.; ''Scavenger receptor collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1) predominantly mediates zymosan phagocytosis by human vascular endothelial cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Bodart V, Febbraio M, Demers A, McNicoll N, Pohankova P, Perreault A, Sejlitz T, Escher E, Silverstein RL, Lamontagne D, Ong H.; ''CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of growth hormone-releasing peptides in the heart.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Araki N, Higashi T, Mori T, Shibayama R, Kawabe Y, Kodama T, Takahashi K, Shichiri M, Horiuchi S.; ''Macrophage scavenger receptor mediates the endocytic uptake and degradation of advanced glycation end products of the Maillard reaction.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Schaer DJ, Schaer CA, Buehler PW, Boykins RA, Schoedon G, Alayash AI, Schaffner A.; ''CD163 is the macrophage scavenger receptor for native and chemically modified hemoglobins in the absence of haptoglobin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hamilton RF, Thakur SA, Mayfair JK, Holian A.; ''MARCO mediates silica uptake and toxicity in alveolar macrophages from C57BL/6 mice.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Chakraborty S, Cai Y, Tarr MA.; ''Mapping oxidations of apolipoprotein B-100 in human low-density lipoprotein by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kzhyshkowska J, Workman G, Cardó-Vila M, Arap W, Pasqualini R, Gratchev A, Krusell L, Goerdt S, Sage EH.; ''Novel function of alternatively activated macrophages: stabilin-1-mediated clearance of SPARC.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Yoshida T, Tsuruta Y, Iwasaki M, Yamane S, Ochi T, Suzuki R.; ''SRCL/CL-P1 recognizes GalNAc and a carcinoma-associated antigen, Tn antigen.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kazim AL, Atassi MZ.; ''Haemoglobin binding with haptoglobin. Unequivocal demonstration that the beta-chains of human haemoglobin bind to haptoglobin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Peiser L, Makepeace K, Plüddemann A, Savino S, Wright JC, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Moxon ER, Gordon S.; ''Identification of Neisseria meningitidis nonlipopolysaccharide ligands for class A macrophage scavenger receptor by using a novel assay.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rigotti A, Acton SL, Krieger M.; ''The class B scavenger receptors SR-BI and CD36 are receptors for anionic phospholipids.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Neyen C, Plüddemann A, Roversi P, Thomas B, Cai L, van der Westhuyzen DR, Sim RB, Gordon S.; ''Macrophage scavenger receptor A mediates adhesion to apolipoproteins A-I and E.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Coombs PJ, Graham SA, Drickamer K, Taylor ME.; ''Selective binding of the scavenger receptor C-type lectin to Lewisx trisaccharide and related glycan ligands.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Allhorn M, Berggård T, Nordberg J, Olsson ML, Akerström B.; ''Processing of the lipocalin alpha(1)-microglobulin by hemoglobin induces heme-binding and heme-degradation properties.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Vinchi F, Gastaldi S, Silengo L, Altruda F, Tolosano E.; ''Hemopexin prevents endothelial damage and liver congestion in a mouse model of heme overload.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Selman L, Hansen S.; ''Structure and function of collectin liver 1 (CL-L1) and collectin 11 (CL-11, CL-K1).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Matsumoto A, Naito M, Itakura H, Ikemoto S, Asaoka H, Hayakawa I, Kanamori H, Aburatani H, Takaku F, Suzuki H.; ''Human macrophage scavenger receptors: primary structure, expression, and localization in atherosclerotic lesions.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Laugerette F, Passilly-Degrace P, Patris B, Niot I, Febbraio M, Montmayeur JP, Besnard P.; ''CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Larsson J, Allhorn M, Kerström B.; ''The lipocalin alpha(1)-microglobulin binds heme in different species.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Collins RF, Touret N, Kuwata H, Tandon NN, Grinstein S, Trimble WS.; ''Uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by CD36 occurs by an actin-dependent pathway distinct from macropinocytosis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Smith A, Morgan WT.; ''Hemopexin-mediated heme uptake by liver. Characterization of the interaction of heme-hemopexin with isolated rabbit liver plasma membranes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nielsen MJ, Petersen SV, Jacobsen C, Oxvig C, Rees D, Møller HJ, Moestrup SK.; ''Haptoglobin-related protein is a high-affinity hemoglobin-binding plasma protein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Harris EN, Weigel JA, Weigel PH.; ''The human hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE/Stabilin-2) is a systemic clearance receptor for heparin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Miller YI, Shaklai N.; ''Kinetics of hemin distribution in plasma reveals its role in lipoprotein oxidation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Murshid A, Gong J, Calderwood SK.; ''Heat shock protein 90 mediates efficient antigen cross presentation through the scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-I.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Eckhardt ER, Cai L, Sun B, Webb NR, van der Westhuyzen DR.; ''High density lipoprotein uptake by scavenger receptor SR-BII.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Elshourbagy NA, Li X, Terrett J, Vanhorn S, Gross MS, Adamou JE, Anderson KM, Webb CL, Lysko PG.; ''Molecular characterization of a human scavenger receptor, human MARCO.