RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes (Homo sapiens)

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7, 9, 10, 12, 17...6, 8, 4423, 24, 34, 37, 404, 5, 13, 18, 27...14, 16, 25, 30, 31, 36376, 8, 20, 44, 502, 31, 366, 8, 19, 24, 40...14, 21, 33, 42, 531, 13, 15, 16, 35...nucleoplasmRNU12 gene CCNK RNU12 gene SNAPcRPRD1B POLR2A RNU5A-1 gene NCBP2 POLR2E INTS7 POLR2I RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneRPRD1A GTF2A1(275-376) TAF9 INTS7 RPRD1B POU2F1 RNU4-1 gene ZNF143 GTF2F1 RPRD2 INTS2 POLR2K ZNF143 CCNK POU2F2 TAF8 RNU11 gene CCNT1 ICE1 TFIIAICE1 RPRD1B CPSF3L RNU5A-1 gene POLR2F POLR2G SNAPC5 ICE2 TAF11 POLR2L POLR2E GTF2E2 GTF2E2 SNAPC3 RNU5A-1 gene POLR2D ATPINTS4 ELL2 SNAPC3 POLR2G POLR2A SP1 INTS4 INTS4 ELL3 TAF6 CDK9 TAF13 ELL2 GTF2F1 POU2F2 GTF2B POLR2G POU2F1 ICE1 SNAPC4 GTF2A2 ZNF143Cap Binding Complex(CBC)POU2F2 CDK7SNAPC5 TAF6 ASUN RNU1-1 gene POU2F1 INTS5 RPRD1B U12 snRNA SNAPC5 TAF9 SRRT CCNT2 INTS2 TAF6 SRRTTFIIESNAPC3 SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneZNF143 RNU11 gene ICE1 CPSF3L INTS10 TAF8 POLR2H RNApolymeraseII(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA geneZNF143 RNU5A-1 gene INTS12 GTF2A1(1-274) ELL2 GTF2F2 POLR2D RNU4-1 gene RPRD2 POLR2C GTF2A1(1-274) TAF11 UTPRPRD2 POU2F2 SNAPC1 SP1 GTF2F2 POLR2B RNU5A-1 gene POLR2D SP1NCBP2 TAF6 POU2F1,2TBP NABP1 IntegratorSNAPC2 POU2F2 POU2F2 GTPPOLR2E RNU1-1 gene RNU1-1 gene CCNT2 INTS5 POLR2L RNU2-1 gene RNU11 gene CCNT1 RNU1-1 gene CDK7 POLR2H GTF2A1(1-274) POLR2C 7-methylguanosine cap RNU2-1 gene TBP INTS7 POLR2E RNU4-1 gene INTS1 NABP2 SNAPC1 GTF2A2 SNAPC3 POLR2B RPRD1A TAF9 SP1 CTPRNU2-1 gene POLR2J POLR2J POLR2K INTS10 GTF2A1(1-274) ATPCCNT1 SP1 ASUN GTF2A1(275-376) GTF2E1 SNAPC4 TAF13 TAF5 INTS3 TAF13 SNAPC3 GTF2F1 POLR2B U4 snRNA CCNT1 INTS1 RPRD1B RNU4ATAC gene POU2F1 NABP2 NABP1 SP1 RNU4-1 gene GTF2F1 POLR2K RNU4ATAC gene CDK9 GTPCTPGTF2B POLR2D INTS5 VWA9 CCNK INTS10 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA genePOLR2G RPAP2 INTS3 RNU11 gene POLR2B CDK7 RNU2-1 gene snTAFcRNU1-1 gene ELL2 RNU5A-1 gene CDK9 CDK7 POLR2F GTF2A1(1-274) GTF2A1(1-274) NCBP1 POLR2J RNU4-1 gene POLR2K POLR2F ICE2 POLR2D SNAPC4 POLR2C GTF2A2 RNU11 gene ZC3H8 POU2F1 POLR2C ZC3H8 TAF5 SNAPC5 TAF11 POLR2L p-S2,S7-POLR2A SNAPC1 TAF9 PHAX CPSF3L