Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Homo sapiens)

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12, 17, 2347, 5119, 517, 21, 28, 40, 53373, 13, 16, 20, 29...5, 26, 2715, 50246, 1823, 41, 43, 4411, 3423, 41, 43, 4414, 21, 453, 13, 16, 20, 35...48877, 21, 28, 40, 5331, 382, 306, 1843, 13, 16, 20, 29...9, 522611, 3422, 2515, 501, 393, 13, 16, 20, 35...83214, 21, 45mitochondrial matrixcytosolmitochondrial intermembrane spacenucleoplasmTDP UTPdUMP CTPS tetramerAMPdUTP H2O2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate 2xHC-GLRXAK5 DUT-2 dATPADPGMP ATPL-GlnCDP 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate AP4ATPdGDP dCDP dCDP DHFdGTP UTP CMPK1 CDP (d)NDPsdUDP UMP GSR-2 dGDP dCDP GTP dADP AK1 NTPdADP CTPS2 tetramerdCMP NME1:NME3heterohexamer,NME2P1AK2RRM2 Mg2+ CDP NADP+NADPHATPADP dGTP dUDP DUT trimerNDPAMP PPi(d)CMP, UMPdGDP CDP ADPDCTPP1 tetramer2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (d)NTPNME2 (d)NDPsAK4(d)GMPDCTD hexamerdCMPADP (d)NDPGDP ADPdATP (d)GDPNME1,2 hexamersGDP AK8 TS dimer5idCTPRRM1 CMPK1 AK5,7,8,9CMPK1, AK1NME4 hexamerFAD TXNRD1 H2ONADP+2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate ATPTDP AK7 NUDT13TNXRD1:FAD dimerTXN(d)NMPsCTP dATP CTP H2ONDP(3-)TTP RRM1 Fe3+ ADPTDP Mg2+ TTP H2OCTPATPdCDP 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate dADP UDP ADPGDP ADPGUK1NADPHDCTPP1 NME1 dUTPNME2P1 ATPcytidine 5'-monophosphate DTYMK (d)NMPsCMP CDP ADP UDP CDP ATPCMP NME3 UTP AK6dUDP, TDPADPH+ADP dUDP GLRXFe3+ GSHTHFAK9 Adenylate KinaseH2O(d)NDPsADPPiADPdADP dUMP, TMPAP6A(d)NTPRNR (M1M2B)ATPdUMPRRM2B NH4+AMP dCDP CMP PPidADP ADPATPDCTD H2O2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate ATPUDP DTYMK dimerdNDP(3-)(d)AMPGSR-2:FAD dimerNDP(3-)TMPGTP dCDP CTPS2 (d)NDP2xHC-TXNATPATPdNDP(3-)H+(d)ADPNME4 (d)CDP, UDPATP5idCMPGSSGadenosine 5'-monophosphate L-GludCMP ADPdUMPdCTP NME1 H2OFAD dUTP TMP AK1 CTPS1 TYMS ADPdADP (d)NMPsRNR (M1M2)ADPAMP dCTP 10, 1814, 4581393, 132134510, 1847


Description

An array of kinases catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of nucleotide monophosphates to form nucleotide diphosphates and triphosphates.

Nucleoside monophosphate kinases catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of nucleoside and deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphosphates. Most appear to have restricted specificities for nucleoside monophosphates, and to use ATP preferentially (Van Rompay et al. 2000; Anderson 1973; Noda 1973). The total number of human enzymes that catalyze these reactions in vivo is not clear. In six cases, a well-defined biochemical activity has been associated with a purified protein, and these are annotated here. However, additional nucleoside monophosphate kinase-like human proteins have been identified in molecular cloning studies whose enzymatic activities are unknown, and several distinctive nucleoside monophosphate kinase activities detected in cell extracts, e.g., a GTP-requiring adenylate kinase activity (Wilson et al. 1976) and one or more guanylate kinase activities (Jamil et al. 1975) have not been unambiguously associated with specific human proteins.<P>The nucleoside monophosphates against which each of the six well-characterized enzymes is active is shown in the table (Van Rompay et al. 2000). All six efficiently use ATP as a phosphate donor, but have some activity with other nucleoside triphosphates as well in vitro. The high concentrations of ATP relative to other nucleoside triphosphates in vivo makes it the likely major phosphate donor in these reactions under most conditions.<P>All of these phosphorylation reactions are freely reversible in vitro when carried out with purified enzymes and substrates, having equilibrium constants near 1. In vivo, high ratios of ATP to ADP are likely to favor the forward direction of these reactions, i.e., the conversion of (d)NMP and ATP to (d)NDP and ADP. At the same time, the reversibility of the reactions and the overlapping substrate specificities of the enzymes raises the possibility that this group of reactions can buffer the intracellular nucleotide pool and regulate the relative concentrations of individual nucleotides in the pool: if any one molecule builds up to unusually high levels, multiple routes appear to be open not only to dispose of it but to use it to increase the supply of less abundant nucleotides.<p>Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates from ribonucleotide diphosphates. View original pathway at Reactome.</div>