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Schaer CA, Schoedon G, Imhof A, Kurrer MO, Schaer DJ.; ''Constitutive endocytosis of CD163 mediates hemoglobin-heme uptake and determines the noninflammatory and protective transcriptional response of macrophages to hemoglobin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Fadok VA, Warner ML, Bratton DL, Henson PM.; ''CD36 is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophages that use either a phosphatidylserine receptor or the vitronectin receptor (alpha v beta 3).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Harris EN, Weigel JA, Weigel PH.; ''Endocytic function, glycosaminoglycan specificity, and antibody sensitivity of the recombinant human 190-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Abumrad NA, el-Maghrabi MR, Amri EZ, Lopez E, Grimaldi PA.; ''Cloning of a rat adipocyte membrane protein implicated in binding or transport of long-chain fatty acids that is induced during preadipocyte differentiation. Homology with human CD36.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Madsen M, Møller HJ, Nielsen MJ, Jacobsen C, Graversen JH, Graversen JH, van den Berg T, Moestrup SK.; ''Molecular characterization of the haptoglobin.hemoglobin receptor CD163. Ligand binding properties of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain region.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Brännström A, Sankala M, Tryggvason K, Pikkarainen T.; ''Arginine residues in domain V have a central role for bacteria-binding activity of macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kristiansen M, Graversen JH, Graversen JH, Jacobsen C, Sonne O, Hoffman HJ, Law SK, Moestrup SK.; ''Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Li R, Oteiza A, Sørensen KK, McCourt P, Olsen R, Smedsrød B, Svistounov D.; ''Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and stabilins in elimination of oxidized low-density lipoproteins.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Orr GA, Chrisler WB, Cassens KJ, Tan R, Tarasevich BJ, Markillie LM, Zangar RC, Thrall BD.; ''Cellular recognition and trafficking of amorphous silica nanoparticles by macrophage scavenger receptor A.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Bin LH, Nielson LD, Liu X, Mason RJ, Shu HB.; ''Identification of uteroglobin-related protein 1 and macrophage scavenger receptor with collagenous structure as a lung-specific ligand-receptor pair.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Elomaa O, Sankala M, Pikkarainen T, Bergmann U, Tuuttila A, Raatikainen-Ahokas A, Sariola H, Tryggvason K.; ''Structure of the human macrophage MARCO receptor and characterization of its bacteria-binding region.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ohtani K, Suzuki Y, Eda S, Kawai T, Kase T, Keshi H, Sakai Y, Fukuoh A, Sakamoto T, Itabe H, Suzutani T, Ogasawara M, Yoshida I, Wakamiya N.; ''The membrane-type collectin CL-P1 is a scavenger receptor on vascular endothelial cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ohtani K, Suzuki Y, Wakamiya N.; ''Biological functions of the novel collectins CL-L1, CL-K1, and CL-P1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Palecanda A, Paulauskis J, Al-Mutairi E, Imrich A, Qin G, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Tryggvason K, Koziel H, Kobzik L.; ''Role of the scavenger receptor MARCO in alveolar macrophage binding of unopsonized environmental particles.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Areschoug T, Gordon S.; ''Scavenger receptors: role in innate immunity and microbial pathogenesis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ip SH, Johnson ML, Ackers GK.; ''Kinetics of deoxyhemoglobin subunit dissociation determined by haptoglobin binding: estimation of the equilibrium constant from forward and reverse rates.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hoebe K, Georgel P, Rutschmann S, Du X, Mudd S, Crozat K, Sovath S, Shamel L, Hartung T, Zähringer U, Beutler B.; ''CD36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hansen S, Selman L, Palaniyar N, Ziegler K, Brandt J, Kliem A, Jonasson M, Skjoedt MO, Nielsen O, Hartshorn K, Jørgensen TJ, Skjødt K, Skjødt K, Holmskov U.; ''Collectin 11 (CL-11, CL-K1) is a MASP-1/3-associated plasma collectin with microbial-binding activity.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Calero M, Escribano J, Grubb A, Méndez E.; ''Location of a novel type of interpolypeptide chain linkage in the human protein HC-IgA complex (HC-IgA) and identification of a heterogeneous chromophore associated with the complex.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Krieger M, Abrams JM, Lux A, Steller H.; ''Molecular flypaper, atherosclerosis, and host defense: structure and function of the macrophage scavenger receptor.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Adachi H, Tsujimoto M, Arai H, Inoue K.; ''Expression cloning of a novel scavenger receptor from human endothelial cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rhainds D, Falstrault L, Tremblay C, Brissette L.; ''Uptake and fate of class B scavenger receptor ligands in HepG2 cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Waks M, Kahn PC, Beychok S.; ''Studies on the structures of haptoglobin 1-1 and hemoglobin in the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Miller YI, Smith A, Morgan WT, Shaklai N.; ''Role of hemopexin in protection of low-density lipoprotein against hemoglobin-induced oxidation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Greenberg ME, Sun M, Zhang R, Febbraio M, Silverstein R, Hazen SL.; ''Oxidized phosphatidylserine-CD36 interactions play an essential role in macrophage-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zeng Y, Tao N, Chung KN, Heuser JE, Lublin DM.; ''Endocytosis of oxidized low density lipoprotein through scavenger receptor CD36 utilizes a lipid raft pathway that does not require caveolin-1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Thelen T, Hao Y, Medeiros AI, Curtis JL, Serezani CH, Kobzik L, Harris LH, Aronoff DM.; ''The class A scavenger receptor, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure, is the major phagocytic receptor for Clostridium sordellii expressed by human decidual macrophages.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ascenzi P, Bocedi A, Visca P, Altruda F, Tolosano E, Beringhelli T, Fasano M.; ''Hemoglobin and heme scavenging.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Murao K, Terpstra V, Green SR, Kondratenko N, Steinberg D, Quehenberger O.; ''Characterization of CLA-1, a human homologue of rodent scavenger receptor BI, as a receptor for high density lipoprotein and apoptotic thymocytes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
