This pathway groups the processes mediated by SLC transporters, by which vitamins and cofactors, as well as nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleobases, and related molecules cross lipid bilayer membranes.
View original pathway at:Reactome.
Ishida N, Yoshioka S, Chiba Y, Takeuchi M, Kawakita M.; ''Molecular cloning and functional expression of the human Golgi UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Baldwin SA, Yao SY, Hyde RJ, Ng AM, Foppolo S, Barnes K, Ritzel MW, Cass CE, Young JD.; ''Functional characterization of novel human and mouse equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENT3 and mENT3) located in intracellular membranes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Perdomo G, Kim DH, Zhang T, Qu S, Thomas EA, Toledo FG, Slusher S, Fan Y, Kelley DE, Dong HH.; ''A role of apolipoprotein D in triglyceride metabolism.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
He L, Vasiliou K, Nebert DW.; ''Analysis and update of the human solute carrier (SLC) gene superfamily.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sharer JD, Shern JF, Van Valkenburgh H, Wallace DC, Kahn RA.; ''ARL2 and BART enter mitochondria and bind the adenine nucleotide transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Segawa H, Kawakita M, Ishida N.; ''Human and Drosophila UDP-galactose transporters transport UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine in addition to UDP-galactose.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Yang CY, Gu ZW, Blanco-Vaca F, Gaskell SJ, Yang M, Massey JB, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ.; ''Structure of human apolipoprotein D: locations of the intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide links.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Engel K, Zhou M, Wang J.; ''Identification and characterization of a novel monoamine transporter in the human brain.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kanamori A, Nakayama J, Fukuda MN, Stallcup WB, Sasaki K, Fukuda M, Hirabayashi Y.; ''Expression cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel membrane protein required for the formation of O-acetylated ganglioside: a putative acetyl-CoA transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Perdomo G, Henry Dong H.; ''Apolipoprotein D in lipid metabolism and its functional implication in atherosclerosis and aging.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lin P, Li J, Liu Q, Mao F, Li J, Qiu R, Hu H, Song Y, Yang Y, Gao G, Yan C, Yang W, Shao C, Gong Y.; ''A missense mutation in SLC33A1, which encodes the acetyl-CoA transporter, causes autosomal-dominant spastic paraplegia (SPG42).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Grzyb J, Latowski D, Strzałka K.; ''Lipocalins - a family portrait.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Drayna D, Fielding C, McLean J, Baer B, Castro G, Chen E, Comstock L, Henzel W, Kohr W, Rhee L.; ''Cloning and expression of human apolipoprotein D cDNA.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Molho-Pessach V, Lerer I, Abeliovich D, Agha Z, Abu Libdeh A, Broshtilova V, Elpeleg O, Zlotogorski A.; ''The H syndrome is caused by mutations in the nucleoside transporter hENT3.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Suda T, Kamiyama S, Suzuki M, Kikuchi N, Nakayama K, Narimatsu H, Jigami Y, Aoki T, Nishihara S.; ''Molecular cloning and characterization of a human multisubstrate specific nucleotide-sugar transporter homologous to Drosophila fringe connection.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Gimeno RE, Ortegon AM, Patel S, Punreddy S, Ge P, Sun Y, Lodish HF, Stahl A.; ''Characterization of a heart-specific fatty acid transport protein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Fitscher BA, Riedel HD, Young KC, Stremmel W.; ''Tissue distribution and cDNA cloning of a human fatty acid transport protein (hsFATP4).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Abe T, Kakyo M, Tokui T, Nakagomi R, Nishio T, Nakai D, Nomura H, Unno M, Suzuki M, Naitoh T, Matsuno S, Yawo H.; ''Identification of a novel gene family encoding human liver-specific organic anion transporter LST-1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hsiang B, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Sasseville V, Yang WP, Kirchgessner TG.; ''A novel human hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2). Identification of a liver-specific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor transporters.