Comments

Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 499943
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 75
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: D'Eustachio, Peter

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114903view16:41, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113348view11:42, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112557view15:52, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101471view11:33, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101009view21:13, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100545view19:47, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100093view16:32, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99643view15:03, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99245view12:44, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93348view11:21, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
(d)ADPComplexR-ALL-500087 (Reactome)
(d)AMPComplexR-ALL-500088 (Reactome)
(d)CDP, UDPComplexR-ALL-500006 (Reactome)
(d)CMP, UMPComplexR-ALL-500009 (Reactome)
(d)GDPComplexR-ALL-500077 (Reactome)
(d)GMPComplexR-ALL-500071 (Reactome)
(d)NDPComplexR-ALL-482627 (Reactome)
(d)NDPComplexR-ALL-482803 (Reactome)
(d)NDPsComplexR-ALL-6788782 (Reactome)
(d)NDPsComplexR-ALL-6788801 (Reactome)
(d)NDPsComplexR-ALL-6788807 (Reactome)
(d)NMPsComplexR-ALL-6788778 (Reactome)
(d)NMPsComplexR-ALL-6788802 (Reactome)
(d)NMPsComplexR-ALL-6788813 (Reactome)
(d)NTPComplexR-ALL-482625 (Reactome)
(d)NTPComplexR-ALL-482807 (Reactome)
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:17713 (ChEBI)
2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:15918 (ChEBI)
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:16192 (ChEBI)
2xHC-GLRXProteinP35754 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
2xHC-TXNProteinP10599 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
5idCMPMetaboliteCHEBI:43263 (ChEBI)
5idCTPMetaboliteCHEBI:86351 (ChEBI)
ADP MetaboliteCHEBI:456216 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:456216 (ChEBI)
AK1 ProteinP00568 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AK2ProteinP54819 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AK4ProteinP27144 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AK5 ProteinQ9Y6K8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AK5,7,8,9ComplexR-HSA-6788790 (Reactome)
AK6ProteinQ9Y3D8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AK7 ProteinQ96M32 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AK8 ProteinQ96MA6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AK9 ProteinQ5TCS8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AMP MetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
AMPMetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
AP4MetaboliteCHEBI:58450 (ChEBI)
AP6AMetaboliteCHEBI:63689 (ChEBI)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:30616 (ChEBI)
Adenylate KinaseComplexR-HSA-2975820 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
CDP MetaboliteCHEBI:17239 (ChEBI)
CMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17361 (ChEBI)
CMPK1 ProteinP30085 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CMPK1, AK1ComplexR-HSA-3656537 (Reactome) This CandidateSet contains sequences identified by William Pearson's analysis of Reactome catalyst entities. Catalyst entity sequences were used to identify analagous sequences that shared overall homology and active site homology. Sequences in this Candidate set were identified in an April 24, 2012 analysis.
CTP MetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
CTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
CTPS tetramerComplexR-HSA-504052 (Reactome)
CTPS1 ProteinP17812 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTPS2 ProteinQ9NRF8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTPS2 tetramerComplexR-HSA-504058 (Reactome)
DCTD ProteinP32321 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DCTD hexamerComplexR-HSA-500740 (Reactome)
DCTPP1 ProteinQ9H773 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DCTPP1 tetramerComplexR-HSA-6786258 (Reactome)
DHFMetaboliteCHEBI:15633 (ChEBI)
DTYMK ProteinP23919 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DTYMK dimerComplexR-HSA-73497 (Reactome)
DUT trimerComplexR-HSA-500745 (Reactome)
DUT-2 ProteinP33316-2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
FAD MetaboliteCHEBI:16238 (ChEBI)
Fe3+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29034 (ChEBI)
GDP MetaboliteCHEBI:17552 (ChEBI)
GLRXProteinP35754 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17345 (ChEBI)
GSHMetaboliteCHEBI:16856 (ChEBI)
GSR-2 ProteinP00390-2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GSR-2:FAD dimerComplexR-HSA-71680 (Reactome)
GSSGMetaboliteCHEBI:17858 (ChEBI)
GTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
GUK1ProteinQ16774 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
L-GlnMetaboliteCHEBI:58359 (ChEBI)
L-GluMetaboliteCHEBI:29985 (ChEBI)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
NADP+MetaboliteCHEBI:18009 (ChEBI)
NADPHMetaboliteCHEBI:16474 (ChEBI)
NDP(3-)MetaboliteCHEBI:57930 (ChEBI)
NDPMetaboliteCHEBI:16862 (ChEBI)
NH4+MetaboliteCHEBI:28938 (ChEBI)
NME1 ProteinP15531 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NME1,2 hexamersComplexR-HSA-482610 (Reactome)
NME1:NME3

