RNA elements rich in adenine and uracil residues (AU-rich elements) bind specific proteins which either target the RNA for degradation or, more rarely, stabilize the RNA. The activity of the AU-element binding proteins is regulated, usually by phosphorylation but also by subcellular localization.
View original pathway at Reactome.
Laroia G, Schneider RJ.; ''Alternate exon insertion controls selective ubiquitination and degradation of different AUF1 protein isoforms.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sinsimer KS, Gratacós FM, Knapinska AM, Lu J, Krause CD, Wierzbowski AV, Maher LR, Scrudato S, Rivera YM, Gupta S, Turrin DK, De La Cruz MP, Pestka S, Brewer G.; ''Chaperone Hsp27, a novel subunit of AUF1 protein complexes, functions in AU-rich element-mediated mRNA decay.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Emmons J, Townley-Tilson WH, Deleault KM, Skinner SJ, Gross RH, Whitfield ML, Brooks SA.; ''Identification of TTP mRNA targets in human dendritic cells reveals TTP as a critical regulator of dendritic cell maturation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Doller A, Akool el-S, Huwiler A, Müller R, Radeke HH, Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W.; ''Posttranslational modification of the AU-rich element binding protein HuR by protein kinase Cdelta elicits angiotensin II-induced stabilization and nuclear export of cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
López de Silanes I, Zhan M, Lal A, Yang X, Gorospe M.; ''Identification of a target RNA motif for RNA-binding protein HuR.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wilson GM, Lu J, Sutphen K, Suarez Y, Sinha S, Brewer B, Villanueva-Feliciano EC, Ysla RM, Charles S, Brewer G.; ''Phosphorylation of p40AUF1 regulates binding to A + U-rich mRNA-destabilizing elements and protein-induced changes in ribonucleoprotein structure.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Chang WL, Tarn WY.; ''A role for transportin in deposition of TTP to cytoplasmic RNA granules and mRNA decay.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Fries B, Heukeshoven J, Hauber I, Grüttner C, Stocking C, Kehlenbach RH, Hauber J, Chemnitz J.; ''Analysis of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of the HuR ligand APRIL and its influence on CD83 expression.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wei SJ, Williams JG, Dang H, Darden TA, Betz BL, Humble MM, Chang FM, Trempus CS, Johnson K, Cannon RE, Tennant RW.; ''Identification of a specific motif of the DSS1 protein required for proteasome interaction and p53 protein degradation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Stoecklin G, Colombi M, Raineri I, Leuenberger S, Mallaun M, Schmidlin M, Gross B, Lu M, Kitamura T, Moroni C.; ''Functional cloning of BRF1, a regulator of ARE-dependent mRNA turnover.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sarkar B, Xi Q, He C, Schneider RJ.; ''Selective degradation of AU-rich mRNAs promoted by the p37 AUF1 protein isoform.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Michel SL, Guerrerio AL, Berg JM.; ''Selective RNA binding by a single CCCH zinc-binding domain from Nup475 (Tristetraprolin).''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Chrestensen CA, Schroeder MJ, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Pelo JW, Worthington MT, Sturgill TW.; ''MAPKAP kinase 2 phosphorylates tristetraprolin on in vivo sites including Ser178, a site required for 14-3-3 binding.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Pautz A, Linker K, Altenhöfer S, Heil S, Schmidt N, Art J, Knauer S, Stauber R, Sadri N, Pont A, Schneider RJ, Kleinert H.; ''Similar regulation of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by different isoforms of the RNA-binding protein AUF1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Cao H, Deterding LJ, Venable JD, Kennington EA, Yates JR, Tomer KB, Blackshear PJ.; ''Identification of the anti-inflammatory protein tristetraprolin as a hyperphosphorylated protein by mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
GarcÃa-Mayoral MF, DÃaz-Moreno I, Hollingworth D, Ramos A.; ''The sequence selectivity of KSRP explains its flexibility in the recognition of the RNA targets.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lai WS, Kennington EA, Blackshear PJ.; ''Tristetraprolin and its family members can promote the cell-free deadenylation of AU-rich element-containing mRNAs by poly(A) ribonuclease.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Prechtel AT, Chemnitz J, Schirmer S, Ehlers C, Langbein-Detsch I, Stülke J, Dabauvalle MC, Kehlenbach RH, Hauber J.; ''Expression of CD83 is regulated by HuR via a novel cis-active coding region RNA element.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Brewer BY, Malicka J, Blackshear PJ, Wilson GM.; ''RNA sequence elements required for high affinity binding by the zinc finger domain of tristetraprolin: conformational changes coupled to the bipartite nature of Au-rich MRNA-destabilizing motifs.