Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT pathways for immune response to pathogens (Anopheles gambiae)

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The presence P. berghei signals proteins Toll Pathway through proteins PGRP-S, CLIPB13, CLIPC8, and SPZ2. Toll activates death domain-containing molecules (MyD88, Tube, Pelle). Pellino ubiquinates Pelle which allows TRAF to activate REL1 by the ubiquitination of cactus. REL1 translocates to nucleus to upregulate immune genes. The IMD pathway is activated by presence of P. faciparum that starts a cascade of activation of Fadd, Dredd, Tak1/Tab2 coomplex and leads to the activation, translocation, and effector gene promotion of Relish. The Effete/Uev1a/Bendless/IAP2 inhibits the CASPL1/Dredd complex. The JAK/STAT pathway is activated by presence of P. vivax and unpaired gene particles binding to dome/JAK/STAT complex leading to the actvation of the STAT complex which translocates to the nucleus to promote transcription of effector genes. This pathway was taken from Firgure 2B of Severo et al.