heterohexamer,

NME2P1
ComplexR-HSA-9605527 (Reactome)
NME2 ProteinP22392 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NME2P1 ProteinO60361 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NME3 ProteinQ13232 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NME4 ProteinO00746 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NME4 hexamerComplexR-HSA-110636 (Reactome)
NTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17326 (ChEBI)
NUDT13ProteinQ86X67 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPiMetaboliteCHEBI:29888 (ChEBI)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:43474 (ChEBI)
RNR (M1M2)ComplexR-HSA-73640 (Reactome)
RNR (M1M2B)ComplexR-HSA-111795 (Reactome)
RRM1 ProteinP23921 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RRM2 ProteinP31350 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RRM2B ProteinQ7LG56 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TDP MetaboliteCHEBI:18075 (ChEBI)
THFMetaboliteCHEBI:15635 (ChEBI)
TMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17013 (ChEBI)
TMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17013 (ChEBI)
TNXRD1:FAD dimerComplexR-HSA-73532 (Reactome)
TS dimerComplexR-HSA-73519 (Reactome)
TTP MetaboliteCHEBI:18077 (ChEBI)
TXNProteinP10599 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TXNRD1 ProteinQ16881 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TYMS ProteinP04818 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UDP MetaboliteCHEBI:17659 (ChEBI)
UMP MetaboliteCHEBI:16695 (ChEBI)
UTP MetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
UTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
adenosine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
cytidine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:17361 (ChEBI)
dADP MetaboliteCHEBI:16174 (ChEBI)
dATP MetaboliteCHEBI:16284 (ChEBI)
dATPMetaboliteCHEBI:16284 (ChEBI)
dCDP MetaboliteCHEBI:28846 (ChEBI)
dCMP MetaboliteCHEBI:15918 (ChEBI)
dCMPMetaboliteCHEBI:15918 (ChEBI)
dCTP MetaboliteCHEBI:16311 (ChEBI)
dGDP MetaboliteCHEBI:28862 (ChEBI)
dGTP MetaboliteCHEBI:16497 (ChEBI)
dNDP(3-)MetaboliteCHEBI:73316 (ChEBI)
dUDP MetaboliteCHEBI:28850 (ChEBI)
dUDP, TDPComplexR-ALL-499999 (Reactome)
dUMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17622 (ChEBI)
dUMP, TMPComplexR-ALL-499997 (Reactome)
dUMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17622 (ChEBI)
dUTP MetaboliteCHEBI:17625 (ChEBI)
dUTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17625 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
(d)ADPArrowR-HSA-74220 (Reactome)
(d)ADPR-HSA-110141 (Reactome)
(d)AMPArrowR-HSA-110141 (Reactome)
(d)AMPR-HSA-74220 (Reactome)
(d)CDP, UDPArrowR-HSA-73548 (Reactome)
(d)CDP, UDPR-HSA-75125 (Reactome)
(d)CMP, UMPArrowR-HSA-75125 (Reactome)
(d)CMP, UMPR-HSA-73548 (Reactome)
(d)GDPArrowR-HSA-73788 (Reactome)
(d)GDPR-HSA-110133 (Reactome)
(d)GMPArrowR-HSA-110133 (Reactome)
(d)GMPR-HSA-73788 (Reactome)
(d)NDPArrowR-HSA-482621 (Reactome)
(d)NDPArrowR-HSA-482812 (Reactome)
(d)NDPR-HSA-482619 (Reactome)
(d)NDPR-HSA-482804 (Reactome)
(d)NDPsArrowR-HSA-110138 (Reactome)
(d)NDPsArrowR-HSA-6788798 (Reactome)
(d)NDPsArrowR-HSA-6788810 (Reactome)
(d)NDPsR-HSA-110137 (Reactome)
(d)NMPsArrowR-HSA-110137 (Reactome)
(d)NMPsR-HSA-110138 (Reactome)
(d)NMPsR-HSA-6788798 (Reactome)
(d)NMPsR-HSA-6788810 (Reactome)
(d)NTPArrowR-HSA-482619 (Reactome)
(d)NTPArrowR-HSA-482804 (Reactome)
(d)NTPR-HSA-482621 (Reactome)
(d)NTPR-HSA-482812 (Reactome)
2xHC-GLRXArrowR-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
2xHC-GLRXArrowR-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
2xHC-GLRXR-HSA-111746 (Reactome)
2xHC-GLRXmim-catalysisR-HSA-111746 (Reactome)
2xHC-TXNArrowR-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
2xHC-TXNArrowR-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
2xHC-TXNR-HSA-73646 (Reactome)
5idCMPArrowR-HSA-6786257 (Reactome)
5idCTPR-HSA-6786257 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-110138 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-110145 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-482619 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-482804 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-6788798 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-6788810 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-6806877 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-6810472 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-73548 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-73635 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-73788 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-74220 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-110133 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-110137 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-110141 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-110144 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-482621 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-482812 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-75125 (Reactome)
ADPR-HSA-75126 (Reactome)
AK2mim-catalysisR-HSA-110144 (Reactome)
AK2mim-catalysisR-HSA-110145 (Reactome)
AK4mim-catalysisR-HSA-6788798 (Reactome)
AK5,7,8,9mim-catalysisR-HSA-110137 (Reactome)
AK5,7,8,9mim-catalysisR-HSA-110138 (Reactome)
AK6mim-catalysisR-HSA-6788810 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-110144 (Reactome)
AMPR-HSA-110145 (Reactome)
AP4ArrowR-HSA-6810472 (Reactome)
AP6AR-HSA-6810472 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-110133 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-110137 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-110141 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-110144 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-482621 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-482812 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-75125 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-75126 (Reactome)
ATPArrowR-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-110138 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-110145 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-482619 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-482804 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6788798 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6788810 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6806877 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-73548 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-73635 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-73788 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-74220 (Reactome)
Adenylate Kinasemim-catalysisR-HSA-110141 (Reactome)
Adenylate Kinasemim-catalysisR-HSA-74220 (Reactome)
CMPK1, AK1mim-catalysisR-HSA-73548 (Reactome)
CMPK1, AK1mim-catalysisR-HSA-75125 (Reactome)
CTPArrowR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
CTPArrowR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
CTPS tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
CTPS2 tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
DCTD hexamermim-catalysisR-HSA-73596 (Reactome)
DCTPP1 tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-6786257 (Reactome)
DHFArrowR-HSA-73605 (Reactome)
DTYMK dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-73635 (Reactome)
DTYMK dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-75126 (Reactome)
DUT trimermim-catalysisR-HSA-73666 (Reactome)
GLRXArrowR-HSA-111746 (Reactome)
GLRXR-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
GLRXR-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
GSHArrowR-HSA-71682 (Reactome)
GSHR-HSA-111746 (Reactome)
GSR-2:FAD dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-71682 (Reactome)
GSSGArrowR-HSA-111746 (Reactome)
GSSGR-HSA-71682 (Reactome)
GUK1mim-catalysisR-HSA-110133 (Reactome)
GUK1mim-catalysisR-HSA-73788 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-71682 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-73646 (Reactome)
H2OArrowR-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
H2OArrowR-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
H2OArrowR-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
H2OArrowR-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-6786257 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-6810472 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-73596 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-73666 (Reactome)
L-GlnR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
L-GlnR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
L-GluArrowR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
L-GluArrowR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-71682 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-73646 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-71682 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-73646 (Reactome)
NDP(3-)R-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
NDP(3-)R-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
NDP(3-)R-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
NDP(3-)R-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
NDPR-HSA-6806877 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowR-HSA-73596 (Reactome)
NME1,2 hexamersmim-catalysisR-HSA-482619 (Reactome)
NME1,2 hexamersmim-catalysisR-HSA-482621 (Reactome)
NME1:NME3

