NoRC negatively regulates rRNA expression (Homo sapiens)

From WikiPathways

Revision as of 08:56, 26 July 2016 by Ryanmiller (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
2, 4, 5, 8, 11...6, 710931, 9cytosolnucleoplasmAdoMetHIST1H2BB HIST2H2AC HIST1H2AB HIST1H2BL HIST1H2BL SUDS3 POLR2K TAF1C H2AFZ HIST3H2BB HIST1H2BK HIST1H2AJ NoRCHIST1H2BB POLR1E AdoMetH2BFS DNMT3B HIST1H2AC HIST1H2BC POLR2E H2AFB1 HIST2H2BE HIST1H2BN GTF2H4 CTP HIST1H4 AdoHcyHDAC1H2BFS HDAC2HIST1H2BJ pRNA (intergenicrRNA)HIST2H2AA3 HIST1H2BO HIST1H2AJ MBD2GTF2H1 GTF2H2 HIST2H2AA3 Me2K-10-H3F3A HIST2H3A HIST1H2AB ERCC3 Me2K10-HIST1H3A AdoHcyMe2K-10-HIST2H3A MNAT1 HIST1H2BK SAP18 H2AFB1 Me2K-10-HIST2H3A TAF1D HIST1H2AB HIST1H4 HIST1H2AC HIST1H2BO CDK7 HIST1H2BN SAP30L POLR1D HIST1H2BC HIST2H2AA3 UTP Me2K-10-H3F3A HIST1H2BD POLR1B HIST2H2BE HIST1H2BB HIST1H2BM BAZ2A TTF1 ATP SMARCA5 Chromatin (H4K5ac,H4K8ac, H4K16ac)GTF2H5 HIST1H2BK HIST1H2BJ Sal BoxTTF1POLR2L HIST1H2BD HIST1H2AC HIST1H2BD H2AFB1 H2AFX HIST1H2BC HIST2H2BE ZNRD1 SUDS3 HIST1H2BL SAP30 Me2K-10-H3F3A DNMT3BHIST1H2BA HIST3H2BB HIST2H2AA3 4xAcK-HIST1H4A HIST1H2AD GTF2H3 HIST1H2AD NTPSAP30BP POLR2H H2AFX Chromatin (H3K9me2,5mC):MBD2Chromatin (H3K9me2)HIST1H2BH DNA containing 5-mC HIST1H2BK CCNH HIST1H2BJ SMARCA5 HIST1H2BA HIST1H2BH POLR1C pRNA (intergenic rRNA) BAZ2A HIST2H2AC HIST1H2AB SAP30 POLR1A Me2K10-HIST1H3A HIST1H2BB RNA Polymerase Ipromoter escapecomplexDNMT1 TWISTNB HIST1H2BN DNMT1HIST1H2BO H2BFS MBD2 HIST1H2BM SIN3B HIST1H2BH ARID4B HIST1H4 HIST1H2BA CD3EAP SIN3A Ac-TAF1B UBTF HIST1H2BJ SAP30L NoRC:pRNA:HDAC:DNMTMe2K-10-HIST2H3A HIST2H2BE HIST3H2BB Intergenic rRNAtranscriptDNA HIST3H2BB H2AFZ H2AFZ HIST1H2AC HIST1H3A HDAC1 SAP130 SAP130 ERCC2 SAP30BP HIST1H2BM H2AFX CH3COO-DNA H2AFB1 TAF1A HDAC2 H2BFS HIST1H2BH POLR2F Sal Box ARID4B HIST1H2AD SIN3B HIST1H2AJ SAP18 Sal Box HIST1H2BL HIST2H2AC HIST1H2AD HIST1H2BO H3F3A HIST1H2BM HIST2H2AC TTF-I:Sal BoxHIST1H2AJ Chromatin withH3K9me2, 5mCHIST1H2BA HIST1H2BD TBP Me2K10-HIST1H3A DNA containing 5-mC H2AFX GTP H2AFZ HIST1H2BN SIN3 HDACcorepressor complexSIN3A HIST1H2BC 6