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wilson GM, Sutphen K, Chuang Ky, Brewer G.; ''Folding of A+U-rich RNA elements modulates AUF1 binding. Potential roles in regulation of mRNA turnover.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Stoecklin G, Stubbs T, Kedersha N, Wax S, Rigby WF, Blackwell TK, Anderson P.; ''MK2-induced tristetraprolin:14-3-3 complexes prevent stress granule association and ARE-mRNA decay.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Benjamin D, Schmidlin M, Min L, Gross B, Moroni C.; ''BRF1 protein turnover and mRNA decay activity are regulated by protein kinase B at the same phosphorylation sites.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Worthington MT, Pelo JW, Sachedina MA, Applegate JL, Arseneau KO, Pizarro TT.; ''RNA binding properties of the AU-rich element-binding recombinant Nup475/TIS11/tristetraprolin protein.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Li H, Chen W, Zhou Y, Abidi P, Sharpe O, Robinson WH, Kraemer FB, Liu J.; ''Identification of mRNA binding proteins that regulate the stability of LDL receptor mRNA through AU-rich elements.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
DÃaz-Moreno I, Hollingworth D, Frenkiel TA, Kelly G, Martin S, Howell S, GarcÃa-Mayoral M, Gherzi R, Briata P, Ramos A.; ''Phosphorylation-mediated unfolding of a KH domain regulates KSRP localization via 14-3-3 binding.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wilson GM, Lu J, Sutphen K, Sun Y, Huynh Y, Brewer G.; ''Regulation of A + U-rich element-directed mRNA turnover involving reversible phosphorylation of AUF1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Gherzi R, Lee KY, Briata P, Wegmüller D, Moroni C, Karin M, Chen CY.; ''A KH domain RNA binding protein, KSRP, promotes ARE-directed mRNA turnover by recruiting the degradation machinery.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Zhang W, Wagner BJ, Ehrenman K, Schaefer AW, DeMaria CT, Crater D, DeHaven K, Long L, Brewer G.; ''Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Gherzi R, Trabucchi M, Ponassi M, Ruggiero T, Corte G, Moroni C, Chen CY, Khabar KS, Andersen JS, Briata P.; ''The RNA-binding protein KSRP promotes decay of beta-catenin mRNA and is inactivated by PI3K-AKT signaling.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lai WS, Carballo E, Strum JR, Kennington EA, Phillips RS, Blackshear PJ.; ''Evidence that tristetraprolin binds to AU-rich elements and promotes the deadenylation and destabilization of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Cao H, Dzineku F, Blackshear PJ.; ''Expression and purification of recombinant tristetraprolin that can bind to tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA and serve as a substrate for mitogen-activated protein kinases.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Chemnitz J, Pieper D, Grüttner C, Hauber J.; ''Phosphorylation of the HuR ligand APRIL by casein kinase 2 regulates CD83 expression.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Doller A, Schlepckow K, Schwalbe H, Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W.; ''Tandem phosphorylation of serines 221 and 318 by protein kinase Cdelta coordinates mRNA binding and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HuR.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lal A, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Kawai T, Yang X, Martindale JL, Gorospe M.; ''Concurrent versus individual binding of HuR and AUF1 to common labile target mRNAs.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lykke-Andersen J, Wagner E.; ''Recruitment and activation of mRNA decay enzymes by two ARE-mediated decay activation domains in the proteins TTP and BRF-1.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Barreau C, Paillard L, Osborne HB.; ''AU-rich elements and associated factors: are there unifying principles?''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lapucci A, Donnini M, Papucci L, Witort E, Tempestini A, Bevilacqua A, Nicolin A, Brewer G, Schiavone N, Capaccioli S.; ''AUF1 Is a bcl-2 A + U-rich element-binding protein involved in bcl-2 mRNA destabilization during apoptosis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Lu JY, Bergman N, Sadri N, Schneider RJ.; ''Assembly of AUF1 with eIF4G-poly(A) binding protein complex suggests a translation function in AU-rich mRNA decay.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