JAYLE MF, BOUSSIER G, TONNELAT J.; ''[Isolation of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex in human blood in homogenous state. II].''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
DeWitte-Orr SJ, Collins SE, Bauer CM, Bowdish DM, Mossman KL.; ''An accessory to the 'Trinity': SR-As are essential pathogen sensors of extracellular dsRNA, mediating entry and leading to subsequent type I IFN responses.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Terpstra V, Bird DA, Steinberg D.; ''Evidence that the lipid moiety of oxidized low density lipoprotein plays a role in its interaction with macrophage receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wang R, Chandawarkar RY.; ''Phagocytosis of fungal agents and yeast via macrophage cell surface scavenger receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pasternack RF, Gibbs EJ, Mauk AG, Reid LS, Wong NM, Kurokawa K, Hashim M, Muller-Eberhard U.; ''Kinetics of hemoprotein reduction and interprotein heme transfer.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zhou B, McGary CT, Weigel JA, Saxena A, Weigel PH.; ''Purification and molecular identification of the human hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zhang Y, Ahmed AM, Tran TL, Lin J, McFarlane N, Boreham DR, Igdoura SA, Truant R, Trigatti BL.; ''The inhibition of endocytosis affects HDL-lipid uptake mediated by the human scavenger receptor class B type I.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Józefowski S, Sulahian TH, Arredouani M, Kobzik L.; ''Role of scavenger receptor MARCO in macrophage responses to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Bessa Pereira C, Bocková M, Santos RF, Santos AM, Martins de Araújo M, Oliveira L, Homola J, Carmo AM.; ''The Scavenger Receptor SSc5D Physically Interacts with Bacteria through the SRCR-Containing N-Terminal Domain.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Siebel JF, Kosinsky RL, Åkerström B, Knipp M.; ''Insertion of heme b into the structure of the Cys34-carbamidomethylated human lipocalin α(1)-microglobulin: formation of a [(heme)(2) (α(1)-Microglobulin)](3) complex.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Means TK, Mylonakis E, Tampakakis E, Colvin RA, Seung E, Puckett L, Tai MF, Stewart CR, Pukkila-Worley R, Hickman SE, Moore KJ, Calderwood SB, Hacohen N, Luster AD, El Khoury J.; ''Evolutionarily conserved recognition and innate immunity to fungal pathogens by the scavenger receptors SCARF1 and CD36.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Calvo D, Gómez-Coronado D, Lasunción MA, Vega MA.; ''CLA-1 is an 85-kD plasma membrane glycoprotein that acts as a high-affinity receptor for both native (HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and modified (OxLDL and AcLDL) lipoproteins.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Smith A, Morgan WT.; ''Hemopexin-mediated heme transport to the liver. Evidence for a heme-binding protein in liver plasma membranes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Andersen CB, Torvund-Jensen M, Nielsen MJ, de Oliveira CL, Hersleth HP, Andersen NH, Pedersen JS, Andersen GR, Moestrup SK.; ''Structure of the haptoglobin-haemoglobin complex.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Smith A, Tatum FM, Muster P, Burch MK, Morgan WT.; ''Importance of ligand-induced conformational changes in hemopexin for receptor-mediated heme transport.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Dorrington MG, Roche AM, Chauvin SE, Tu Z, Mossman KL, Weiser JN, Bowdish DM.; ''MARCO is required for TLR2- and Nod2-mediated responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae and clearance of pneumococcal colonization in the murine nasopharynx.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Brown MS, Basu SK, Falck JR, Ho YK, Goldstein JL.; ''The scavenger cell pathway for lipoprotein degradation: specificity of the binding site that mediates the uptake of negatively-charged LDL by macrophages.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Harrington JM, Howell S, Hajduk SL.; ''Membrane permeabilization by trypanosome lytic factor, a cytolytic human high density lipoprotein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Aguilar-Gaytan R, Mas-Oliva J.; ''Oxidative stress impairs endocytosis of the scavenger receptor class A.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Mauk MR, Mauk AG.; ''Metal ions and electrolytes regulate the dissociation of heme from human hemopexin at physiological pH.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Adachi H, Tsujimoto M.; ''FEEL-1, a novel scavenger receptor with in vitro bacteria-binding and angiogenesis-modulating activities.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nakamura K, Funakoshi H, Miyamoto K, Tokunaga F, Nakamura T.; ''Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human scavenger receptor with C-type lectin (SRCL), a novel member of a scavenger receptor family.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Eckhardt ER, Cai L, Shetty S, Zhao Z, Szanto A, Webb NR, Van der Westhuyzen DR.; ''High density lipoprotein endocytosis by scavenger receptor SR-BII is clathrin-dependent and requires a carboxyl-terminal dileucine motif.