heterohexamer,

NME2P1
mim-catalysisR-HSA-6806877 (Reactome)
NME4 hexamermim-catalysisR-HSA-482804 (Reactome)
NME4 hexamermim-catalysisR-HSA-482812 (Reactome)
NTPArrowR-HSA-6806877 (Reactome)
NUDT13mim-catalysisR-HSA-6810472 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-6786257 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-73666 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
R-HSA-110133 (Reactome) Cytosolic guanylate kinase 1 (GUK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of GDP and dGDP with ADP to form GMP and dGMP respectively and ATP. While native gel electrophoretic studies of whole cell extracts suggested the existence of multiple human enzymes with guanylate kinase activity (Jamil et al. 1975), only one has been purified and biochemically characterized (Agarwal et al. 1978; Brady et al. 1996). The enzyme is of clinical importance as it is a target of antitumor drugs and antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Miller and Miller 1980).
R-HSA-110137 (Reactome) Cytosolic adenylate kinase 5 [AK5] catalyzes the reactions of (d)ADP and (d)CDP with ADP to form (d)AMP and (d)CMP, respectively, and ATP. In the body AK5 expression was observed only in brain of nine tissues tested by Northern blotting (Van Rompay et al. 1999). AK5 is inferred to occur as a dimer from unpublished crystallographic data obtained for the catalytically active carboxyterminal third of the protein (PDB 2BWJ).
R-HSA-110138 (Reactome) Adenylate kinases (AKs) are nucleoside monophosphate kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of AMP by using ATP or GTP as phosphate donors. AKs are thus involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides. CMP, dCMP and dAMP are other substrates phosphorylated with less efficiency by AKs. Cytosolic adenylate kinases 5, 7, 8 and 9 (AK5, 7, 8 and 9) catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of (d)AMP and (d)CMP with ATP to form (d)ADP and (d)CDP, respectively, and ADP. When GTP is the phosphate donor, only AMP and CMP are efficiently phosphorylated (Panayiotou et al. 2011, Amiri et al. 2013). In the body AK5 expression was observed only in brain of nine tissues tested by Northern blotting (Van Rompay et al. 1999). AK5 is inferred to occur as a dimer from unpublished crystallographic data obtained for the catalytically active carboxyterminal third of the protein (PDB 2BWJ).
R-HSA-110141 (Reactome) Cytosolic adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of ADP and dADP with ADP to form AMP and dAMP respectively, plus ATP (Tsuboi 1978; Matsuura et al. 1989).
R-HSA-110144 (Reactome) Mitochondrial adenylate kinase 2 (AK2) catalyzes the reaction of two molecules of ADP to form AMP and ATP (Hamade et al. 1982). Localization of AK2 specifically to the mitochondrial intermembrane space is inferred from studies of the homologous rat enzyme (Criss 1970).
R-HSA-110145 (Reactome) Mitochondrial adenylate kinase 2 (AK2) catalyzes the reaction of AMP and ATP to form two molecules of ADP (Hamade et al. 1982). Localization of AK2 specifically to the mitochondrial intermembrane space is inferred from studies of the homologous rat enzyme (Criss 1970).
R-HSA-111742 (Reactome) Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR (M1M2)) catalyzes the reduction of adenine, guanine, cytidine, and uridine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates (NDPs) to form the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates, coupled to the oxidation of glutaredoxin (Eklund et al. 2001). The enzyme complex is cytosolic (Pontarin et al. 2008). The form of ribonucleotide reductase annotated here is a tetramer of two large (M1) and two small (M2) subunits (Zhou et al. 2005). Expression of RNR (M1M2) is confined to the S phase of the cell cycle by restriction of the expression of the M1 gene and by degradation of the M1 gene product at the end of S phase. The overall activity of the enzyme is regulated allosterically: ATP binding is stimulatory while dATP binding is inhibitory (Reichard et al. 2000).

The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.

R-HSA-111746 (Reactome) Cytosolic glutaredoxin (oxidized) and glutathione (reduced) react to form glutaredoxin (reduced) and glutathione (oxidized) (Padilla et al. 1995).
R-HSA-111751 (Reactome) Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR (M1M2)) catalyzes the reduction of adenine, guanine, cytidine, and uridine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates (NDPs) to form the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates, coupled to the oxidation of thioredoxin (Eklund et al. 2001). The enzyme complex is cytosolic (Pontarin et al. 2008). The form of ribonucleotide reductase annotated here is a tetramer of two large (M1) and two small (M2) subunits (Zhou et al. 2005). Expression of RNR (M1M2) is confined to the S phase of the cell cycle by restriction of the expression of the M1 gene and by degradation of the M1 gene product at the end of S phase. The overall activity of the enzyme is regulated allosterically: ATP binding is stimulatory while dATP binding is inhibitory (Reichard et al. 2000).

The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.