SNAPC4 POLR2B TBP GTF2E1 ZNF143 INTS12 U11 snRNA INTS6 TAF5 INTS4 TBP TAF5 GTF2A1(275-376) CCNT2 SNAPC4 RPRD1A RNU1-1 gene POLR2F SNAPC2 SNAPC5 POLR2K TBP TAF8 POLR2I TBPSNAPC3 POLR2C SNAPC1 GTF2B SP1 SNAPC2 POLR2C U4atac snRNA GTF2E2 SNAPC4 SNAPC1 GTF2A2 RNU2-1 gene CCNT1 SNAPC2 POLR2I PCF11RNU4ATAC gene POLR2I RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA genePOLR2L CCNT1 GTF2A1(275-376) CCNK GTF2A1(275-376) TAF11 SNAPC4 ASUN INTS9 RPRD1A ZNF143 GTF2A1(1-274) POLR2C GTF2F2 TAF11 GTF2A1(275-376) INTS8 TAF9 INTS1 INTS7 POLR2G RNU4-1 gene RNU4-1 gene CDK9 CCNK SNAPC5 p-S2,S7-POLR2A RPRD1A ZNF143 RPRD2 p-SUPT5H DSIF complexGTF2E1 CDK9 ELL3 RNU5A-1 gene TAF11 RPRD1B p-S5,S7-POLR2A NABP2 CDK7 TAF8 RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(unphosphorylated)POLR2F GTF2A1(275-376) ZNF143 RNU11 gene INTS2 NCBP1 NABP2 ZC3H8 POLR2I GTF2F1 CPSF3L CBCAP:cappedsnRNAU1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12RNU12 gene GTF2E2 RPRD1A CCNT1 CCNT1 TAF5 POU2F2 NABP2 TAF9 TAF6 TBP SNAPC3 POU2F1 CDK7 GTF2A2 RNU1-1 gene INTS6 SNAPC2 RNU11 gene POLR2F p-S2,S7-POLR2A GTF2A1(275-376) NABP1 CDK7 ELL GTF2F1 RNU4ATAC gene ADPGTF2A1(1-274) INTS6 INTS3 CCNT2 POLR2I CDK9 NABP1 p-S5,S7-POLR2A POU2F1 p-S5,S7-POLR2A SNAPC4 SNAPC5 INTS12 POLR2I INTS8 GTF2F2 GTF2A1(275-376) CCNT2 VWA9 RNU11 gene SNAPC1 RNU1-1 gene RNU4ATAC gene RPAP2RNU4ATAC gene GTF2E1 SNAPC3 SP1 GTF2A1(1-274) INTS2 7-methylguanosine cap POU2F2 GTF2E2 TFIIFPOLR2E NABP1 CCNT2 RNU1-1 gene INTS5 RNU5A-1 gene POLR2E GTF2B ASUN RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BSNAPC2 POLR2C TBP ELL3 RPAP2 RNU4ATAC gene POU2F1 RNU4ATAC gene ATPPOLR2G POLR2J POLR2H RNU2-1 gene GTF2E1 SNAPC1 NCBP1 INTS6 RNU2-1 gene RNU2-1 gene SNAPC4 GTF2BPOU2F2 CDK7 GTF2E2 CCNK RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA genePOLR2J POLR2H ASUN U5 snRNA Initiationfactors:CDK7:snRNAgeneSNAPC1 ELL2 INTS4 POLR2H ZC3H8 GTF2B ICE2 POLR2H TAF13 GTF2F2 ICE1 GTF2F2 INTS8 POU2F2 RNU11 gene TAF8 RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneCCNK POLR2B RNU11 gene RNU1-1 gene SNAPC4 TAF9 GTF2E2 INTS9 CCNT2 POLR2L POLR2F RNU12 gene LECTAF13 RNU2-1 gene GTF2A2 POLR2K RNU12 gene TAF5 POLR2G TAF8 RPAP2 SNAPC3 RNU12 gene TAF13 TAF11 RNU4ATAC gene POLR2E 7-methylguanosine cap SNAPC1 INTS2 TAF6 RNU2-1 gene INTS3 ELL3 