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Newman LE, Zhou CJ, Mudigonda S, Mattheyses AL, Paradies E, Marobbio CM, Kahn RA.; ''The ARL2 GTPase is required for mitochondrial morphology, motility, and maintenance of ATP levels.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lu R, Kanai N, Bao Y, Schuster VL.; ''Cloning, in vitro expression, and tissue distribution of a human prostaglandin transporter cDNA(hPGT).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Huber RD, Gao B, Sidler Pfändler MA, Zhang-Fu W, Leuthold S, Hagenbuch B, Folkers G, Meier PJ, Stieger B.; ''Characterization of two splice variants of human organic anion transporting polypeptide 3A1 isolated from human brain.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Crawford CR, Patel DH, Naeve C, Belt JA.; ''Cloning of the human equilibrative, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR)-insensitive nucleoside transporter ei by functional expression in a transport-deficient cell line.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ritzel MW, Yao SY, Huang MY, Elliott JF, Cass CE, Young JD.; ''Molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNAs encoding a human Na+-nucleoside cotransporter (hCNT1).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Martinez-Duncker I, Dupré T, Piller V, Piller F, Candelier JJ, Trichet C, Tchernia G, Oriol R, Mollicone R.; ''Genetic complementation reveals a novel human congenital disorder of glycosylation of type II, due to inactivation of the Golgi CMP-sialic acid transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ashikov A, Routier F, Fuhlrott J, Helmus Y, Wild M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Bakker H.; ''The human solute carrier gene SLC35B4 encodes a bifunctional nucleotide sugar transporter with specificity for UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kullak-Ublick GA, Hagenbuch B, Stieger B, Schteingart CD, Hofmann AF, Wolkoff AW, Meier PJ.; ''Molecular and functional characterization of an organic anion transporting polypeptide cloned from human liver.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pizzagalli F, Hagenbuch B, Stieger B, Klenk U, Folkers G, Meier PJ.; ''Identification of a novel human organic anion transporting polypeptide as a high affinity thyroxine transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Miura N, Ishida N, Hoshino M, Yamauchi M, Hara T, Ayusawa D, Kawakita M.; ''Human UDP-galactose translocator: molecular cloning of a complementary DNA that complements the genetic defect of a mutant cell line deficient in UDP-galactose translocator.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ishida N, Kuba T, Aoki K, Miyatake S, Kawakita M, Sanai Y.; ''Identification and characterization of human Golgi nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35D2, a novel member of the SLC35 nucleotide sugar transporter family.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Handford M, Rodriguez-Furlán C, Orellana A.; ''Nucleotide-sugar transporters: structure, function and roles in vivo.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Bailey LK, Campbell LJ, Evetts KA, Littlefield K, Rajendra E, Nietlispach D, Owen D, Mott HR.; ''The structure of binder of Arl2 (BART) reveals a novel G protein binding domain: implications for function.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A.; ''Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Barnes K, Dobrzynski H, Foppolo S, Beal PR, Ismat F, Scullion ER, Sun L, Tellez J, Ritzel MW, Claycomb WC, Cass CE, Young JD, Billeter-Clark R, Boyett MR, Baldwin SA.; ''Distribution and functional characterization of equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4, a novel cardiac adenosine transporter activated at acidic pH.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Fujiwara K, Adachi H, Nishio T, Unno M, Tokui T, Okabe M, Onogawa T, Suzuki T, Asano N, Tanemoto M, Seki M, Shiiba K, Suzuki M, Kondo Y, Nunoki K, Shimosegawa T, Iinuma K, Ito S, Matsuno S, Abe T.; ''Identification of thyroid hormone transporters in humans: different molecules are involved in a tissue-specific manner.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Griffiths M, Beaumont N, Yao SY, Sundaram M, Boumah CE, Davies A, Kwong FY, Coe I, Cass CE, Young JD, Baldwin SA.; ''Cloning of a human nucleoside transporter implicated in the cellular uptake of adenosine and chemotherapeutic drugs.