Urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups (Bombyx mori)

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Description

The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea ((NH2)2CO) from ammonia (NH₃). This cycle occurs in ureotelic organisms. The urea cycle converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. This cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered (Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit, 1932), five years before the discovery of the TCA cycle. The urea cycle takes place primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys.

Amino acid catabolism results in waste ammonia. All animals need a way to excrete this product. Most aquatic organisms, or ammonotelic organisms, excrete ammonia without converting it. Ammonia is toxic, but upon excretion from aquatic species, it is diluted by the water outside the organism. Organisms that cannot easily and safely remove nitrogen as ammonia convert it to a less toxic substance such as urea or uric acid. The urea cycle mainly occurs in the liver. The urea produced by the liver is then released into the bloodstream where it travels to the kidneys and is ultimately excreted in urine. In species including birds and most insects, the ammonia is converted into uric acid or its urate salt, which is excreted in solid form. Source description: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_cycle)

The original pathway (https://www.wikipathways.org/pathways/WP497) was lifted into Bombyx mori.

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Quality Tags

Ontology Terms

 

Bibliography

  1. Seiler N; ''Ornithine aminotransferase, a potential target for the treatment of hyperammonemias.''; Curr Drug Targets, 2000 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Deuschle K, Funck D, Hellmann H, Däschner K, Binder S, Frommer WB; ''A nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase and its potential role in protection from proline toxicity.''; Plant J, 2001 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Dahlman, Douglas L., Milan A. Berge.; ''Possible mechanisms for adverse effects of L-canavanine on insects.''; ACS Publications, 1986 DOI Scholia
  4. Hidemasa Bono, Takuma Sakamoto, Takeya Kasukawa, Hiroko Tabunoki; ''Systematic Functional Annotation Workflow for Insects.''; Insects, 2022 DOI Scholia