ELL CCNK GTF2E1 SNAPC1 PHAX TAF5 TAF8 GTF2B RNU5A-1 gene P-TEFb complexPHAXRNU12 gene POLR2H VWA9 TAF8 GTF2F1 POLR2D CDK9 GTF2A2 INTS3 GTF2A2 ELL RNU4ATAC gene GTF2B SRRT CCNT2 INTS9 INTS12 POLR2H INTS6 CDK9 GTF2A2 VWA9 pre-snRNA CDK7 RNU4-1 gene TAF11 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA geneICE2 RPAP2 INTS12 ELL TAF6 RNU4ATAC gene SNAPC3 RNU5A-1 gene GTF2E2 SNAPC5 NCBP2 ELL3 ZNF143 POLR2K INTS10 POLR2E INTS9 SNAPC5 UTPINTS10 SNAPC5 CCNK GTF2F2 U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneICE2 RNU4-1 gene RNU4-1 gene GTF2F2 INTS1 POLR2B SUPT4H1 POLR2J TAF5 GTF2F1 TBP RNU12 gene GTF2E1 POLR2D POLR2J RNU2-1 gene TAF13 RPRD2 SNAPC2 RPAP2 RNU4-1 gene POLR2L GTF2E1 CPSF3L TAF6 POLR2L TAF5 POLR2J VWA9 INTS1 GTF2E2 CCNT2 POLR2G TAF6 INTS5 ZC3H8 RNU12 gene SNAPC2 POU2F2 SP1 POLR2B GTF2E1 POLR2K TAF11 POLR2D INTS8 ZNF143 POLR2L ELL RNU12 gene RNU1-1 gene GTF2F1 SP1 U2 snRNA INTS9 RNU5A-1 gene SNAPC2 POU2F1 U1 snRNA INTS7 TAF13 SSU72TAF13 POLR2I pre-snRNA pre-snRNA POU2F1 CDK9 INTS8 CCNT1 POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneRNU12 gene TAF9 POU2F1 TAF8 RPRD2GTF2B GTF2F2 SNAPC2 POLR2F TAF9 SP1 RNU11 gene 282222228222224, 32, 40, 47226, 8, 19, 24, 4431, 3633119, 4837116, 8, 44


Description

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play key roles in splicing and some of them, specifically the U1 and U2 snRNAs, are encoded by multicopy snRNA gene clusters containing tandem arrays of genes, about 30 in the RNU1 cluster (Bernstein et al. 1985) and about 10-20 in the RNU2 cluster (Van Ardsell and Weiner 1984). Whereas U6 snRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, U1,U2, U4, U4atac, U5, U11, and U12 genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Transcription of the U1 and U2 genes has been most extensively studied and the other snRNA genes as well as other genes with similar promoter structures, for example the SNORD13 gene, are inferred to be transcribed by similar reactions. The snRNA genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II are distinguished from mRNA-encoding genes by the presence of a proximal sequence element (PSE) rather than a TATA box and the presence of the Integrator complex rather than the Mediator complex (reviewed in Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008).
