Fructose metabolism (Homo sapiens)

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5, 14, 19, 20, 22...7, 9, 20, 25, 26, 4210, 31, 3413, 17, 30, 328, 11, 18, 24, 27...4, 15, 24, 28, 29, 402, 12, 21, 23, 39...16cytosolGA3PKHK GlcSORD 3PDGADHAPMg2+ NADHALDOB tetramerFru 1-PNAD+FruDGAGLYCTKADPH+Vitamin D(calciferol)metabolismAKR1B1ATPGAALDOB ALDH1A1 H+H+ATPTKFC ADPH2OADPNADHATPH+Zn2+ NADPHSORD tetramerNADP+TKFC:2Mg2+ dimerNAD+ADPD-sorbitolALDH1A1 tetramerK+KHK dimer151306, 1713739325


Description

Fructose is found in fruits, is one of the components of the disaccharide sucrose, and is a widely used sweetener in processed foods. Dietary fructose is catabolized in the liver via fructose 1-phosphate to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which then are converted to pyruvate via steps of canonical glycolysis (Hers & Kusaka 1953; Sillero et al. 1969). Excessive dietary intake of fructose and its metabolism have been associated with major disease risks in humans, although this issue remains controversial (Kolderup & Svihus 2015; DiNicolantonio et al. 2015; Bray 2013; Mayes 1993; Rippe & Angelopoulos 2013; van Buul et al. 2013). Fructose can also be synthesized from glucose via the polyol pathway (Hers 1960; Oates 2008). This synthetic process provides the fructose found in seminal fluid and, in other tissues, can contribute to pathologies of diabetes. View original pathway at Reactome.

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Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 5652084
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 75
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: Cameselle, Jose Carlos, Ribeiro, Joao Meireles

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
115072view17:01, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113515view11:59, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112713view16:11, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101629view11:49, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101165view21:35, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100691view20:08, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100241view16:54, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99793view15:19, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99344view12:48, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93270view11:18, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
3PDGAMetaboliteCHEBI:58272 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:456216 (ChEBI)
AKR1B1ProteinP15121 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ALDH1A1 ProteinP00352 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ALDH1A1 tetramerComplexR-HSA-71689 (Reactome)
ALDOB ProteinP05062 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ALDOB tetramerComplexR-HSA-70340 (Reactome)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:30616 (ChEBI)
D-sorbitolMetaboliteCHEBI:17924 (ChEBI)
DGAMetaboliteCHEBI:32398 (ChEBI)
DHAPMetaboliteCHEBI:57642 (ChEBI)
Fru 1-PMetaboliteCHEBI:18105 (ChEBI)
FruMetaboliteCHEBI:15824 (ChEBI)
GA3PMetaboliteCHEBI:59776 (ChEBI)
GAMetaboliteCHEBI:17378 (ChEBI)
GLYCTKProteinQ8IVS8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GlcMetaboliteCHEBI:17925 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
K+MetaboliteCHEBI:29103 (ChEBI)
KHK ProteinP50053 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
KHK dimerComplexR-HSA-3006523 (Reactome)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
NAD+MetaboliteCHEBI:57540 (ChEBI)
NADHMetaboliteCHEBI:57945 (ChEBI)
NADP+MetaboliteCHEBI:18009 (ChEBI)
NADPHMetaboliteCHEBI:16474 (ChEBI)
SORD ProteinQ00796 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SORD tetramerComplexR-HSA-5652211 (Reactome)
TKFC ProteinQ3LXA3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TKFC:2Mg2+ dimerComplexR-HSA-5652070 (Reactome)
Vitamin D