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Muraoka M, Kawakita M, Ishida N.; ''Molecular characterization of human UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transporter, a novel nucleotide sugar transporter with dual substrate specificity.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Prasad PD, Wang H, Huang W, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Devoe LD, Ganapathy V.; ''Molecular and functional characterization of the intestinal Na+-dependent multivitamin transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Stahl A, Hirsch DJ, Gimeno RE, Punreddy S, Ge P, Watson N, Patel S, Kotler M, Raimondi A, Tartaglia LA, Lodish HF.; ''Identification of the major intestinal fatty acid transport protein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kamiyama S, Sasaki N, Goda E, Ui-Tei K, Saigo K, Narimatsu H, Jigami Y, Kannagi R, Irimura T, Nishihara S.; ''Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter, PAPST2.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ozeran JD, Westley J, Schwartz NB.; ''Identification and partial purification of PAPS translocase.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kamiyama S, Suda T, Ueda R, Suzuki M, Okubo R, Kikuchi N, Chiba Y, Goto S, Toyoda H, Saigo K, Watanabe M, Narimatsu H, Jigami Y, Nishihara S.; ''Molecular cloning and identification of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Fischer J, Kleinau G, Müller A, Kühnen P, Zwanziger D, Kinne A, Rehders M, Moeller LC, Führer D, Grüters A, Krude H, Brix K, Biebermann H.; ''Modulation of monocarboxylate transporter 8 oligomerization by specific pathogenic mutations.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lübke T, Marquardt T, Etzioni A, Hartmann E, von Figura K, Körner C.; ''Complementation cloning identifies CDG-IIc, a new type of congenital disorders of glycosylation, as a GDP-fucose transporter deficiency.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Klingenberg M.; ''Molecular aspects of the adenine nucleotide carrier from mitochondria.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Visser WE, Philp NJ, van Dijk TB, Klootwijk W, Friesema EC, Jansen J, Beesley PW, Ianculescu AG, Visser TJ.; ''Evidence for a homodimeric structure of human monocarboxylate transporter 8.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B.; ''Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ritzel MW, Ng AM, Yao SY, Graham K, Loewen SK, Smith KM, Ritzel RG, Mowles DA, Carpenter P, Chen XZ, Karpinski E, Hyde RJ, Baldwin SA, Cass CE, Young JD.; ''Molecular identification and characterization of novel human and mouse concentrative Na+-nucleoside cotransporter proteins (hCNT3 and mCNT3) broadly selective for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides (system cib).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Duee ED, Vignais PV.; ''[Exchange between extra- and intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides].''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
De Marcos Lousa C, Trézéguet V, Dianoux AC, Brandolin G, Lauquin GJ.; ''The human mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers: kinetic properties and biogenesis of wild-type and mutant proteins in the yeast S. cerevisiae.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wang J, Su SF, Dresser MJ, Schaner ME, Washington CB, Giacomini KM.; ''Na(+)-dependent purine nucleoside transporter from human kidney: cloning and functional characterization.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Li K, Warner CK, Hodge JA, Minoshima S, Kudoh J, Fukuyama R, Maekawa M, Shimizu Y, Shimizu N, Wallace DC.; ''A human muscle adenine nucleotide translocator gene has four exons, is located on chromosome 4, and is differentially expressed.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Ishida N, Miura N, Yoshioka S, Kawakita M.; ''Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel isoform of the human UDP-galactose transporter, and of related complementary DNAs belonging to the nucleotide-sugar transporter gene family.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Nabokina SM, Subramanian VS, Said HM.; ''Association of PDZ-containing protein PDZD11 with the human sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zhang T, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhong C, Lai Z, Ding J.; ''Crystal structure of the ARL2-GTP-BART complex reveals a novel recognition and binding mode of small GTPase with effector.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hatch GM, Smith AJ, Xu FY, Hall AM, Bernlohr DA.; ''FATP1 channels exogenous FA into 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol and down-regulates sphingomyelin and cholesterol metabolism in growing 293 cells.