The snRNA genes are among the most rapidly transcribed genes in the genome. The 5' transcribed region of the U2 snRNA gene is largely single-stranded during interphase and metaphase (Pavelitz et al. 2008) and chromatin within the transcribed region is cleared of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014). Transcriptional activation of the RNA polymerase II transcribed snRNA genes begins with binding of transcription factors to the distal sequence element (DSE) of the promoter (reviewed in Hernandez 2001, Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008). The factors, which include POU2F1 (Oct-1), POU2F2 (Oct-2), ZNF143 (Staf) and Sp1, promote binding of the SNAPc complex (also known as PTF and PBP) to the PSE. SNAPc helps clear the gene of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014) and recruits initiation factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and snTAFc:TBP) which recruit RNA polymerase II. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008) by CDK7 recruits RPAP2 and the Integrator complex, which is required for later processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA transcript (reviewed in Chen and Wagner 2010, Baillat and Wagner 2015). The Little Elongation Complex (LEC) also appears to bind around the time of transcription initiation (Hu et al. 2013). As transcription proceeds, RPAP2 dephosphorylates serine-5 and P-TEFb phosphorylates serine-2 of the CTD. As transcription reaches the end of the snRNA gene serine-7 of the CTD is phosphorylated. These marks serve to bind protein complexes and are required for 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008). After transcription proceeds through the conserved 3' processing sequence of the pre-snRNA the Integrator complex cleaves the pre-snRNA. Transcription then terminates downstream in a less well characterized reaction that requires elements of the polyadenylation system. View original pathway at Reactome.

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Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 6807505
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Reactome version: 75
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: May, Bruce

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114956view16:48, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113400view11:47, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112604view15:58, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101520view11:38, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101056view21:20, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100587view19:54, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100136view16:39, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99686view15:09, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99276view12:45, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93567view11:27, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86669view09:23, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
7-methylguanosine cap MetaboliteCHEBI:17825 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:456216 (ChEBI)
ASUN ProteinQ9NVM9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:30616 (ChEBI)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ComplexR-HSA-6814903 (Reactome)
CCNK ProteinO75909 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT1 ProteinO60563 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT2 ProteinO60583 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7 ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK9 ProteinP50750 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPSF3L ProteinQ5TA45 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)ComplexR-HSA-77088 (Reactome)
DSIF complexComplexR-HSA-112420 (Reactome)
ELL ProteinP55199 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL2 ProteinO00472 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL3 ProteinQ9HB65 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(1-274) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(275-376) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A2 ProteinP52657 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2B ProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2BProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E1 ProteinP29083 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E2 ProteinP29084 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F1 ProteinP35269 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F2 ProteinP13984 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
ICE1 ProteinQ9Y2F5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ICE2 ProteinQ659A1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS1 ProteinQ8N201 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS10 ProteinQ9NVR2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS12 ProteinQ96CB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS2 ProteinQ9H0H0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS3 ProteinQ68E01 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS4 ProteinQ96HW7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS5 ProteinQ6P9B9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS6 ProteinQ9UL03 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS7 ProteinQ9NVH2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS8 ProteinQ75QN2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS9 ProteinQ9NV88 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810225 (Reactome)
IntegratorComplexR-HSA-6807453 (Reactome)
LECComplexR-HSA-6807410 (Reactome)
NABP1 ProteinQ96AH0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NABP2 ProteinQ9BQ15 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP1 ProteinQ09161 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP2 ProteinP52298 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P-TEFb complexComplexR-HSA-112431 (Reactome)
PCF11ProteinO94913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAX ProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAXProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2B ProteinP30876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2C ProteinP19387 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2D ProteinO15514 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2E ProteinP19388 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2F ProteinP61218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2G ProteinP62487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2H ProteinP52434 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2I ProteinP36954 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2J ProteinP52435 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2K ProteinP53803 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2L ProteinP62875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1 ProteinP14859 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6807504 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2ComplexR-HSA-6814929 (Reactome)
POU2F2 ProteinP09086 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814860 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814530 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814537 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810221 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814534 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810219 (Reactome) Unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II is initially recruited to the promoter of a snRNA gene by interaction with initiation factors.
