Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT pathways for immune response to pathogens (Anopheles gambiae)

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Yeast, fungi, virus, and lysine-type peptidoglycan (k-type PGN) signal proteins persephone (psh) and GRASS in the Toll Pathway. These proteins signal downstream to sphinx1/2, spheroide, and spirit which leads to activation of Spatzle (spz). Spz binds to Toll which activates death domain-containing molecules (MyD88, Tube, Pelle). Pellino ubiquinates Pelle which allows TRAF to activate DIF which activates Dorsal facilitated by the ubiquitination of cactus. Dorsal translocates to nucleus to upregulate immune genes. The IMD pathway is activated by mono-diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycans (DAP-type PGN) that starts a cascade of activation of Fadd, Dredd, Tak1/Tab2 coomplex and leads to the activation, translocation, and effector gene promotion of Relish. The JAK/STAT pathway is activated by Virus and unpaired gene particles binding to dome/JAK/STAT complex leading to the actvation of the STAT complex which translocates to the nucleus to promote transcription of effector genes. This pathway was taken from Firgure 2B of Severo et al.