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Flower DR, North AC, Attwood TK.; ''Structure and sequence relationships in the lipocalins and related proteins.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ.; ''Organic anion transporting polypeptides of the OATP/ SLC21 family: phylogenetic classification as OATP/ SLCO superfamily, new nomenclature and molecular/functional properties.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Mikkaichi T, Suzuki T, Onogawa T, Tanemoto M, Mizutamari H, Okada M, Chaki T, Masuda S, Tokui T, Eto N, Abe M, Satoh F, Unno M, Hishinuma T, Inui K, Ito S, Goto J, Abe T.; ''Isolation and characterization of a digoxin transporter and its rat homologue expressed in the kidney.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pfaff E, Klingenberg M, Heldt HW.; ''Unspecific permeation and specific exchange of adenine nucleotides in liver mitochondria.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Loewen SK, Ng AM, Yao SY, Cass CE, Baldwin SA, Young JD.; ''Identification of amino acid residues responsible for the pyrimidine and purine nucleoside specificities of human concentrative Na(+) nucleoside cotransporters hCNT1 and hCNT2.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
The plasma membrane-associated protein SLC29A2 mediates the reversible transport of one molecule of adenine, adenosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, guanosine, hypoxanthine, inosine, thymidine, thymine, uracil, or uridine from the extracellular space to the cytosol.
The plasma membrane-associated protein SLC29A2 mediates the reversible transport of one molecule of adenine, adenosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, guanosine, hypoxanthine, inosine, thymidine, thymine, uracil, or uridine from the cytosol to the extracellular space.
The plasma membrane-associated protein SLC28A1 mediates the transport of one molecule of 2'-deoxyadenosine, adenosine, cytidine, thymidine, or uridine, and one sodium ion, from the extracellular space to the cytosol.
The plasma membrane-associated protein SLC29A1 mediates the reversible transport of one molecule of adenosine, cytosine, guanosine, inosine, thymidine, or uridine from the extracellular space to the cytosol.
The plasma membrane-associated protein SLC29A1 mediates the reversible transport of one molecule of adenosine, guanosine, inosine, or uridine from the cytosol to the extracellular space.
The plasma membrane-associated protein SLC28A3 mediates the transport of one molecule of adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, thymidine, or uridine, and two sodium ions, from the extracellular space to the cytosol.
The plasma membrane-associated protein SLC28A2 mediates the transport of one molecule of adenosine, guanosine, inosine, or uridine, and one sodium ion, from the extracellular space to the cytosol.
The UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transporter (SLC35D1) in hexameric form transports both UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) from the cytosol into the ER lumen across the ER membrane (Muraoka et al. 2001). These substrates participate in glucuronidation and/or chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis.
A molecule of extracellular glycocholate or taurocholate is transported into the cytosol, mediated by OATP-8 (SLCO1B3) in the plasma membrane. Glycocholate and taurocholate exist in the blood as complexes with serum albumin, and their uptake by OATP-8 must involve disruption of these complexes, but the molecular mechanism coupling disruption and uptake is unknown. In the body, OATP-8 is expressed on the basolateral surfaces of hepatocytes and may play a role in the uptake of glycocholate and taurocholate by the liver under physiological conditions (Kullak-Ublick et al. 2004; Trauner and Boyer 2002).
A molecule of extracellular glycocholate (GCCA) or taurocholate (TCCA) is transported into the cytosol, mediated by OATP-C (SLCO1B1) in the plasma membrane. GCCA and TCCA exist in the blood as complexes with serum albumin (ALB), and its uptake by OATP-C must involve disruption of this complex, but the molecular mechanism coupling disruption and uptake is unknown. In the body, OATP-C is expressed on the basolateral surfaces of hepatocytes and may play a role in the uptake of GCCA and TCCA by the liver under physiological conditions (Kullak-Ublick et al. 2004, Trauner & Boyer 2002).