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ComplexR-HSA-113401 (Reactome)
RNU1-1 gene ProteinENSG00000206652 (Ensembl)
RNU11 gene ProteinENSG00000274978 (Ensembl)
RNU12 gene ProteinENSG00000276027 (Ensembl)
RNU2-1 gene ProteinENSG00000274585 (Ensembl)
RNU4-1 gene ProteinENSG00000200795 (Ensembl)
RNU4ATAC gene ProteinENSG00000264229 (Ensembl)
RNU5A-1 gene ProteinENSG00000199568 (Ensembl)
RPAP2 ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810229 (Reactome)
RPAP2ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A ProteinQ96P16 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BComplexR-HSA-6814908 (Reactome)
RPRD1B ProteinQ9NQG5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2 ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC1 ProteinQ16533 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC2 ProteinQ13487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC3 ProteinQ92966 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC4 ProteinQ5SXM2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC5 ProteinO75971 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810222 (Reactome)
SNAPcComplexR-HSA-83730 (Reactome)
SP1 ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SP1ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRT ProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRTProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSU72ProteinQ9NP77 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUPT4H1 ProteinP63272 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF11 ProteinQ15544 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF13 ProteinQ15543 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF5 ProteinQ15542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF6 ProteinP49848 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF8 ProteinQ7Z7C8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF9 ProteinQ16594 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBP ProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBPProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TFIIAComplexR-HSA-109629 (Reactome)
TFIIEComplexR-HSA-109633 (Reactome)
TFIIFComplexR-HSA-109631 (Reactome)
U1 snRNA ProteinV00590 (EMBL)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneComplexR-HSA-6807498 (Reactome)
U11 snRNA ProteinENST00000387069 (Ensembl)
U12 snRNA ProteinENST00000362512 (Ensembl)
U2 snRNA ProteinX59360 (EMBL)
U4 snRNA ProteinX59361 (EMBL)
U4atac snRNA ProteinENST00000580972 (Ensembl)
U5 snRNA ProteinX04293 (EMBL)
UTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
VWA9 ProteinQ96SY0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZC3H8 ProteinQ8N5P1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143 ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-S2,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-S5,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-SUPT5H ProteinO00267 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
pre-snRNA R-HSA-6814536 (Reactome)
snTAFcComplexR-HSA-6810230 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ADPArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
CDK7R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
DSIF complexArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTF2BR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
IntegratorArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
IntegratorR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
LECArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
LECR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
P-TEFb complexR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
PCF11ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
PHAXR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome) An octamer binding factor, POU2F1 (Oct-1) or POU2F2 (Oct-2), SP1, ZNF143 (Staf) and possibly other transcription factors bind the distal sequence element (DSE) in the promoter of the snRNA gene (Murphy et al. 1992, Strom et al. 1996, Murphy 1997, Hovde et al. 2002). These upstream transcription factors enhance subsequent binding of the SNAPc complex to the downstream proximal sequence element (PSE) of the promoter.
R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome) CDK7 phosphorylates serine-5 residues of heptad repeats (consensus YSPTSPS) in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit (POLR2A) of RNA polymerase II. Serine-7 residues of the heptad repeats are also phosphorylated at promoters of snRNA genes (Egloff et al. 2007) and CDK7 is required for phosphorylation of serine-7 in vivo (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009). P-TEFb and DNA-PK are able to phosphorylate serine-7 in vitro (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009, Egloff et al. 2010). Impairment of CTD phosphorylation does not appear to affect transcription of snRNA genes but rather impairs 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Medlin et al. 2003, Jacobs et al. 2004).
R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome) The promoter of an snRNA gene binds the basal transcription factors TFIIA, TFIIB (GTF2B), TFIIE, and TFIIF (Bernues et al. 1993, Kuhlman et al. 1999). Rather than the TFIID complex found at promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, a unique complex containing TBP (Sadowski et al. 1993) and snTAFc is present at promoters of snRNA genes (Zaborowska et al. 2012). The P-TEFb complex is also observed at snRNA genes, however, it seems to play a role more in 3' processing than in elongation (Medlin et al. 2005). CDK7 is also present and phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009).
R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome) The protein phosphatase RPAP2 binds RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at serine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) (Egloff et al. 2012). RPRD1A and RPRD1B bind RNA polymerase II with RPAP2 and appear to act as scaffolds for the complex (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014).