Description

Only about half of the rRNA gene copies in a cell are expressed. The remaining copies are silenced by modifications to histones and DNA (reviewed in Santoro and Grummt 2001, Grummt 2007, Preuss and Pikaard 2007, Birch and Zomerdijk 2008, McStay and Grummt 2008, Grummt and Langst 2013). The promoters of silenced rRNA gene copies have methylated cytosine and histone H3 dimethylated at lysine-9. As inferred from mouse, silencing is initiated by recruitment of the Nucleolar Remodeling Complex (NoRC) to the promoter through interaction with TTF-I and intergenic spacer transcripts. NoRC shifts a nucleosome near the start of rRNA transcription into a more repressive location and recruits Histone Deacetylase 1 and 2 (HDAC1, HDAC2) and DNA Methyltransferase 1 and 3b (DNMT1, DNMT3b). Interaction with a Histone Methyltransferase is also assumed. Deacetylation of histones is required for DNA methylation but not for methylation of histone H3. Methylcytosine at the rRNA promoter binds Methyl Domain Binding protein 2 (MBD2) which inhibits expression of the rRNA gene. View original pathway at:Reactome.

Comments

Reactome Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome id:

Try the New WikiPathways

View approved pathways at the new wikipathways.org.

Quality Tags

Ontology Terms

 