R-HSA-111804 (Reactome) Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR (M1M2B)) catalyzes the reduction of adenine, guanine, cytidine, and uridine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates (NDPs) to form the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates, coupled to the oxidation of thioredoxin (Eklund et al. 2001). The enzyme complex is cytosolic (Pontarin et al. 2008). The form of ribonucleotide reductase annotated here is a tetramer of two large (M1) and two small (M2B) subunits (Shao et al. 2004; Zhou et al. 2005). M2B protein is stable throughout the cell cycle, unlike M2, and is induced by TP53 (Guittet et al. 2001; Tanaka et al. 2000). The RNR (M1M2B) complex can thus provide dNDPs for DNA repair in interphase and quiescent cells. Studies of mitochondrial instability in cells from patients deficient in M2 protein indicate that RNR (M1M2B) likewise provides dNDPs for mitochondrial DNA replication (Pontarin et al. 2012). The overall activity of the enzyme is regulated allosterically: ATP binding is stimulatory while dATP binding is inhibitory (Reichard et al. 2000).

The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.

R-HSA-482619 (Reactome) Cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinases catalyze the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ATP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and ADP. These kinases are ubiquitously expressed enzymes with broad substrate specificities (Berg and Joklik 1954; Parks and Agarwal 1973). Three human cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinase proteins, NME1, 2, and 3, have been characterized biochemically (Gilles et al. 1991; Schaertl et al. 1998; Erent et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2003). All are catalytically active as hexamers: homohexamers of NME1, 2, and 3 have been described, as have heterohexamers containing all possible combinations of NME1 and 2 (Gilles et al. 1991; Erent et al. 2001).

While cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinases can efficiently use several nucleotide triphosphates as a phosphate donor, the high concentrations of ATP relative to other nucleoside triphosphates in vivo makes it the likely major phosphate donor in these reactions and only reactions with ATP as the phosphate donor are annotated. All of these phosphorylation reactions are freely reversible in vitro (Parks and Agarwal 1973; Schaertl et al. 1998), but the high ratio of ATP to ADP concentrations in the cytosol should favor the conversion of (d)NDP and ATP to (d)NTP and ADP.

R-HSA-482621 (Reactome) Cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinases catalyze the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ADP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphosphates and ATP. These kinases are ubiquitously expressed enzymes with broad substrate specificities (Berg and Joklik 1954; Parks and Agarwal 1973). Three human cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinase proteins, NME1, 2, and 3, have been characterized biochemically (Gilles et al. 1991; Schaertl et al. 1998; Erent et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2003). All are catalytically active as hexamers: homohexamers of NME1, 2, and 3 have been described, as have heterohexamers containing all possible combinations of NME1 and 2 (Gilles et al. 1991; Erent et al. 2001).

While the high ratio of ATP to ADP concentrations in the cytosol normally favors the conversion of (d)NDP and ATP to (d)NTP and ADP, the reversibility of the reactions and the overlapping substrate specificities of the enzymes suggest that this group of reverse reactions can buffer the intracellular nucleotide pool and regulate the relative concentrations of individual nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates in the pool.