R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome) The basal initiation factors TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TBP:snTAFc recruit unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II to the promoter of the (U1, U2, U4, U5) snRNA gene (Gunderson et al. 1990, Kuhlman et al. 1999, Zaborowska et al. 2012).
R-HSA-6810239 (Reactome) Transcription factors at the distal sequence element (DSE) recruit the SNAPc complex to bind the proximal sequence element (PSE) (Sadowski et al. 1993, Henry et al. 1995, Mittal et al. 1996, Ford and Hernandez 1997, Ford et al. 1998, Hovde et al. 2002, Jawdekar et al. 2006, James Faresse et al. 2012). Binding of SNAPc distinguishes snRNA promoters from promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, which have TATA or other elements rather than PSEs (Henry et al. 1995).
R-HSA-6814549 (Reactome) In an unknown order of events, RNA polymerase II initiates transcription and the Integrator complex (Baillat et al. 2005) and Little Elongation Complex (LEC, Hu et al. 2013) are recruited to phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Egloff et al. 2010). The Integrator complex interacts with RPAP2, which binds phosphoserine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and is required for recruitment of Integrator (Egloff et al. 2007, Egloff et al. 2012). RPAP2 interacts with the putative scaffold proteins RPRD1A and RPRD1B at the CTD (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and DSIF is required for recruitment of Integrator (Skaar et al. 2015). The Integrator complex does not seem to play a significant role in subsequent elongation of the pre-snRNA transcript but is critical for processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA.
R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome) Like RNA polymerase II at mRNA-encoding genes, RNA polymerase II at snRNA genes is believed to be dephosphorylated at the C-terminal domain (CTD) in order to begin another round of transcription. RNA polymerase II and factors bound to its C-terminal domain (CTD) dissociate and RNA polymerase II dissociates from the 3' end of the snRNA gene. The order of events is unclear.
R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome) Transcription of the pre-snRNA extends through a conserved region, the 3' box, and terminates downstream. The heterodimeric subunits INTS9 and INTS11 within the Integrator complex form an endoribonuclease that cleaves the pre-snRNA at a location 5' to the 3' box (Baillat et al. 2005, Abrecht and Wagner 2012, Skaar et al. 2015), releasing the capped snRNA bound to the cap binding complex. Factors that bind the 5' cap of the pre-snRNA enhance processing at the 3' end (Hallais et al. 2013) and polyadenlyation factors PCF11 and SKU72 are required for transcription termination (O'Reilly et al. 2014). The remainder of the transcript downstream of the cleavage site is presumably degraded by exoribonuclease.
R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome) A 7-methylguanosine triphosphate group is added to the 5' end of the pre-snRNA during transcription elongation (Mattaj 1986). The capping enzyme and cap methyltransferase involved in mRNA capping may also be responsible for this reaction. In the case of mRNA capping, the capping enzyme is targeted to the pre-mRNA by interaction with the phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (McCracken et al. 1997). During elongation, the phosphorylation pattern of the CTD also changes: serine-5 is dephosphorylated by RPAP2 (Egloff et al. 2012) interacting with RPRD1A and RPRD1B (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and serine-2 is phosphoryated by P-TEFb. Serine-7 is also phosphorylated, possibly, however the responsible kinase is not certain. The order of the capping and phosphorylation events is unknown.
R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome) As the capped pre-snRNA continues to be elongated, the CBCAP complex comprising NCBP1 (CBP80), NCBP2 (CBP20), SRRT (ARS2) and PHAX binds the 7-methylguanosine cap (Hallais et al. 2013). The CBCAP complex enhances 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Hallais et al. 2013) and participates in export of the snRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol, where the snRNA is further modified and assembled with proteins into pre-snRNPs.
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA genemim-catalysisR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPAP2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
SNAPcR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SP1R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
SRRTR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
SSU72ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
TBPR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIAR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIER-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIFR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
ZNF143R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
snTAFcR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
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