Bibliography

View all...
  1. McStay B, Grummt I.; ''The epigenetics of rRNA genes: from molecular to chromosome biology.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Shiao YH, Lupascu ST, Gu YD, Kasprzak W, Hwang CJ, Fields JR, Leighty RM, Quiñones O, Shapiro BA, Alvord WG, Anderson LM.; ''An intergenic non-coding rRNA correlated with expression of the rRNA and frequency of an rRNA single nucleotide polymorphism in lung cancer cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Majumder S, Ghoshal K, Datta J, Smith DS, Bai S, Jacob ST.; ''Role of DNA methyltransferases in regulation of human ribosomal RNA gene transcription.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Espada J, Ballestar E, Santoro R, Fraga MF, Villar-Garea A, Németh A, Lopez-Serra L, Ropero S, Aranda A, Orozco H, Moreno V, Juarranz A, Stockert JC, Längst G, Grummt I, Bickmore W, Esteller M.; ''Epigenetic disruption of ribosomal RNA genes and nucleolar architecture in DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) deficient cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Grummt I, Längst G.; ''Epigenetic control of RNA polymerase I transcription in mammalian cells.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Anosova I, Melnik S, Tripsianes K, Kateb F, Grummt I, Sattler M.; ''A novel RNA binding surface of the TAM domain of TIP5/BAZ2A mediates epigenetic regulation of rRNA genes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Ghoshal K, Majumder S, Datta J, Motiwala T, Bai S, Sharma SM, Frankel W, Jacob ST.; ''Role of human ribosomal RNA (rRNA) promoter methylation and of methyl-CpG-binding protein MBD2 in the suppression of rRNA gene expression.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Evers R, Grummt I.; ''Molecular coevolution of mammalian ribosomal gene terminator sequences and the transcription termination factor TTF-I.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Grummt I.; ''Different epigenetic layers engage in complex crosstalk to define the epigenetic state of mammalian rRNA genes.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  10. Birch JL, Zomerdijk JC.; ''Structure and function of ribosomal RNA gene chromatin.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  11. Preuss S, Pikaard CS.; ''rRNA gene silencing and nucleolar dominance: insights into a chromosome-scale epigenetic on/off switch.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  12. Ng HH, Zhang Y, Hendrich B, Johnson CA, Turner BM, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Reinberg D, Bird A.; ''MBD2 is a transcriptional repressor belonging to the MeCP1 histone deacetylase complex.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  13. Santoro R, Grummt I.; ''Molecular mechanisms mediating methylation-dependent silencing of ribosomal gene transcription.''; PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
123264view09:03, 9 July 2022EgonwReplaced an old Ensembl identifier
114939view16:46, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113384view11:45, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112588view15:56, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
103040view12:32, 2 February 2019EgonwReplace a deprecated Ensembl identifier with a ChEBI one (for RNA) also used by Reactome.
101504view11:37, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101040view21:18, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100571view19:51, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100120view16:36, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99670view15:06, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
93778view13:35, 16 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
93307view11:20, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
88072view08:56, 26 July 2016RyanmillerOntology Term : 'regulatory pathway' added !
86390view09:17, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamreactome version 56
83237view10:27, 18 November 2015ReactomeTeamVersion54
81344view12:52, 21 August 2015ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
4xAcK-HIST1H4A ProteinP62805 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ARID4B ProteinQ4LE39 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATP MetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
Ac-TAF1B ProteinQ53T94 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AdoHcyMetaboliteCHEBI:16680 (ChEBI)
AdoMetMetaboliteCHEBI:15414 (ChEBI)
BAZ2A ProteinQ9UIF9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNH ProteinP51946 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CD3EAP ProteinO15446 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7 ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CH3COO-MetaboliteCHEBI:15366 (ChEBI)
CTP MetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
Chromatin (H3K9me2)ComplexR-HSA-3211683 (Reactome)
Chromatin (H3K9me2, 5mC):MBD2ComplexR-HSA-427343 (Reactome)
Chromatin (H4K5ac, H4K8ac, H4K16ac)ComplexR-HSA-5226874 (Reactome)
Chromatin with H3K9me2, 5mCComplexR-HSA-5226877 (Reactome)
DNA R-NUL-29428 (Reactome)
DNA containing 5-mC R-NUL-212172 (Reactome)
DNMT1 ProteinP26358 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DNMT1ProteinP26358 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DNMT3B ProteinQ9UBC3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DNMT3BProteinQ9UBC3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ERCC2 ProteinP18074 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ERCC3 ProteinP19447 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2H1 ProteinP32780 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2H2 ProteinQ13888 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2H3 ProteinQ13889 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2H4 ProteinQ92759 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2H5 ProteinQ6ZYL4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
H2AFB1 ProteinP0C5Y9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H2AFX ProteinP16104 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H2AFZ ProteinP0C0S5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H2BFS ProteinP57053 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H3F3A ProteinP84243 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HDAC1 ProteinQ13547 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HDAC1ProteinQ13547 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HDAC2 ProteinQ92769 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HDAC2ProteinQ92769 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2AB ProteinP04908 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2AC ProteinQ93077 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2AD ProteinP20671 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2AJ ProteinQ99878 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BA ProteinQ96A08 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BB ProteinP33778 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BC ProteinP62807 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BD ProteinP58876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BH ProteinQ93079 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BJ ProteinP06899 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BK ProteinO60814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BL ProteinQ99880 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BM ProteinQ99879 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BN ProteinQ99877 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H2BO ProteinP23527 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H3A ProteinP68431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST1H4 ProteinP62805 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST2H2AA3 ProteinQ6FI13 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST2H2AC ProteinQ16777 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST2H2BE ProteinQ16778 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST2H3A ProteinQ71DI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HIST3H2BB ProteinQ8N257 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Intergenic rRNA transcriptRnaENSG00000266658 (Ensembl)
MBD2 ProteinQ9UBB5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MBD2ProteinQ9UBB5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MNAT1 ProteinP51948 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Me2K-10-H3F3A ProteinP84243 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Me2K-10-HIST2H3A ProteinQ71DI3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Me2K10-HIST1H3A ProteinP68431 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NTPComplexR-ALL-30595 (Reactome)
NoRC:pRNA:HDAC:DNMTComplexR-HSA-427410 (Reactome)
NoRCComplexR-HSA-427339 (Reactome)
POLR1A ProteinO95602 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR1B ProteinQ9H9Y6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR1C ProteinO15160 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR1D ProteinQ9Y2S0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR1E ProteinQ9GZS1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2E ProteinP19388 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2F ProteinP61218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2H ProteinP52434 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2K ProteinP53803 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2L ProteinP62875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNA Polymerase I