DeMaria CT, Sun Y, Long L, Wagner BJ, Brewer G.; ''Structural determinants in AUF1 required for high affinity binding to A + U-rich elements.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Schmidlin M, Lu M, Leuenberger SA, Stoecklin G, Mallaun M, Gross B, Gherzi R, Hess D, Hemmings BA, Moroni C.; ''The ARE-dependent mRNA-destabilizing activity of BRF1 is regulated by protein kinase B.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Franks TM, Lykke-Andersen J.; ''TTP and BRF proteins nucleate processing body formation to silence mRNAs with AU-rich elements.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Goldberg-Cohen I, Furneauxb H, Levy AP.; ''A 40-bp RNA element that mediates stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by HuR.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Brennan CM, Gallouzi IE, Steitz JA.; ''Protein ligands to HuR modulate its interaction with target mRNAs in vivo.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Bevilacqua A, Ceriani MC, Capaccioli S, Nicolin A.; ''Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by degradation of messenger RNAs.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Blackshear PJ, Lai WS, Kennington EA, Brewer G, Wilson GM, Guan X, Zhou P.; ''Characteristics of the interaction of a synthetic human tristetraprolin tandem zinc finger peptide with AU-rich element-containing RNA substrates.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Laroia G, Cuesta R, Brewer G, Schneider RJ.; ''Control of mRNA decay by heat shock-ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Doller A, Huwiler A, Müller R, Radeke HH, Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W.; ''Protein kinase C alpha-dependent phosphorylation of the mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR: implications for posttranscriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Liao B, Hu Y, Brewer G.; ''Competitive binding of AUF1 and TIAR to MYC mRNA controls its translation.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Schmidt N, Pautz A, Art J, Rauschkolb P, Jung M, Erkel G, Goldring MB, Kleinert H.; ''Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of iNOS expression in human chondrocytes.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Suswam EA, Nabors LB, Huang Y, Yang X, King PH.; ''IL-1beta induces stabilization of IL-8 mRNA in malignant breast cancer cells via the 3' untranslated region: Involvement of divergent RNA-binding factors HuR, KSRP and TIAR.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Voges D, Zwickl P, Baumeister W.; ''The 26S proteasome: a molecular machine designed for controlled proteolysis.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Gingerich TJ, Feige JJ, LaMarre J.; ''AU-rich elements and the control of gene expression through regulated mRNA stability.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Fialcowitz-White EJ, Brewer BY, Ballin JD, Willis CD, Toth EA, Wilson GM.; ''Specific protein domains mediate cooperative assembly of HuR oligomers on AU-rich mRNA-destabilizing sequences.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Raineri I, Wegmueller D, Gross B, Certa U, Moroni C.; ''Roles of AUF1 isoforms, HuR and BRF1 in ARE-dependent mRNA turnover studied by RNA interference.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Sandler H, Stoecklin G.; ''Control of mRNA decay by phosphorylation of tristetraprolin.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Rigby WF, Roy K, Collins J, Rigby S, Connolly JE, Bloch DB, Brooks SA.; ''Structure/function analysis of tristetraprolin (TTP): p38 stress-activated protein kinase and lipopolysaccharide stimulation do not alter TTP function.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Briata P, Forcales SV, Ponassi M, Corte G, Chen CY, Karin M, Puri PL, Gherzi R.; ''p38-dependent phosphorylation of the mRNA decay-promoting factor KSRP controls the stability of select myogenic transcripts.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Maitra S, Chou CF, Luber CA, Lee KY, Mann M, Chen CY.; ''The AU-rich element mRNA decay-promoting activity of BRF1 is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Wilson GM, Sun Y, Lu H, Brewer G.; ''Assembly of AUF1 oligomers on U-rich RNA targets by sequential dimer association.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Chen CY, Gherzi R, Ong SE, Chan EL, Raijmakers R, Pruijn GJ, Stoecklin G, Moroni C, Mann M, Karin M.; ''AU binding proteins recruit the exosome to degrade ARE-containing mRNAs.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Skriner K, Hueber W, Süleymanoglu E, Höfler E, Krenn V, Smolen J, Steiner G.; ''AUF1, the regulator of tumor necrosis factor alpha messenger RNA decay, is targeted by autoantibodies of patients with systemic rheumatic diseases.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Hau HH, Walsh RJ, Ogilvie RL, Williams DA, Reilly CS, Bohjanen PR.; ''Tristetraprolin recruits functional mRNA decay complexes to ARE sequences.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
Chou CF, Mulky A, Maitra S, Lin WJ, Gherzi R, Kappes J, Chen CY.; ''Tethering KSRP, a decay-promoting AU-rich element-binding protein, to mRNAs elicits mRNA decay.''; PubMedEurope PMCScholia
The exosome complex comprises a ring and associated subunits. The ring contains EXOSC2, EXOSC7, EXOSC8, EXOSC9, EXOSC5, and EXOSC6. The subunits EXOSC1, EXOSC2, EXOSC3, and RRP44 bind the ring. The catalytic ribonuclease site is located in RRP44, which yields ribonucleotides having 5'-monophosphates.