R-HSA-482804 (Reactome) Nucleoside diphosphate kinase NME4 associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane (Tokarska-Schlattner et al. 2008) catalyzes the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ATP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and ADP. The active form of the enzyme is a hexamer of NME4 polypeptides whose amino-terminal 33 residues, a mitochondrial translocation signal, have been removed (Milon et al. 2000). The substrate specificity of NME4 has not been examined in detail but is inferred to be broad like that of the homologous NME1, 2, and 3 kinases (Schaertl et al. 1998).
R-HSA-482812 (Reactome) Nucleoside diphosphate kinase NME4 associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane (Tokarska-Schlattner et al. 2008) catalyzes the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ADP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphosphates and ATP. The active form of the enzyme is a hexamer of NME4 polypeptides whose amino-terminal 33 residues, a mitochondrial translocation signal, have been removed (Milon et al. 2000). The substrate specificity of NME4 has not been examined in detail, but is inferred to be broad like that of the homologous NME1, 2, and 3 kinases (Schaertl et al. 1998).
R-HSA-504054 (Reactome) Cytosolic CTP synthase 2 (CTPS) catalyzes the reaction of UTP, glutamine, ATP and water to form CTP, glutamate, ADP, and orthophosphate (Han et al. 2005; van Kuilenberg et al. 2000). Unpublished X-ray crystallographic data suggest that the enzyme is a tetramer (PDB 3IHL). Both CTPS2 and a second human gene product, CPTS, have CTP synthase activity in various test systems; their relative contributions to CTP metabolism in the body is not clear.
R-HSA-6786257 (Reactome) Human dCTP pyrophosphatase 1 (DCTPP1) is a cytosolic enzyme able to hydrolyse deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to their corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. DCTPP1 probably plays a role in protecting DNA or RNA against the incorporation of modified nucleotide triphosphates. Based on mouse studies, Dctpp1 has strong preference for modified dCTPs, with highest activity shown towards 5-iodo-dCTP (5idCTP) (Nonaka et al. 2009). Crystal structures of mouse Dctpp1 suggest it functions as a homotetramer and requires two or three Mg2+ ions per subunit (Wu et al. 2007).
R-HSA-6788798 (Reactome) Adenylate kinases (AKs) are nucleoside monophosphate kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of AMP by using ATP or GTP as phosphate donors. AKs are thus involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides. CMP, dCMP and dAMP are other substrates phosphorylated with less efficiency by AKs. When GTP is the phosphate donor, only AMP and CMP are efficiently phosphorylated. Adenylate kinase 4 (AK4) can mediate nucleotide homeostasis in the mitochondrion (Panayiotou et al. 2010).
R-HSA-6788810 (Reactome) Adenylate kinases (AKs) are nucleoside monophosphate kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of AMP by using ATP or GTP as phosphate donors. AKs are thus involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides. CMP, dCMP and dAMP are other substrates phosphorylated with less efficiency by AKs. When GTP is the phosphate donor, only AMP and CMP are efficiently phosphorylated. Adenylate kinase 6 (AK6) is thought to mediate nucleotide homeostasis in the nucleoplasm (Ren et al. 2005).
R-HSA-6806877 (Reactome) Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NMEs) play an important role in the reversible phosphorylation of nuceloside diphosphates (NDP) other than ADP to form nuceloside triphosphates (NTP). The gamma phosphate of ATP is transferred to the beta phosphate on NDP via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3 (NME3, aka nm23-H3) can readily form mixed hexamers with NME1, consistent with well-characterised NME family members. The overexpression of the NME3 gene inhibits differentiation and induces the apoptosis of myeloid precursor cell lines (Erent et al. 2001). A putative nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NME2P1) is proposed to perform the same NDPK function as NME1:NME3 heterohexamer based on sequence similarity.
R-HSA-6810472 (Reactome) Mitochondrial Nudix hydrolase 13 (NUDT13) is able to hydrolyse long-chain diadenosine polyphosphates such as diadenosine hexaphosphate (AP6A) to ADP and adenosine tetraphosphate (AP4). Human NUDT13 activity is inferred from Nudt13 activity in Arabidopsis thaliana (Olejnik et al. 2007). Diadenosine polyphosphates play a role in the cardiovascular system with potential involvement in mediating the pathophysiological effects associated with platelet activation during myocardial ischaemia.