A molecule of extracellular bile salt (glyco- or taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate) or bile acid (cholate or chenodeoxycholate) is transported into the cytosol, mediated by OATP-A (SLCO1A2) in the plasma membrane. Bile salts and acids exist in the blood as complexes with serum albumin, and their uptake by OATP-A must involve disruption of this complex, but the molecular mechanism coupling release of a bile salt or acid from albumin to its uptake by OATP-A is unknown. In the body, OATP-A is expressed only at low levels on the basolateral surfaces of hepatocytes and may play only a minor role in the uptake of bile salts and acids by the liver (Kullak-Ublick et al. 2004; Trauner and Boyer 2002).
Biotin (vitamin H or B7) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin. Biotin is a cofactor in the metabolism of fatty acids and leucine, and it plays a role in gluconeogenesis. D-Pantothoate (vitamin B5), is a water-soluble vitamin needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA), and is critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Lipoic acid is an organosulfur compound, the R-enantiomer of which is an essential cofactor for many enzyme complexes.
The human SLC5A6 encodes the Na+-dependent multivitamin transporter SMVT (Prasad PD et al, 1999; Wang H et al, 1999). SMVT co-transports these vitamins/cofactors into cells with Na+ ions electrogenically. PDZ domain-containing protein 11 (PDZD11 aka AIPP1) is a cytosolic protein with a single PDZ domain which can bind to the C-terminal class 1 PDZ binding motif of SMVT, resulting in a significant induction of vitamin uptake over that with SMVT alone (Nabokina et al. 2011).
Lipocalins (LCNs) are a family of extracellular proteins that are implicated in the transport of small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, retinoids, steroids and bilins (Grzyb et al. 2006). The family members differ in amino acid sequence but they share a highly conserved beta-barrel structure comprised of an eight-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. This structure forms a ligand-binding pocket that is responsible for binding and transporting lipids and other small hydrophobic molecules (Flower et al. 1993). LCNs have been associated with many biological processes such as immune response, prostaglandin synthesis, retinoid binding and cancer cell interactions. Lipocalins 1, 9, 12, and 15 (LCN1, 9, 12 and 15) are all able to transport different types of hydrophobic molecules.
Apolipoprotein D (APOD) is a 29-kDa glycoprotein that is primarily associated with high density lipoproteins (HDLs) in human plasma (Drayna et al. 1986, Yang et al. 1994). It is an atypical apolipoprotein and, based on its primary structure, it is predicted to be a member of the lipocalin family. Lipocalins adopt a tertiary beta-barrel structure and transport small hydrophobic ligands. Although APOD can bind cholesterol, progesterone, pregnenolone, bilirubin and arachidonic acid, it is unclear if any, or all of these, represent its physiological ligands (Perdomo et al. 2010). APOD's role in lipid metabolism could have implication in atherosclerosis and ageing (Perdomo & Dong 2009).
The human gene SLC29A4 encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (ENT4). It is ubiquitously expressed and mediates the reversible transport of the nucleoside adenosine at acidic pH (this transport is absent at pH 7.4) (Barnes K et al, 2006). ENT4 has also been shown to mediate the transport of biogenic amines such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. For this reason, ENT4 is also known as the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) (Engel K et al, 2004).
The human gene SLC29A3 encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3). It is abundant in many tissues, especially the placenta and is localized intracellularly on the lysosomal membrane. SLC29A3 mediates the reversible transport of nucleosides and the nucleobase adenine (Baldwin et al. 2005). Defects in SLC29A3 can cause histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome (HLAS; MIM:602782), an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by combined features from 2 or more of four histiocytic disorders (Molho-Pessach et al. 2008).
The human gene SLC33A1 encodes acetyl-CoA transporter AT1 (Kanamori et al. 1997). Acetyl-CoA is transported to the lumen of the Golgi apparatus, where it serves as the substrate of acetyltransferases that O-acetylates sialyl residues of gangliosides and glycoproteins. Defects in SLC33A1 are the cause of spastic paraplegia autosomal dominant type 42 (SPG42) which is a neurodegenerative disorder (Lin et al. 2008).