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rosell FI, Mauk MR, Mauk AG.; ''pH- and metal ion-linked stability of the hemopexin-heme complex.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pagler TA, Rhode S, Neuhofer A, Laggner H, Strobl W, Hinterndorfer C, Volf I, Pavelka M, Eckhardt ER, van der Westhuyzen DR, Schütz GJ, Stangl H.; ''SR-BI-mediated high density lipoprotein (HDL) endocytosis leads to HDL resecretion facilitating cholesterol efflux.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Mukhopadhyay S, Chen Y, Sankala M, Peiser L, Pikkarainen T, Kraal G, Tryggvason K, Gordon S.; ''MARCO, an innate activation marker of macrophages, is a class A scavenger receptor for Neisseria meningitidis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A, Martens JH, Pervushina O, Mamidi S, Johansson S, Schledzewski K, Hansen B, He X, Tang J, Nakayama K, Goerdt S.; ''Stabilin-1 localizes to endosomes and the trans-Golgi network in human macrophages and interacts with GGA adaptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A, Brundiers H, Mamidi S, Krusell L, Goerdt S.; ''Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase activity is required for stabilin-1-mediated endosomal transport of acLDL.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hampton RY, Golenbock DT, Penman M, Krieger M, Raetz CR.; ''Recognition and plasma clearance of endotoxin by scavenger receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Park SY, Jung MY, Kim HJ, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Lee BH, Kwon TH, Park RW, Kim IS.; ''Rapid cell corpse clearance by stabilin-2, a membrane phosphatidylserine receptor.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ren Y, Silverstein RL, Allen J, Savill J.; ''CD36 gene transfer confers capacity for phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Goldstein JL, Ho YK, Basu SK, Brown MS.; ''Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wardell M, Wang Z, Ho JX, Robert J, Ruker F, Ruble J, Carter DC.; ''The atomic structure of human methemalbumin at 1.9 A.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Harris EN, Kyosseva SV, Weigel JA, Weigel PH.; ''Expression, processing, and glycosaminoglycan binding activity of the recombinant human 315-kDa hyaluronic acid receptor for endocytosis (HARE).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Berwin B, Delneste Y, Lovingood RV, Post SR, Pizzo SV.; ''SREC-I, a type F scavenger receptor, is an endocytic receptor for calreticulin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pearson AM, Rich A, Krieger M.; ''Polynucleotide binding to macrophage scavenger receptors depends on the formation of base-quartet-stabilized four-stranded helices.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nilsen NJ, Deininger S, Nonstad U, Skjeldal F, Husebye H, Rodionov D, von Aulock S, Hartung T, Lien E, Bakke O, Espevik T.; ''Cellular trafficking of lipoteichoic acid and Toll-like receptor 2 in relation to signaling: role of CD14 and CD36.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pasternack RF, Gibbs EJ, Hoeflin E, Kosar WP, Kubera G, Skowronek CA, Wong NM, Muller-Eberhard U.; ''Hemin binding to serum proteins and the catalysis of interprotein transfer.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Calvo D, Gómez-Coronado D, Suárez Y, Lasunción MA, Vega MA.; ''Human CD36 is a high affinity receptor for the native lipoproteins HDL, LDL, and VLDL.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
McDermott-Roe C, Martin J, Collot-Teixeira S, McGregor JL.; ''CD36 N-terminal cytoplasmic domain is not required for the internalization of oxidized low-density lipoprotein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Podrez EA, Febbraio M, Sheibani N, Schmitt D, Silverstein RL, Hajjar DP, Cohen PA, Frazier WA, Hoff HF, Hazen SL.; ''Macrophage scavenger receptor CD36 is the major receptor for LDL modified by monocyte-generated reactive nitrogen species.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Murphy JE, Tedbury PR, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Walker JH, Ponnambalam S.; ''Biochemistry and cell biology of mammalian scavenger receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Parthasarathy S, Fong LG, Otero D, Steinberg D.; ''Recognition of solubilized apoproteins from delipidated, oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) by the acetyl-LDL receptor.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Li X, Kan HY, Lavrentiadou S, Krieger M, Zannis V.; ''Reconstituted discoidal ApoE-phospholipid particles are ligands for the scavenger receptor BI. The amino-terminal 1-165 domain of ApoE suffices for receptor binding.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Smith A, Morgan WT.; ''Hemopexin-mediated transport of heme into isolated rat hepatocytes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Apostolov EO, Shah SV, Ray D, Basnakian AG.; ''Scavenger receptors of endothelial cells mediate the uptake and cellular proatherogenic effects of carbamylated LDL.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Facciponte JG, Wang XY, Subjeck JR.; ''Hsp110 and Grp170, members of the Hsp70 superfamily, bind to scavenger receptor-A and scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells-I.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sakai M, Miyazaki A, Hakamata H, Kobori S, Shichiri M, Horiuchi S.; ''Endocytic uptake of lysophosphatidylcholine mediated by macrophage scavenger receptor plays a major role in oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced macrophage growth.