promoter escape

complex
ComplexR-HSA-73717 (Reactome)
SAP130 ProteinQ9H0E3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SAP18 ProteinO00422 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SAP30 ProteinO75446 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SAP30BP ProteinQ9UHR5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SAP30L ProteinQ9HAJ7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SIN3 HDAC corepressor complexComplexR-HSA-352501 (Reactome)
SIN3A ProteinQ96ST3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SIN3B ProteinO75182 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SMARCA5 ProteinO60264 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUDS3 ProteinQ9H7L9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Sal Box ProteinENSG00000266658 (Ensembl) Named the "Sal Box" as a Sal I restriction endonuclease site is located within the sequence. An 18 base pair sequence element found in multiple copies in the nontranscribed spacer downstream of the 18S rRNA coding region. This element provides the termination signal for ribosomal gene transcription.
Sal BoxGeneProductENSG00000266658 (Ensembl) Named the "Sal Box" as a Sal I restriction endonuclease site is located within the sequence. An 18 base pair sequence element found in multiple copies in the nontranscribed spacer downstream of the 18S rRNA coding region. This element provides the termination signal for ribosomal gene transcription.
TAF1A ProteinQ15573 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF1C ProteinQ15572 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF1D ProteinQ9H5J8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBP ProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TTF-I:Sal BoxComplexR-HSA-74977 (Reactome)
TTF1 ProteinQ15361 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TTF1ProteinQ15361 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TWISTNB ProteinQ3B726 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UBTF ProteinP17480 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
ZNRD1 ProteinQ9P1U0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
pRNA (intergenic rRNA)RnaENSG00000266658 (Ensembl)
pRNA (intergenic rRNA) ProteinENSG00000266658 (Ensembl)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
AdoHcyArrowR-HSA-433672 (Reactome)
AdoHcyArrowR-HSA-5227490 (Reactome)
AdoMetR-HSA-433672 (Reactome)
AdoMetR-HSA-5227490 (Reactome)
CH3COO-ArrowR-HSA-433672 (Reactome)
Chromatin (H3K9me2)ArrowR-HSA-433672 (Reactome)
Chromatin (H3K9me2)R-HSA-5227490 (Reactome)
Chromatin (H3K9me2, 5mC):MBD2ArrowR-HSA-427337 (Reactome)
Chromatin (H4K5ac, H4K8ac, H4K16ac)R-HSA-433672 (Reactome)
Chromatin with H3K9me2, 5mCArrowR-HSA-5227490 (Reactome)
Chromatin with H3K9me2, 5mCR-HSA-427337 (Reactome)
DNMT1R-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
DNMT3BR-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
HDAC1R-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
HDAC2R-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
Intergenic rRNA transcriptArrowR-HSA-427366 (Reactome)
Intergenic rRNA transcriptR-HSA-427394 (Reactome)
MBD2R-HSA-427337 (Reactome)
NTPR-HSA-427366 (Reactome)
NoRC:pRNA:HDAC:DNMTArrowR-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
NoRC:pRNA:HDAC:DNMTmim-catalysisR-HSA-433672 (Reactome)
NoRC:pRNA:HDAC:DNMTmim-catalysisR-HSA-5227490 (Reactome)
NoRCR-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
R-HSA-427337 (Reactome) Methyl Binding Domain protein 2 (MBD2) binds 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA (Ng et al. 1999) and may recruit further silencing complexes. MBD2 has been shown to specifically bind 5-methylcytosine in the promoters of rRNA gene copies to reduce promoter activity (Ghoshal et al. 2004).
R-HSA-427366 (Reactome) As inferred from mouse cell models, intergenic spacer regions (IGS) located between rRNA transcription units contain upstream promoters and are transcribed by RNA Polymerase I. The IGS transcripts originate approximately 2 Kb upstream of the start of rRNA transcription and proceed though the main promoter of the rRNA gene.