The human gene SLC29A3 encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3). It is abundant in many tissues, especially the placenta and is localized intracellularly on the lysosomal membrane. SLC29A3 mediates the reversible transport of nucleosides and the nucleobase adenine (Baldwin et al. 2005). Defects in SLC29A3 can cause histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome (HLAS; MIM:602782), an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by combined features from 2 or more of four histiocytic disorders (Molho-Pessach et al. 2008).
The human gene SLC29A4 encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4 (ENT4). It is ubiquitously expressed and mediates the reversible transport of the nucleoside adenosine at acidic pH (this transport is absent at pH 7.4) (Barnes K et al, 2006). ENT4 has also been shown to mediate the transport of biogenic amines such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. For this reason, ENT4 is also known as the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) (Engel K et al, 2004).
The human gene SLC35A1 encodes the CMP-sialic acid transporter which mediates the antiport of CMP-sialic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) into the Golgi lumen in exchange for CMP (Ishida et al. 1996). Defects in SLC35A1 are the cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 2F (CDG2F; MIM:603585). CDGs are a family of severe inherited diseases caused by a defect in protein N-glycosylation (Martinez-Duncker et al. 2005).
The human gene SLC35A2 encodes the UDP-galactose transporter (Miura et al. 1996). It is located on the Golgi membrane and mediates the antiport of UDP-Gal into the Golgi lumen in exchange for UMP. This transporter is also known to transport UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) by the same antiport mechanism (Segawa et al. 2002).
The human gene SLC35B2 encodes the adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1 (PAPST1) (Ozeran et al. 1996, Kamiyama et al. 2003). In human tissues, PAPST1 is highly expressed in the placenta and pancreas and present at lower levels in the colon and heart. The human gene SLC35B3 encodes a human PAPS transporter gene that is closely related to PAPST1. Called PAPST2, it is predominantly expressed in the colon (Kamiyama et al. 2006). Both proteins can transport PAPS from the cytosol to the Golgi lumen.
The human gene SLC35A3 encodes a UDP-GlcNAc transporter (Ishida et al. 1999). It is ubiquitously expressed and resides on the Golgi membrane where it transports UDP- N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) into the Golgi lumen in exchange for UMP.
The human gene SLC35C1 encodes the GDP-fucose transporter FUCT1. It resides on the Golgi membrane and mediates the transport of GDP-fucose (GDP-Fuc) formed from a de novo pathway and/or a salvage pathway into the Golgi lumen. Defects in SLC35C1 causes the congenital disorder of glycosylation type 2C, also known as leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LAD2) (Lubke et al. 2001).
The human gene SLC35B4 encodes the bifunctional UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter YEA4. YEA4 resides on the Golgi membrane and mediates the influx of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into the lumen (Ashikov A et al, 2005).
The human gene SLC35B4 encodes the bifunctional UDP-xylose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter YEA4. YEA4 resides on the Golgi membrane and mediates the influx of UDP-xylose into the lumen (Ashikov A et al, 2005).
The human gene SLC35D2 encodes the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter (UGTREL8; homolog of Fringe connection protein 1, HFRC1). It resides on the Golgi membrane where it mediates the antiport of GDP-mannose into the Golgi lumen in exchange for GMP (Suda T et al, 2004; Ishida N et al, 2005).
The human gene SLC35D2 encodes the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter (UGTREL8; homolog of Fringe connection protein 1, HFRC1). It resides on the Golgi membrane where it mediates the transport of nucleotide sugars such as UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-glucose into the Golgi lumen in exchange for UMP (Suda et al. 2004, Ishida et al. 2005).
The human gene SLCO2A1 encodes prostaglandin transporter PGT. It is ubiquitously expressed and can transport the protaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2A (Lu et al. 1996).