Phosphorylated HuR (phosphoserine221 and phosphoserine318) binds AU-rich elements in the following mRNAs: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, PTGS2), Cyclin A (CCNA, CCNA2), and Cyclin D1 (CCND1).
HuR (phosphorylation state unknown) binds AU-rich elements in the following mRNAs: Antigen CD83 (CD83), Cyclin B1 (CCNB1), and proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS).
KSRP binds AU-rich elements in the following mRNAs: IL-8, LDLR, and NOS2 (iNOS). Binding of KSRP to the mRNA encoding Beta-catenin is inferred from mouse.
Phosphorylated HuR (phosphoserine221 and phosphoserine318) binds AU-rich elements in the following mRNAs: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, PTGS2), Cyclin A (CCNA, CCNA2), and Cyclin D1 (CCND1).
mRNA Transcript Targeted by HuR Phosphorylated on Ser221 and Ser318
Phosphorylated HuR (phosphoserine221 and phosphoserine318) binds AU-rich elements in the following mRNAs: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, PTGS2), Cyclin A (CCNA, CCNA2), and Cyclin D1 (CCND1).
mRNA Transcript Targeted by HuR with Unknown Phosphorylation
HuR (phosphorylation state unknown) binds AU-rich elements in the following mRNAs: Antigen CD83 (CD83), Cyclin B1 (CCNB1), and proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS).
KSRP binds AU-rich elements in the following mRNAs: IL-8, LDLR, and NOS2 (iNOS). Binding of KSRP to the mRNA encoding Beta-catenin is inferred from mouse.
Phosphorylated tristetraproline (TTP) binds 14-3-3, which inhibits the ability of TTP to destabilize RNA. Thus RNAs bound by TTP become stabilized. The binding of 14-3-3 causes TTP to be excluded from stress granules.
Tristetraprolin (TTP) binds UUAUUUAUU motifs in the AU-rich elements of mRNAs. TTP binds Transportin-1 (Importin beta-2) which plays a role in shuttling TTP between P-bodies and stress granules.
Phosphorylated BRF1 interacts with 14-3-3, becomes localized to the cytoskeleton, and no longer promotes RNA degradation. Phosphorylated BRF1 is, however, still able to bind RNA.
KSRP (KHSRP) forms a complex with the PARN deadenylase, exosome components (3' to 5' mRNA decay), and the decapping enzyme DCP2. Tethering KSRP to a mRNA is sufficient to target the mRNA for degradation.
TTP interacts directly with exonucleases (XRN1 and the exosome) and decapping enzymes (DCP1a and DCP2) which hydrolyze the mRNA bound by TTP. TTP also recruits PARN deadenylase, however a direct interaction between TTP and PARN has not been demonstrated.
AUF1 monomers form dimers which bind the U-rich sequences in AU-rich elements of mRNAs. Binding of the mRNA causes the dimers of AUF1 to form tetramers. Nonphosphorylated AUF1 isoform p40 causes the mRNA to form a rigid structure whereas p40 that is phosphorylated at serines 83 and 87 does not. This difference may cause nonphosphorylated p40 to fail to destabilize the bound mRNA.
Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of AUF1 and nuclease-dependent destruction of AUF1-bound mRNA are coupled in an unknown way. It is possible that ubiquitinated AUF1 targets other members of the AUF1 and signal transduction regulated complex (ASTRC), such as polyA-binding protein, for degradation and this renders the mRNA susceptible to nucleases.
MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) phosphorylates BRF1 at serine 54, serine 92, serine 203, and an unknown site in the C terminus. Phosphorylation inhibits the ability of BRF1 to cause degradation of RNA. It is unknown if tetraphosphorylated BRF1 binds 14-3-3 in the same way as diphosphorylated BRF1 does.
BRF1 recruits RNA degradation activities to hydrolyze the RNA bound to BRF1. Coimmunoprecipitation has shown BRF1 interacts with the exosome (3' to 5' nuclease), XRN1 (5' to 3' nuclease), and DCP1a and DCP2 (decapping). BRF1 localizes RNAs to processing bodies, sites of translation repression and possible sites of RNA degradation.
BRF1 is phosphorylated at Serine92 and Serine203 by Protein kinase B/AKT. Protein kinase B is activated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Phosphorylation of BRF1 does not interfere with the ability of BRF1 to bind RNA or interact with enzymes that catalyze RNA degradation therefore larger complexes may contain phosphorylated BRF1.
