Unfolded Protein Response (Homo sapiens)
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Description
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is a regulatory system that protects the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) from overload. The UPR is provoked by the accumulation of improperly folded protein in the ER during times of unusually high secretion activity. Analysis of mutants with altered UPR, however, shows that the UPR is also required for normal development and function of secretory cells.
One level at which the URP operates is transcriptional and translational regulation: mobilization of ATF6, ATF6B, CREB3 factors and IRE1 leads to increased transcription of genes encoding chaperones, while mobilization of PERK (pancreatic eIF2alpha kinase, EIF2AK3) leads to phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha and global down-regulation of protein synthesis.
ATF6, ATF6B, and CREB3 factors (CREB3 (LUMAN), CREB3L1 (OASIS), CREB3L2 (BBF2H7, Tisp40), CREB3L3 (CREB-H), and CREB3L4 (CREB4)) are membrane-bound transcription activators that respond to ER stress by transiting from the ER membrane to the Golgi membrane where their transmembrane domains are cleaved, releasing their cytosolic domains to transit to the nucleus and activate transcription of target genes. IRE1, also a resident of the ER membrane, dimerizes and autophosphorylates in response to ER stress. The activated IRE1 then catalyzes unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA to yield an XBP1 isoform that is targeted to the nucleus and activates chaperone genes. View original pathway at Reactome.
One level at which the URP operates is transcriptional and translational regulation: mobilization of ATF6, ATF6B, CREB3 factors and IRE1 leads to increased transcription of genes encoding chaperones, while mobilization of PERK (pancreatic eIF2alpha kinase, EIF2AK3) leads to phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha and global down-regulation of protein synthesis.
ATF6, ATF6B, and CREB3 factors (CREB3 (LUMAN), CREB3L1 (OASIS), CREB3L2 (BBF2H7, Tisp40), CREB3L3 (CREB-H), and CREB3L4 (CREB4)) are membrane-bound transcription activators that respond to ER stress by transiting from the ER membrane to the Golgi membrane where their transmembrane domains are cleaved, releasing their cytosolic domains to transit to the nucleus and activate transcription of target genes. IRE1, also a resident of the ER membrane, dimerizes and autophosphorylates in response to ER stress. The activated IRE1 then catalyzes unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA to yield an XBP1 isoform that is targeted to the nucleus and activates chaperone genes. View original pathway at Reactome.
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in response to endoplasmic
reticulum stressactivates chaperone
genesAnnotated Interactions
BiP is also a general chaperone capable of binding unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. When chaperone activity in the ER is overwhelmed, BiP dissociates from ATF6-alpha and binds the excess unfolded proteins. It is unclear whether the dissociation is due to competition of unfolded proteins for BiP or to a more specific interaction between BiP and ATF6-alpha. The dissociation exposes the Golgi localization sequences of ATF6-alpha and allows ATF6-alpha to transit to the Golgi.
The ribonuclease activity of IRE1-alpha also degrades subsets of mRNAs in the vicinity of the ER membrane, thereby reducing the amount of protein entering the ER.
Xbp-1 mRNA that has been cleaved by IRE1-alpha encodes a 40 kd protein designated Xbp-1 (S). Xbp-1 (S) is a potent bZIP transcription factor that transits from the cytosol to the nucleus and binds the sequence CCACG in the ER Stress Responsive Element (ERSE).
BiP is a general chaperone that also binds unfolded proteins within the ER. Thus BiP dissociates from IRE1-alpha when chaperone activity is overwhelmed by unfolded proteins in the ER.