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Adams PA, Berman MC.; ''Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction between human serum albumin and monomeric haemin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Smith A, Farooqui SM, Morgan WT.; ''The murine haemopexin receptor. Evidence that the haemopexin-binding site resides on a 20 kDa subunit and that receptor recycling is regulated by protein kinase C.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Morgan WT, Liem HH, Sutor RP, Muller-Ebergard U.; ''Transfer of heme from heme-albumin to hemopexin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Santiago-García J, Kodama T, Pitas RE.; ''The class A scavenger receptor binds to proteoglycans and mediates adhesion of macrophages to the extracellular matrix.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Widener J, Nielsen MJ, Shiflett A, Moestrup SK, Hajduk S.; ''Hemoglobin is a co-factor of human trypanosome lytic factor.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Resnick D, Chatterton JE, Schwartz K, Slayter H, Krieger M.; ''Structures of class A macrophage scavenger receptors. Electron microscopic study of flexible, multidomain, fibrous proteins and determination of the disulfide bond pattern of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Dunne DW, Resnick D, Greenberg J, Krieger M, Joiner KA.; ''The type I macrophage scavenger receptor binds to gram-positive bacteria and recognizes lipoteichoic acid.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Shiflett AM, Bishop JR, Pahwa A, Hajduk SL.; ''Human high density lipoproteins are platforms for the assembly of multi-component innate immune complexes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Keshi H, Sakamoto T, Kawai T, Ohtani K, Katoh T, Jang SJ, Motomura W, Yoshizaki T, Fukuda M, Koyama S, Fukuzawa J, Fukuoh A, Yoshida I, Suzuki Y, Wakamiya N.; ''Identification and characterization of a novel human collectin CL-K1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Berwin B, Hart JP, Rice S, Gass C, Pizzo SV, Post SR, Nicchitta CV.; ''Scavenger receptor-A mediates gp96/GRP94 and calreticulin internalization by antigen-presenting cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Dahl M, Bauer AK, Arredouani M, Soininen R, Tryggvason K, Kleeberger SR, Kobzik L.; ''Protection against inhaled oxidants through scavenging of oxidized lipids by macrophage receptors MARCO and SR-AI/II.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Janabi M, Yamashita S, Hirano K, Sakai N, Hiraoka H, Matsumoto K, Zhang Z, Nozaki S, Matsuzawa Y.; ''Oxidized LDL-induced NF-kappa B activation and subsequent expression of proinflammatory genes are defective in monocyte-derived macrophages from CD36-deficient patients.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Podrez EA, Poliakov E, Shen Z, Zhang R, Deng Y, Sun M, Finton PJ, Shan L, Gugiu B, Fox PL, Hoff HF, Salomon RG, Hazen SL.; ''Identification of a novel family of oxidized phospholipids that serve as ligands for the macrophage scavenger receptor CD36.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Park SY, Jung MY, Lee SJ, Kang KB, Gratchev A, Riabov V, Kzhyshkowska J, Kim IS.; ''Stabilin-1 mediates phosphatidylserine-dependent clearance of cell corpses in alternatively activated macrophages.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Yokota T, Ehlin-Henriksson B, Hansson GK.; ''Scavenger receptors mediate adhesion of activated B lymphocytes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Tao N, Wagner SJ, Lublin DM.; ''CD36 is palmitoylated on both N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic tails.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Arredouani MS, Palecanda A, Koziel H, Huang YC, Imrich A, Sulahian TH, Ning YY, Yang Z, Pikkarainen T, Sankala M, Vargas SO, Takeya M, Tryggvason K, Kobzik L.; ''MARCO is the major binding receptor for unopsonized particles and bacteria on human alveolar macrophages.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nielsen MJ, Petersen SV, Jacobsen C, Thirup S, Enghild JJ, Graversen JH, Graversen JH, Moestrup SK.; ''A unique loop extension in the serine protease domain of haptoglobin is essential for CD163 recognition of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hansen B, Longati P, Elvevold K, Nedredal GI, Schledzewski K, Olsen R, Falkowski M, Kzhyshkowska J, Carlsson F, Johansson S, Smedsrød B, Goerdt S, Johansson S, McCourt P.; ''Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 are both directed into the early endocytic pathway in hepatic sinusoidal endothelium via interactions with clathrin/AP-2, independent of ligand binding.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Vishnyakova TG, Bocharov AV, Baranova IN, Chen Z, Remaley AT, Csako G, Eggerman TL, Patterson AP.; ''Binding and internalization of lipopolysaccharide by Cla-1, a human orthologue of rodent scavenger receptor B1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Smith A, Morgan WT.; ''Haem transport to the liver by haemopexin. Receptor-mediated uptake with recycling of the protein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Gowen BB, Borg TK, Ghaffar A, Mayer EP.; ''Selective adhesion of macrophages to denatured forms of type I collagen is mediated by scavenger receptors.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Palani S, Maksimow M, Miiluniemi M, Auvinen K, Jalkanen S, Salmi M.; ''Stabilin-1/CLEVER-1, a type 2 macrophage marker, is an adhesion and scavenging molecule on human placental macrophages.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Endemann G, Stanton LW, Madden KS, Bryant CM, White RT, Protter AA.; ''CD36 is a receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Truncated Alpha-1-Microglobulin binds heme b and then degrades heme b by an unknown mechanism (Allhorn et al. 2002). The crystal structure of the untruncated Alpha1-Microglobulin:heme complex indicates that each Alpha1-Microglobulin molecule binds 2 heme molecules and the Alpha1-Microglobulin molecules trimerize (Siebel et al. 2012).