R-HSA-71682 (Reactome) Cytosolic glutathione reductase catalyzes the reaction of glutathione (oxidized) and NADPH + H+ to form two molecules of glutathione (reduced) and NADP+ (Scott et al. 1963, Loos et al. 1976). Deficiency of glutathione reductase can cause hemolytic anemia.
R-HSA-73548 (Reactome) Cytosolic UMP-CMP kinase (CMPK1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of CMP, dCMP, or UMP and ATP to form CDP, dCDP, or UDP and ADP (Liou et al. 2002; Scott and Wright 1979).
R-HSA-73596 (Reactome) Cytosolic deoxycytidylate deaminase (DCTD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of dCMP (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate) to yield dUMP (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate) and ammonia. The active enzyme is a homohexamer (Maley et al. 1993; Weiner et al. 1993; unpublished crystallography data - PDB 2W4L).
R-HSA-73605 (Reactome) Cytosolic thymidylate synthase catalyzes the reaction of dUMP and N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate to form TMP and dihydrofolate (Davisson et al. 1989). The enzyme is a homodimer (Phan et al. 2001).
R-HSA-73635 (Reactome) Cytosolic deoxythymidylate kinase (DTYMK) catalyzes the reversible reaction of either dUMP or TMP with ATP to form dUDP or TDP. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Lee and Cheng 1977).
R-HSA-73646 (Reactome) Cytosolic thioredoxin reductase catalyzes the reaction of thioredoxin, oxidized and NADPH + H+ to form thioredoxin, reduced and NADP+ (Urig et al. 2006).
R-HSA-73647 (Reactome) Cytosolic CTP synthase 1 (CTPS) catalyzes the reaction of UTP, glutamine, ATP and water to form CTP, glutamate, ADP, and orthophosphate (Han et al. 2005). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Kursala et al. 2006). Both CTPS and a second human gene product, CPTS2, have CTP synthase activity in various test systems; their relative contributions to CTP metabolism in the body is not clear.
R-HSA-73666 (Reactome) Deoxyuridine triphosphatase (DUT) catalyzes the hydrolysis of dUTP to form dUMP and pyrophosphate. Two isoforms of DUT are expressed, generated by alternative splicing. The major one, annotated here, is localized to the nucleoplasm (Ladner et al. 1996). The enzyme is a homotrimer (Mol et al. 1996). In the cell, this reaction depletes the supply of dUTP, preventing its incorporation into DNA, while generating dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides.
R-HSA-73788 (Reactome) Cytosolic guanylate kinase 1 (GUK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of GMP and dGMP with ATP to form GDP and dGDP respectively and ADP. While native gel electrophoretic studies of whole cell extracts suggested the existence of multiple human enzymes with guanylate kinase activity (Jamil et al. 1975), only one has been purified and biochemically characterized (Agarwal et al. 1978; Brady et al. 1996). The enzyme is of clinical importance as it is a target of antitumor drugs and antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Miller and Miller 1980).
R-HSA-74220 (Reactome) Cytosolic adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of AMP and dAMP with ATP to form ADP and dADP respectively, plus ADP (Tsuboi 1978; Matsuura et al. 1989).
R-HSA-75125 (Reactome) Cytosolic UMP-CMP kinase (CMPK1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of CDP, dCDP, or UDP and ADP to form CMP, dCMP, or UMP and ATP (Liou et al. 2002; Scott and Wright 1979).
R-HSA-75126 (Reactome) Cytosolic deoxythymidylate kinase (DTYMK) catalyzes the reversible reaction of either dUDP or TDP with ADP to form dUMP or TMP. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Lee and Cheng 1977).
R-HSA-8866405 (Reactome) Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR (M1M2B)) catalyzes the reduction of adenine, guanine, cytidine, and uridine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates (NDPs) to form the corresponding deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates, coupled to the oxidation of glutaredoxin (Eklund et al. 2001). The enzyme complex is cytosolic (Pontarin et al. 2008). The form of ribonucleotide reductase annotated here is a tetramer of two large (M1) and two small (M2B) subunits (Shao et al. 2004; Zhou et al. 2005). M2B protein is stable throughout the cell cycle, unlike M2, and is induced by TP53 (Guittet et al. 2001; Tanaka et al. 2000). The RNR (M1M2B) complex can thus provide dNDPs for DNA repair in interphase and quiescent cells. Studies of mitochondrial instability in cells from patients deficient in M2 protein indicate that RNR (M1M2B) likewise provides dNDPs for mitochondrial DNA replication (Pontarin et al. 2012). The overall activity of the enzyme is regulated allosterically: ATP binding is stimulatory while dATP binding is inhibitory (Reichard et al. 2000).