SLCO2B1 (formerly OATP-B) is abundantly expressed in human liver, where it is localized at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes. It has a narrow substrate range, able to transport bromosulphophthalein (BSP), estrone-3-sulphate and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS) (Kullak-Ublick GA et al, 2001).
Three organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs; now called solute carrier organic anion transporters, SLCOs) are able to mediate the transport of thyroid hormones, predominantly thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (Fujiwara et al. 2001). SLCO1B1 (formerly OATP-C), which can also transport bile salts, is mainly expressed in the liver (Abe et al. 1999; Hsiang et al. 1999). SLCO4A1 (formerly OATP-E) is mainly expressed in peripheral tissue and has a broad substrate specificty (Tamai et al. 2000). SLCO1C1 (formerly OATP-F) is highly expressed in brain and is also a high affinity thyroid hormone transporter (Pizzagalli et al. 2002).
The monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8, SLC16A2 is also a very active and specific thyroid hormone transporter in its dimeric form (Visser et al. 2009). Defects in SLC16A2 can cause severe X-linked psychomotor retardation. SLC16A2 mutations that inhibited SLC16A2 dimerisation resulted in defective transport function of SLC16A2 (Fischer et al. 2015).
The human gene SLCO3A1 encodes the organic anion transporting polypeptide D. Several variants are expressed but isoform 1 is ubiquitous and can transport a range of substrates including the prostaglandins E1 and E2, thyroxine and vasopressin (AVP) (Huber RD et al, 2007).
The SLC27 gene family code for fatty acid transporter proteins (FATPs). Of the six FATPs characterized, only three have been shown to mediate the influx of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) into cells; FATP1, 4 and 6. They have been shown to transport the prototypical LCFA oleic acid (OLEA) but are believed to be able to transport LCFAs with chain lengths longer than 10 carbons. FATP1 is highly expressed in adipose tissue and muscle (Hatch GM et al, 2002). FATP4 is the major intestinal LCFA transporter (Fitscher BA et al, 1998; Stahl A et al, 1999). FATP6 is localized to cardiac myocytes (Gimeno RE et al, 2003).
Digoxin is a commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of heart failure. It is mainly eliminated from the body by the kidneys. Human SLCO4C1 (formerly OATP-H) is the first member of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) family expressed in human kidney. It is found on the baolateral membrane of the nephron and is thought to be the first step of the transport of digoxin into urine (Mikkaichi T et al, 2004).
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complexAnnotated Interactions
The human SLC5A6 encodes the Na+-dependent multivitamin transporter SMVT (Prasad PD et al, 1999; Wang H et al, 1999). SMVT co-transports these vitamins/cofactors into cells with Na+ ions electrogenically. PDZ domain-containing protein 11 (PDZD11 aka AIPP1) is a cytosolic protein with a single PDZ domain which can bind to the C-terminal class 1 PDZ binding motif of SMVT, resulting in a significant induction of vitamin uptake over that with SMVT alone (Nabokina et al. 2011).
Apolipoprotein D (APOD) is a 29-kDa glycoprotein that is primarily associated with high density lipoproteins (HDLs) in human plasma (Drayna et al. 1986, Yang et al. 1994). It is an atypical apolipoprotein and, based on its primary structure, it is predicted to be a member of the lipocalin family. Lipocalins adopt a tertiary beta-barrel structure and transport small hydrophobic ligands. Although APOD can bind cholesterol, progesterone, pregnenolone, bilirubin and arachidonic acid, it is unclear if any, or all of these, represent its physiological ligands (Perdomo et al. 2010). APOD's role in lipid metabolism could have implication in atherosclerosis and ageing (Perdomo & Dong 2009).
The monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8, SLC16A2 is also a very active and specific thyroid hormone transporter in its dimeric form (Visser et al. 2009). Defects in SLC16A2 can cause severe X-linked psychomotor retardation. SLC16A2 mutations that inhibited SLC16A2 dimerisation resulted in defective transport function of SLC16A2 (Fischer et al. 2015).
and acid (OATP-A)
complex