(calciferol)

metabolism		PathwayR-HSA-196791 (Reactome) Vitamin D3 (VD3, cholecalciferol) is a steroid hormone that principally plays roles in regulating intestinal calcium absorption and in bone metabolism. It is obtained from the diet and produced in the skin by photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol and released into the bloodstream. Very few foods (eg. oily fish, mushrooms exposed to sunlight and cod liver oil) are natural sources of vitamin D. A small number of countries in the world artificially fortify a few foods with vitamin D. The metabolites of vitamin D are carried in the circulation bound to a plasma protein called vitamin D binding protein (GC) (for review see Delanghe et al. 2015, Chun 2012). Vitamin D undergoes two subsequent hydroxylations to form the active form of the vitamin, 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). The first hydroxylation takes place in the liver followed by subsequent transport to the kidney where the second hydroxylation takes place. 1,25(OH)2D acts by binding to nuclear vitamin D receptors (Neme et al. 2017) and it has been estimated that upwards of 2000 genes are directly or indirectly regulated which are involved in calcium homeostasis, immune responses, cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis (Hossein-nezhad et al. 2013, Hossein-nezhad & Holick 2013). Inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D occurs via C23/C24 oxidation catalysed by cytochrome CYP24A1 enzyme (Christakos et al. 2016).
Zn2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29105 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
3PDGAArrowR-HSA-6799495 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-6799495 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-70333 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-70349 (Reactome)
ADPTBarR-HSA-70333 (Reactome)
AKR1B1mim-catalysisR-HSA-5652172 (Reactome)
ALDH1A1 tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-6813749 (Reactome)
ALDOB tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-70342 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6799495 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-70333 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-70349 (Reactome)
D-sorbitolArrowR-HSA-5652172 (Reactome)
D-sorbitolR-HSA-5652195 (Reactome)
DGAArrowR-HSA-6813749 (Reactome)
DGAR-HSA-6799495 (Reactome)
DHAPArrowR-HSA-70342 (Reactome)
Fru 1-PArrowR-HSA-70333 (Reactome)
Fru 1-PR-HSA-70342 (Reactome)
FruArrowR-HSA-5652195 (Reactome)
FruR-HSA-70333 (Reactome)
GA3PArrowR-HSA-70349 (Reactome)
GAArrowR-HSA-70342 (Reactome)
GAR-HSA-6813749 (Reactome)
GAR-HSA-70349 (Reactome)
GLYCTKmim-catalysisR-HSA-6799495 (Reactome)
GlcR-HSA-5652172 (Reactome)
H+ArrowR-HSA-5652195 (Reactome)
H+ArrowR-HSA-6799495 (Reactome)
H+ArrowR-HSA-6813749 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-5652172 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-6813749 (Reactome)
K+ArrowR-HSA-70333 (Reactome)
KHK dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-70333 (Reactome)
NAD+R-HSA-5652195 (Reactome)
NAD+R-HSA-6813749 (Reactome)
NADHArrowR-HSA-5652195 (Reactome)
NADHArrowR-HSA-6813749 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-5652172 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-5652172 (Reactome)
R-HSA-5652172 (Reactome) Cytosolic AKR1B1 (aldose reductase) catalyzes the reaction of glucose (Glc) and NADPH + H+ to form D-sorbitol and NADP+. This reaction was first described by Hers (1960) in sheep seminal vesicles; the human enzyme was identified by Nishimura et al. (1990) and is a potential target for treatment of diabetic neuropathy (Oates, 2008). The active enzyme is a monomer (Ruiz et al. 2004) whose amino-terminal methionine residue has been removed (Jacquinod et al. 1993). Under physiological conditions, formation of D-sorbitol is strongly favored (Grimshaw 1992).
R-HSA-5652195 (Reactome) Cytosolic SORD (sorbitol dehydrogenase) catalyzes the reaction of D-sorbitol and NAD+ to form fructose (Fru) and NADH + H+. This reaction was first described by Hers (1960) in sheep seminal vesicles; the human enzyme was identified by O'Brien et al. (1983). The active enzyme is a tetramer with four associated Zn2+ ions (Pauly et al. 2003) whose amino-terminal methionine residue has been removed (Karlsson et al. 1989).