The CD163 receptor binds the haptoglobin:hemoglobin complex (Kristiansen et al. 2001, Madsen et al. 2004, Nielsen et al. 2007). After binding, the CD163:haptoglobin:hemoglobin complex is internalized by endocytosis and is degraded in the lysosome. CD163 is found on the membranes of monocytes and macrophages.
When haptoglobin capacity to buffer hemoglobin is overwhelmed, hemoglobin undergoes a rapid conversion to methemoglobin. Ferriheme is transferred directly from methemoglobin to hemopexin (Miller et al. 1996, Mauk and Mauk 2010).
Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein. It is produced by the liver and secreted into the plasma where it binds alpha-beta dimers of hemoglobin (Hamaguchi et al. 1971, Nagel and Gibson 1971, Tsapis et al. 1978, reviewed in Chiabrando et al. 2011). Haptoglobin monomers contain alpha and beta chains cleaved from a single proprotein and bonded by cystine disulfide bonds. The monomers further associate into dimers by disulfide-bonding and beta strand swapping (Andersen et al. 2012). Each haptoglobin dimer can bind two hemoglobin dimers, each containing hemoglobin alpha and hemoglobin beta.
Hemopexin binds either ferriheme b or ferroheme b, however the stability of the complex containing ferriheme b is greater than the stability of the complex containing ferroheme b (Morgan 1976, Pasternack et al. 1983, Solar et al. 1989, Miller and Shaklai 1999, Rosell et al. 2005, Mauk and Mauk 2010).
Despite the lower affinity of ferriheme for albumin than for hemopexin, ferriheme initially associates with albumin, presumably because the molar concentration of albumin in plasma is considerably greater than that of hemopexin. Ferriheme is transferred directly from serum albumin to hemopexin (Morgan et al. 1976, Pasternack et al. 1983, Pasternack et al. 1985).
Alpha-1-Microglobulin binds heme b (Allhorn et al. 2002, Larsson et al. 2004). The crystal structure of the complex indicates that each microglobulin molecule binds 2 heme molecules and the microglobulin:heme complex trimerizes (Siebel et al. 2012).
Haptoglobin-related protein (HRP) is present in human serum in a complex known as trypanosome lytic factor-1 (TLF-1) that contains APOL1, APOA1, and HDL3. The HPR subunit of the complex binds hemoglobin with an unknown stoichiometry (Shiflett et al. 2005, Nielsen et al. 2006, Widener et al. 2007, Harrington et al. 2009).
Once formed in the plasma, the hemopexin:heme complex is rapidly cleared from circulation and it is taken up by the liver (Smith and Morgan 1984, Smith and Morgan 1985, Tolosano et al. 2010, Vinchi et al. 2008), where heme is degraded by heme oxygenases. In mouse, rat and rabbit several experimental evidences led to the postulation of a specific receptor on hepatocytes with high affinity for the hemopexin:heme complex (Smith and Morgan 1981, Smith and Morgan 1984, Smith et al, 1988, Smith et al., 1991), but such a receptor has not been identified to date. The only known hemopexin:heme receptor is LRP1 (CD91) that is ubiquitously expressed and has a low affinity for the complex. LRP1 is a multi-ligand scavenger receptor, involved in endocytosis in some cells types, for example macrophages, and in signaling in other cell types (reviewed in Boucher and Herz 2011). LRP1 is known to act in the metabolism of lipoprotein and it is expressed in several cell types including macrophages, hepatocytes and neurons. Among several ligands, LRP1 (CD91) can bind the hemopexin:heme complex (Hvidberg et al. 2005).