HuR binds AU-rich elements of mRNAs. Bound HuR can form oligomers on longer AU-rich elements. Phosphorylated HuR binds mRNA more tightly than unphosphorylated HuR does.
Tetrameric AUF1 bound to RNA forms a complex with other proteins, including elongation factor eIF4G, polyA-binding protein PABP, Hsp, Hsc70, and Hsp27. AUF1 also directly interacts with polyadenylate.
AUF1 is ubiquitinated at unknown sites. The number of ubiquitin molecules conjugated to AUF1 and their linkage is unknown. Ubiquitination is required for subsequent degradation of both AUF1 and the mRNA bound by AUF1. It is uncertain if AUF1 is in a larger complex when it is ubiquitinated.
mRNA bound to HuR is exported from the nucleus by a mechanism that requires the shuttle protein APRIL but not pp32. Phosphorylation of APRIL determines its subcellular localization: APRIL phosphorylated at threonine244 is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm while APRIL that is not phosphorylated at threonine244 is cytoplasmic. HuR bound to mRNAs in the cytoplasm acts to stabilize the mRNAs by an unknown mechanism.
KSRP phosphorylated at serine193 binds 14-3-3zeta (YWHAZ) which impairs the ability of KSRP to destabilize RNA. Thus the RNAs become stabilized. KSRP is able to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 14-3-3zeta is nucleoplasmic. Binding of KSRP to 14-3-3zeta causes KSRP to be retained in the nucleus.
Activated MAPK p38 alpha and beta phosphorylate KSRP at threonine692. The phosphorylation interferes with the ability of KSRP to bind and destabilize RNA. Thus RNAs become stabilized.
Phosphorylated BRF1 interacts with 14-3-3, becomes localized to the cytoskeleton, and no longer promotes RNA degradation. Phosphorylated BRF1 is, however, still able to bind RNA.
HuR (ELAV1) phosphorylated on serine221 and serine158 binds COX-2 mRNA in the nucleus. The phosphorylation of serine 158 appears to affect RNA-binding while phosphorylation on serine 221 affects nucleocytoplasmic shuffling.
HuR phosphorylated on ser221 and ser318 binds AU-rich regions of mRNAs. Phosphorylation on ser318 appears to affect RNA binding and phosphorylation of ser221 affects nucleocytoplasmic shuttling.
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DataNodes
Translation and
Heat Shock ProteinsDestabilized mRNA
Complexwith phosphoserine221 and
phosphoserine158:mRNA Complexwith phosphoserine221 and
phosphoserine318:mRNA ComplexPhosphorylation:
mRNA ComplexTTP:mRNA:14-3-3
Complex(Ser54, Ser92, Ser203):mRNA
Complex(Ser54, Ser92, Ser203):mRNA:14-3-3
Complex(Ser92, Ser203):mRNA
Complex(Ser92, Ser203):mRNA:14-3-3
Complex(Ser193):14-3-3zeta
ComplexTetramer: Destabilized mRNA
ComplexTargeted by
AUF1(hnRNP D0)Targeted by
TristetraprolineTargeted by HuR Phosphorylated on
Ser158 and Ser318.Targeted by HuR Phosphorylated on
Ser221 and Ser318Targeted by HuR with Unknown
PhosphorylationAnnotated Interactions
Translation and
Heat Shock ProteinsTranslation and
Heat Shock ProteinsDestabilized mRNA
ComplexDestabilized mRNA
Complexwith phosphoserine221 and
phosphoserine158:mRNA Complexwith phosphoserine221 and
phosphoserine318:mRNA ComplexPhosphorylation:
mRNA ComplexTTP:mRNA:14-3-3
Complex(Ser54, Ser92, Ser203):mRNA
Complex(Ser54, Ser92, Ser203):mRNA
Complex(Ser54, Ser92, Ser203):mRNA:14-3-3
Complex(Ser92, Ser203):mRNA
Complex(Ser92, Ser203):mRNA
Complex(Ser92, Ser203):mRNA:14-3-3
Complex(Ser193):14-3-3zeta
ComplexHuR bound to mRNAs in the cytoplasm acts to stabilize the mRNAs by an unknown mechanism.
Tetramer: Destabilized mRNA
ComplexTetramer: Destabilized mRNA
ComplexTargeted by
AUF1(hnRNP D0)Targeted by
TristetraprolineTargeted by HuR Phosphorylated on
Ser158 and Ser318.Targeted by HuR Phosphorylated on
Ser221 and Ser318Targeted by HuR with Unknown
Phosphorylation