History

CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
142528view06:18, 16 March 2026Kotaro470change the organism
142513view10:29, 13 March 2026Kotaro470New pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
(S)-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylateMetaboliteC03912 (KEGG Compound) Tautomer of L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde
1.2.1.38Protein1.2.1.38 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
1.2.1.46ProteinMSTRG.11358.1 (Other) sp|P49189|AL9A1_HUMAN
2.3.1.35Protein2.3.1.35 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
2.6.1.11Protein2.6.1.11 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
2.6.1.69Protein2.6.1.69 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
2.7.2.8Protein2.7.2.8 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
2.7.3.1Protein2.7.3.1 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.1.16Protein3.5.1.16 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.1.5GeneProduct3.5.1.5 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.1.54Protein3.5.1.54 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.1.59Protein3.5.1.59 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.2.10Protein3.5.2.10 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.2.14Protein3.5.2.14 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.3.3Protein3.5.3.3 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
3.5.4.21Protein3.5.4.21 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
6.3.4.6Protein6.3.4.6 (Enzyme Nomenclature)
ACY1ProteinKWMTBOMO07223 (Other)
ACY1ProteinKWMTBOMO07417 (Other)
ACY1ProteinKWMTBOMO12919 (Other)
ACY1ProteinKWMTBOMO13589 (Other)
ACY1ProteinKWMTBOMO13590 (Other)
ACY1ProteinKWMTBOMO13591 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.11688.1 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.11688.2 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.12488.1 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.12488.5 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.3788.1 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.1 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.2 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.3 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.4 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.5 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.6 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.7 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.8 (Other)
ACY1ProteinMSTRG.4065.9 (Other)
ALDH18A1ProteinMSTRG.12542.1 (Other)
ALDH18A1ProteinMSTRG.12542.3 (Other)
ARG1ProteinMSTRG.6140.7 (Other)
ARG2ProteinKWMTBOMO08912 (Other)
ARG2ProteinMSTRG.6140.1 (Other)
ARG2ProteinMSTRG.6140.3 (Other)
ARG2ProteinMSTRG.6140.4 (Other)
ARG2ProteinMSTRG.6140.5 (Other)
ARG2ProteinMSTRG.6140.6 (Other)
ARG2ProteinMSTRG.6140.8 (Other)
ASLProteinKWMTBOMO05737 (Other)
ASSProteinKWMTBOMO08788 (Other)
Alanine and aspartate metabolismPathwayWP106 (WikiPathways)
Amino acid metabolismPathwayWP3925 (WikiPathways)
Arginine metabolismPathway
ArginineMetabolite74-79-3 (CAS) L-Arginine
CKBProteinMSTRG.19063.1 (Other)
CKMProteinMSTRG.19063.2 (Other)
CO₂MetaboliteC00011 (KEGG Compound)
CPS1ProteinKWMTBOMO05728 (Other)
CarbamoylMetaboliteC00169 (KEGG Compound)
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)PathwayWP78 (WikiPathways)
CreatineMetabolite57-00-1 (CAS) Creatine
CreatinineMetabolite60-27-5 (CAS) Creatinine
D-Arginine and D-Ornithine metabolismPathway
FormaldehydeMetabolite50-00-0 (CAS) Formaldehyde
FormateMetaboliteC00058 (KEGG Compound)
FumarateMetaboliteC00122 (KEGG Compound)
GAMTProteinQ14353 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GATMProteinP50440 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GLUD1ProteinKWMTBOMO03430 (Other)
Glutamate metabolismPathway
GuanidinoacetateMetaboliteC00581 (KEGG Compound)
L-AspartateMetaboliteC00049 (KEGG Compound)
L-CitrullineMetabolite372-75-8 (CAS) L-Citrulline
L-Glutamate 5-semialdehydeMetaboliteC01165 (KEGG Compound) tautomer of (S)-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate
L-GlutamateMetabolite56-86-0 (CAS) L-Glutamate
L-OrnithineMetabolite70-26-8 (CAS) L-Ornithine
L-ProlineMetabolite147-85-3 (CAS) L-Proline
L-glutamylMetaboliteCHEBI:29972 (ChEBI)
N-(L-Arginino)succinateMetaboliteC03406 (KEGG Compound)
N-Acetyl-L-glutamateMetaboliteC00624 (KEGG Compound)
N-Acetyl-glutamateMetaboliteC00624 (KEGG Compound)
N-CarbamoylsarcosineMetaboliteC01043 (KEGG Compound)
N-MethylhydantoinMetaboliteC02565 (KEGG Compound)
N2-Acetyl-L-ornithineMetaboliteC00437 (KEGG Compound)
NAGSProteinQ8N159 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NH₃MetaboliteC00014 (KEGG Compound)
Nitrogen metabolism Pathway
OATProteinKWMTBOMO02944 (Other)
OATProteinKWMTBOMO06426 (Other)
OATProteinMSTRG.18896.1 (Other)
OATProteinMSTRG.18896.3 (Other)
OATProteinMSTRG.18896.4 (Other)
ODC1ProteinKWMTBOMO12122 (Other)
ODC1ProteinMSTRG.10571.2 (Other)
OTCProteinMSTRG.15197.2 (Other)
PYCR1ProteinMSTRG.15721.1 (Other)
PYCR1ProteinMSTRG.15721.2 (Other)
PYCRLProteinKWMTBOMO15987 (Other)
PhosphoguanidinoacetateMetaboliteC03166 (KEGG Compound)
Proline metabolismPathwayWP5026 (WikiPathways)
Purine metabolismPathway
PutrescineMetabolite110-60-1 (CAS) Putrescine
Pyrimidine metabolismPathway
SARDHProteinKWMTBOMO08849 (Other)
SMSProteinKWMTBOMO12867 (Other)
SRMProteinKWMTBOMO07509 (Other)
SRMProteinMSTRG.4169.2 (Other)
SRMProteinMSTRG.4169.3 (Other)
SRMProteinMSTRG.4169.4 (Other)
SRMProteinMSTRG.4169.5 (Other)
SRMProteinMSTRG.4169.6 (Other)
SarcosineMetabolite107-97-1 (CAS) Sarcosine
SpermidineMetabolite124-20-9 (CAS) Spermidine
SpermineMetabolite71-44-3 (CAS) Spermine
Urea-1-carboxylateMetaboliteC01010 (KEGG Compound)
UreaMetabolite57-13-6 (CAS) Urea
creatine-PMetabolite67-07-2 (CAS) Phosphocreatine

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions

Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5624"
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