The reducing equivalents needed for ribonucleotide reductase activity can be provided by either of two small proteins, glutaredoxin or thioredoxin (Holmgren 1989; Sun et al. 1998; Zahedi Avval & Holmgren 2009). Both are re-reduced with NADPH as the donor of reducing equivalents. The relative contributions of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin in vivo are unknown.

RNR (M1M2)mim-catalysisR-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
RNR (M1M2)mim-catalysisR-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
RNR (M1M2B)mim-catalysisR-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
RNR (M1M2B)mim-catalysisR-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
THFR-HSA-73605 (Reactome)
TMPArrowR-HSA-73605 (Reactome)
TNXRD1:FAD dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-73646 (Reactome)
TS dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-73605 (Reactome)
TXNArrowR-HSA-73646 (Reactome)
TXNR-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
TXNR-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-504054 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-73647 (Reactome)
dATPTBarR-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
dATPTBarR-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
dATPTBarR-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
dATPTBarR-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
dCMPR-HSA-73596 (Reactome)
dNDP(3-)ArrowR-HSA-111742 (Reactome)
dNDP(3-)ArrowR-HSA-111751 (Reactome)
dNDP(3-)ArrowR-HSA-111804 (Reactome)
dNDP(3-)ArrowR-HSA-8866405 (Reactome)
dUDP, TDPArrowR-HSA-73635 (Reactome)
dUDP, TDPR-HSA-75126 (Reactome)
dUMP, TMPArrowR-HSA-75126 (Reactome)
dUMP, TMPR-HSA-73635 (Reactome)
dUMPArrowR-HSA-73596 (Reactome)
dUMPArrowR-HSA-73666 (Reactome)
dUMPR-HSA-73605 (Reactome)
dUTPR-HSA-73666 (Reactome)

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