MSR1 (SCARA1, SR-A) binds oxidized and acetylated low density lipid (LDL) particles ((Brown et al. 1980), Haberland et al 1984, Gough et al. 1998, Yang et al. 2011), apolipoproteins A-I and E (human and mouse, Neyen et al. 2009), lysophosphatidylcholine from apoptotic cells (mouse, Sakai et al. 1996), phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine (mouse, Nishikawa et al. 1990). MSR1 binds activated B-lymphocytes (human, Yokota et al. 1998), calreticulin and gp96 (mouse, Berwin et al. 2003). MSR1 binds bacterial products (E.coli, Neisseria meningitides, Staphylococcus aureus) (mouse, Peiser et al. 2006), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (mouse and bovine, Hampton et al. 1991), Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and Gram-positive bacteria (bovine, Dunne et al. 1994), Adenovirus 5 (Haisma et al. 2009). MSR1 binds polysaccharides (carrageenan, dextran sulphate, fucoidan) (Brown et al. 1980, Krieger et al. 1992), extracellular matrix proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin (mouse, Santiago-Garcia et al. 2003). MSR1 binds extracellular matrix molecules, including denatured type I and III collagen, as well as glycated collagen IV (human and mouse and bovine, el Khoury et al. 1994, Gowen et al. 2000, Gowen et al. 2001), beta-amyloid fibrils (human and mouse, El Khoury et al. 1996), maleyl-BSA and advanced glycation end-product modified (AGE)-BSA (bovine, Brown et al. 1980, Araki et al. 1995). MSR1 binds polynucleotides (polyI, polyG) (bovine, Brown et al. 1980, Pearson et al. 1993, Mielewczyk et al. 1996), double-stranded RNA (Limmon et al. 2008, DeWitte-Orr et al. 2010). MSR1 interacts with the modified apoB-100 component of LDL (Parthasarathy et al. 1987) and with the lipid part of LDL (Terpstra et al. 1998). MSR1 is expressed most strongly on macrophages and can also be detected on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
Unlike MSR1, MARCO uses the SRCR domain and more particularly the arginine-rich region within this domain for binding. (Brannstrom et al. 2002). MARCO binds lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid, both found on the surfaces of bacteria (Elomaa et al. 1998, Elshourbagy et al. 2000). MARCO binds and phagocytoses Streptococcus pneumoniae (mouse, Dorrington et al. 2013), Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (Elshourbagy, Li et al. 2000), Neisseria meningitidis (Mukhopadhyay et al. 2006), Clostridium sordellii (Thelen et al. 2010). MARCO binds proinflammatory oxidized lipids (mouse, Dahl et al. 2007). MARCO binds CpG oligonucleotide sequences (CpG-ODN) in microbial DNA (mouse, Jozefowski et al. 2006), uteroglobin-related protein 1 (Bin et al. 2003), unopsonized particles (TiO2, Fe2O3, and latex beads) (Palecanda et al. 1999) and silica particles (Hamilton et al. 2006). MARCO is most strongly expressed on subgroups of macrophages and can also be detected on splenic dendritic cells.
COLEC12 (SCARA4) binds beta-glucan (Jang et al. 2009), N-acetylgalactosamine (Yoshida et al. 2003), oxidized LDL (Ohtani et al. 2001), and double-stranded RNA (DeWitte-Orr et al. 2010). COLEC12 is expressed on endothelial cells
CD36 (Platelet glycoprotein IV) binds oxidized LDL (Janabi et al. 2000, Endemann et al. 1993) through both the lipid and the protein moieties of LDL (Boullier et al. 2000), oxidized phospholipids (Podrez et al. 2002), long-chain fatty acids (inferred from rat and mouse, Abumrad et al. 1993, Laugerette et al. 2005), hexarelin (a hexapeptide member of the growth hormone-releasing peptide family) (inferred from rat and mouse, Bodart et al. 2002), betaglucan (Means et al. 2009), oxidized and native phosphatidylserine (Greenberg et al. 2006) and apoptotic cells (Ren et al. 1995; Fadok et al. 1998), lipopeptide from Staphylococcus aureus as well as lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria, both in cooperation with TLR2 (inferred from mouse, Hoebe et al. 2005). As inferred from mouse, CD36 also binds phosphatidylinositol, and HDL.
SCARA5 binds double-stranded RNA (DeWitte-Orr et al. 2010). As inferred from mouse SCARA5 also binds lipopolysaccharide and ferritin. SCARA5 is expressed on epithelial cells.
SCARF1 (SREC-I) binds low density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidized LDL, acetylated LDL (Adachi et al. 1997), carbamylated LDL (Apostolov et al. 2009), beta glucan (Means et al. 2009), and calreticulin (Berwin et al. 2004). SREC-I binds Hsp90 and Hsp90-chaperoned peptides (Murshid et al. 2010) as well as Heat shock protein 110 (hsp110) and glucose-regulated protein (grp170) (inferred from mouse, Facciponte, Wang et al. 2007). SREC-I interacts with PorB of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and mediates host cell entry (Rechner et al. 2007).
SCARB1 (SR-BI) binds low density lipoprotein (LDL), acetylated LDL, oxidized LDL, high density lipoprotein (HDL) (Calvo et al. 1997, Murao et al. 1997, Rhainds et al. 1999, inferred from hamster in Acton et al. 1994). SCARB1 binds HDL via its protein moiety, including apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, CII, CIII and E (Bultel-Brienne et al. 2002, inferred from mouse in Xu, Laccotripe et al. 1997, Li et al. 2002). SCARB1 also binds serum amyloid A protein (Baranova et al. 2005), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Vishnyakova et al. 2003). SCARB1 is expressed on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane of several types of polarized epithelial cells.
STAB1 (FEEL-1) binds acetylated low density lipoprotein (LDL) (Adachi & Tsujimoto 2002, Palani et al. 2011), phosphatidylserine (exposed when cells are lysed) (Park et al. 2009), advanced glycation end products (AGE) (Tamura et al. 2003, Hansen et al. 2005), and Osteonectin (SPARC) (Kzhyshkowska et al. 2006).