R-HSA-6799495 (Reactome) D-glyceric acid (DGA) is an intermediate of serine catabolism and of a minor pathway of fructose metabolism. The only known fate of DGA is phosphorylation to 3-phospho-D-glyceric acid (3PDGA) by cytosolic glycerate kinase (GLYCTK) (Gou et al. 2006). Defects in GLYCTK can cause D-glyceric aciduria (D-GA; MIM:220120), a rare inborn error of serine and fructose metabolism where DGA is excreted in large amounts in the urine. A variable phenotype is observed, ranging from severe mental retardation and death to milder speech delays and normal development (Van Schaftingen 1989, Sass et al. 2010).
R-HSA-6813749 (Reactome) Retinal dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1 tetramer) is a cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase that can oxidise glyceraldehyde (GA) to D-glycerate (DGA) (Yoval-Sanchez et al. 2013). DGA is a metabolite in a minor pathway of fructose catabolism and serine catabolism.
R-HSA-70333 (Reactome) Cytosolic ketohexokinase (KHK, also known as fructokinase) catalyzes the reaction of D-fructose (Fru) and ATP to form D-fructose 1-phosphate (Fru 1-P) and ADP. Two isoforms of the enzyme, A and C, are encoded by alternatively spliced forms of the gene; both form catalytically active dimers. The C isoform is predominant in liver and kidney tissues, has high affinity for fructose, and is probably responsible for the bulk of fructose phosphorylation in vivo (Asipu et al. 2003; Trinh et al. 2009). The A isoform is found in lower levels in many other tissues and may serve a role in fructose metabolism outside of liver and kidney (Funari et al. 2005). The physiological role of KHK has been established from metabolic and DNA sequencing studies of patients with essential fructosuria (Bonthron et al. 1994) and in mouse models for this disease (Diggle et al. 2010; Ishimoto et al. 2012).
R-HSA-70342 (Reactome) Cytosolic aldolase B (ALDOB) catalyzes the reaction of D-fructose 1-phosphate (Fru 1-P) to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and D-glyceraldehyde (GA) (Hers & Kusaka 1953; Schapira 1975). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Dalby et al. 2001). Deficiencies in the enzyme are associated with hereditary fructose intolerance in vivo (e.g., Tolan 1995; Ali et al. 1998).
ALDOB is the same aldolase isoform that catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis. This isoform, found in liver, kidney, and intestine, is approximately equally active with fructose 1 phosphate and fructose 1,6 bisphosphate as substrates at saturating concentrations, while the muscle and brain isoforms (ALDOA and ALDOC, respectively), have little activity with fructose-1-phosphate (Lebherz & Rutter 1969; Penhoet et el. 1969).
R-HSA-70349 (Reactome) Cytosolic dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) catalyzes the reaction of ATP and D-glyceraldehyde (GA) to form ADP and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P). This reaction was originally characterized in studies of guinea pig liver and human erythrocytes (Hers & Kusaka 1953; Beutler & Guinto 1973). The human enzyme has been cloned and studied (Cabezas et al. 2005; Rodrigues et al. 2014). DAK/TKFC also catalyzes the phosphorylation of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), not a necessary step in fructose catabolism, but possibly functional on exogenous DHA. Triokinase activities on GA and DHA require homodimeric enzyme formed by two-domain subunits, where triose binds to one subunit and ATP to the other, each in a different domain.
DAK/TKFC is a bifunctional enzyme which, besides the ATP/Mg-dependent phosphorylation of GA and DHA, also catalyses, in presence of Mn2+, a unisubstrate reaction splitting flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into riboflavin cyclic 4',5'-phosphate (cyclic FMN) and AMP (Cabezas et al. 2005; Rodrigues et al. 2014).
In addition, DAK/TKFC protein binds to MDA5 and acts as a negative regulator of MDA5-mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways (Diao et al. 2007). Potentially related to this TKFC effect are the observations that hepatic DAK/TKFC levels correlate with outcome in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with interferon (Perdomo et al. 2012), and that a DAK/TKFC serum peptide is a predictor of disease severity in hepatitis B patients (Xu et al. 2013).
SORD tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-5652195 (Reactome)
TKFC:2Mg2+ dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-70349 (Reactome)
Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP4039"
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