R-HSA-427394 (Reactome) As inferred from mouse cell models, long Intergenic Spacer RNA of about 2 Kb is cleaved to yield shorter fragments of 150-300 nucleotides. The enzyme responsible for the cleavage is unknown.
R-HSA-427409 (Reactome) As inferred from mouse cell models, the Nucleolar Remodeling Complex (NoRC) comprises TIP5 (BAZ2A) and the chromatin remodeller SNF2H (SMARCA5). The TAM domain of TIP5 (BAZ2A) binds promoter-associated RNA (pRNA) transcribed from the intergenic spacer region of rDNA. Binding is not sequence-specific but depends on the secondary structure of the RNA. The pRNA bound by TIP5 is required to direct the complex to the main promoter of the rRNA gene possibly by triple helix formation between pRNA and the rDNA. The PHD domain of TIP5 binds histone H4 acetylated at lysine-16. Transcription Termination Factor-I (TTF-I) binds to a promoter-proximal terminator (T0 site) in the rDNA and interacts with the TIP5 subunit of NoRC. NoRC also interacts with the SIN3-HDAC complex, HDAC1, HDAC2, DNMT1, and DNMT3B. DNMT3B interacts with a triple helix formed by pRNA and the rDNA. HDAC1, DNMT1, and DNMT3B have been shown to be required for proper DNA methylation of silenced rRNA gene copies, although the catalytic activity of DNMT3B was not required (Majumder et al. 2006).
R-HSA-433672 (Reactome) As inferred from mouse cell models, histones in silenced rRNA gene copies are deacetylated by HDAC1 (and possibly HDAC2), which is part of the SIN3-HDAC complex bound to NoRC. The PHD domain of the TIP5 (BAZ2A) component of NoRC binds acetylated lysine-16 of histone H4. The residues of histone H4 that are deacetylatd are lysine-5, lysine-8, and lysine-12.
In the main promoters of silenced rRNA gene copies, histone H3 is methylated on lysine-9 (H3K9) by an unknown histone methyltransferase. H3K9 methylation is still observed when deacetylation is inhibited, therefore histone methylation does not depend on deacetylation. However histone deacetylation is required for DNA methylation. Significantly more dimethylation than trimethylation is observed.
R-HSA-5227490 (Reactome) From research with human cells (Majumder et al. 2006, Espada et al. 2007) and inferences from mouse cell models, cytosine residues in the main promoter of silenced rRNA gene copiess are methylated by DNMT1 and DNMT3B. DNMT3B directly binds a triple helix formed by pRNA and the main promoter of rDNA. The methylated cytosines prevent binding of the UBF transcription factor, thus preventing transcription of silenced rRNA gene copies. Histone deacetylation is required for DNA methylation.
R-HSA-74987 (Reactome) As inferred from mouse cell models, the Transcription termination factor (TTF1, also known as TTF-1 and TTF-I) binds an 18 base pair sequence element known as the Sal Box found in multiple copies in the nontranscribed spacer downstream of the 28S rRNA coding region. This element is the termination signal for ribosomal gene transcription. Binding of TTF1 mediates the pausing of the elongating transcription complex. TTF1 has a relatively low affinity for purified DNA but binds cooperatively to chromatin. Oligomers of TTF1 interact in trans to bind adjacent intergenic regions and form loops of the rDNA. Binding of TTF1 to the Sal Box is also influenced by interaction of TTF1 with TIP5 and possibly other proteins.
RNA Polymerase I

promoter escape

complex
mim-catalysisR-HSA-427366 (Reactome)
SIN3 HDAC corepressor complexR-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
Sal BoxR-HSA-74987 (Reactome)
TTF-I:Sal BoxArrowR-HSA-74987 (Reactome)
TTF-I:Sal BoxR-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
TTF1ArrowR-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
TTF1R-HSA-74987 (Reactome)
pRNA (intergenic rRNA)ArrowR-HSA-427394 (Reactome)
pRNA (intergenic rRNA)R-HSA-427409 (Reactome)
Personal tools