Both hemoglobin and the cytosolic face of erythrocytes are able to catalyze the cleavage of Alpha-1-Microglobulin in the IgA:Alpha-1-Microglobulin complex present in serum (Allhorn et al. 2002). The reaction produces truncated Alpha-1-Microglobulin, which is able to bind and degrade heme. About half of the circulating Alpha-1-Microglobulin is covalently bound to IgA.
The CD163:haptoglobin:hemoglobin complex is endocytosed (Schaer et al. 2006, Kristiansen et al. 2001) by monocytes or macrophages. CD163 is constitutively endocytosed by monocytes independently of ligand binding (Schaer et al. 2006). Upon endocytosis, the receptor–ligand complex enters early endosomes where haptoglobin:hemoglobin complexes are released from CD163. The receptor then recycles to the cell surface while haptoglobin:hemoglobin complexes continue through the endocytic pathway to end up in lysosomes where the protein moieties and the ligand are degraded.
The LRP1:hemopexin:heme complex is endocytosed and the complex is dissociated in lysosomes, leading to heme uptake. Heme is then degraded by heme oxygenases. Whereas LRP1 is subsequently recycled to the plasma membrane, the destiny of hemopexin is controversial. Some studies have suggested that hemopexin can be recycled as an intact molecule to the extracellular milieu (Smith and Morgan, 1979). However, it has also been proposed that following hepatic uptake of heme from hemopexin:heme, varying proportions of the protein are either returned to the circulation or degraded in the liver (Potter et al., 1993). Recently, Hvidberg et al. have shown that most hemopexin is degraded in lysosomes (Hvidberg et al., 2005).
The MARCO:ligand complex is endocytosed (Arredouani et al. 2005, Thelen et al. 2010). In cases where the ligand is part of a bacterial cell the entire cell is phagocytosed.
The STAB2:ligand complex is endocytosed (Tamura et al. 2003, Li et al. 2011). Endocytosis of stabilin-1 or stabilin-2 can occur independently of ligand binding, via clathrin (Hansen et al. 2005).
The Platelet glycoprotein IV (CD36):ligand complex is endocytosed (Zeng et al. 2003, McDermott_Roe et al. 2008, Nilsen et al. 2008, Collins et al. 2009). The endocytosis of CD36:oxidized LDL is independent of caveolin (Zeng et al. 2003) and dependent on actin (Collins et al. 2009). As inferred from mouse, endocytosis of CD36:oxidized LDL is independent of caveolae, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton, but dependent on dynamin (Sun et al. 2007).
The STAB1:ligand complex is endocytosed (Tamura et al. 2003, Kzhyshkowska et al. 2004, Li et al. 2011, Prevo et al. 2004; Kzhyshkowska et al. 2005). Endocytosis of stabilin-1 or stabilin-2 can occur independently of ligand binding, via clathrin (Hansen et al. 2005).
The SCARF1:ligand complex is endocytosed (Adachi et al. 1997, Berwin et al. 2004) and cross-presented on MHC class II (Murshid et al. 2010). SREC-I mediates host cell entry of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Rechner et al. 2007)
The MSR1:ligand complex (SCARA1:ligand, SR-A:ligand) is endocytosed (Matsumoto et al. 1990, Gough et al. 1998, Peiser et al. 2000, Aguilar-Gaytan and Mas-Oliva 2003, Wang and Chandawarkar 2010, Orr et al. 2011). In the cases in which the ligands are located on bacteria or yeast cells the entire cell is phagocytosed (Aguilar-Gaytan and Mas-Oliva 2003, Wang and Chandawarkar 2010). Uptake of modified LDL by macrophages via MSR1 appears to contribute to foam cell formation during atherosclerosis (Matsumoto et al. 1990).
The SCARB1 (SR-BI, SR-BII):ligand complex is endocytosed (Calvo et al. 1997, Murao et al. 1997, Rhainds et al. 1999, Vishnyakova et al. 2003, Baranova et al. 2005, Eckhardt et al. 2004) but selective lipid uptake from lipoprotein particles does not require SR-BI endocytosis in mouse (Nieland et al. 2005) but is partly dependent on endocytosis in human (Zhang et al. 2007). HDL particles are resecreted after lipid unloading in the endocytic pathway (Pagler et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2007). SR-BI colocalizes with caveolae (inferred from mouse, Babitt et al. 1997) while SR-BII, an alternatively spliced form of SCARB1, localizes to clathrin-coated pits due to a dileucine motif in the cytosolic tail (inferred from mouse, Eckhardt et al. 2006). Endocytosis of oxidized LDL by SR-BI is independent of caveolae, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton (inferred from mouse, Sun et al. 2007).
COLEC12 (CL-P1, SCARA4, SRCL, NSR2) bound to yeast or bacteria is phagocytosed (Jang et al. 2009, Ohtani et al. 2012). Endocytosis of other ligands bound to COLEC12 is inferred.
Try the New WikiPathways
View approved pathways at the new wikipathways.org.Quality Tags
Ontology Terms
Bibliography
History
External references
DataNodes
glycoprotein
IV:Ligandglycoprotein
IV:LigandAnnotated Interactions
glycoprotein
IV:Ligandglycoprotein
IV:Ligandglycoprotein
IV:Ligand