Nucleotide salvage (Homo sapiens)

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92, 16, 294, 14, 32, 35, 40...22, 31, 47233, 15, 17, 1822, 31, 4716, 2950, 54, 5619-215, 7, 3032, 35, 426, 28, 55454824, 381, 16, 29, 3633, 4912, 13, 26, 51398, 11, 25, 26, 37...27cytosolmitochondrial matrixH2OADPGMP, IMPCMP Ura-Rib AMP NP trimerADPAPRT dimerATPdA ADPDGUOK Thy ADAL:ZnATPPi(d)AMPAPRT GMPR dA, dG, dI2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate dU TK1 Zn2+ dCMP, TMP, dUMPR1P N6-methyl-AMPGMPThy-dRib ATP(d)CMPMg2+ AdePidA Gua, HypCDA tetramerDGUOK dimerTYMP dimerH2OPURIDNADP+GMPR tetramersdU NH4+methylamineMg2+ AMPD3 dC UraIno, dIdG 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate dI HDHD1 Hyp HypdA, dGTK2AMPdAMP, dGMP, dIMPdIMP TYMP Mg2+ UMP UCK2 tetramerdI TMP H2OPPiAde-Rib, dACyt-Rib, Ura-RibIno ATP2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate Gua R1P IMP Zn2+ NH4+PURIDPH2OCyt-Rib, dCNH4+Thy, UradU5MP Mg2+ Ura AMPD tetramersdU dC, Thy-dRib, dUDCK ADPUCK 2 CDA dG dRibP UCKL1TMPGMPR2 (d)UraCMP, UMPdRibP ATPPRPPNADPHR1P, dRibPIMPCyt-Rib AMPD2 UPP1, UPP2ADPUPP2 Mg2+ dI dRibPdU UCK1 Ura-Rib 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate dCMP GuaUPP1 Cyt-Rib G, dGH+TK1 tetramerdA Ino, dIHGPRT tetramerNH4+DCK dimerADPATPHDHD1:Mg2+HPRT1 Ura-Rib Ino UCK1 tetramerIMP(d)UraATPThy-dRib PNP dG Thy-Rib, dUR1P, dRibPdAMP, dGMPDCK ADAADPdC DCK dimerADKADAL GMP Gua-Rib Ade-Rib 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate ADK PiCMP Thy-dRibAMPD1 5, 303522, 471020, 34453332, 42, 463544178132, 42, 4643, 53


Description

Nucleosides and free bases generated by RNA and DNA breakdown are converted back to nucleotide monophosphates, allowing them to re-enter the pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis and interconversion. Under normal conditions, DNA turnover is limited and deoxyribonucleotide salvage operates at a correspondingly low level (Watts 1974). View original pathway at Reactome.

Comments

Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 8956321
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 75
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: Jassal, Bijay

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
115065view17:01, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113509view11:58, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112709view16:10, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101624view11:49, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101160view21:35, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100686view20:08, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100236view16:53, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99788view15:18, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99339view12:47, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
97319view14:41, 9 May 2018Lorasimonsconnect lines
97318view14:32, 9 May 2018Lorasimonsconnect lines
93456view11:24, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
(d)AMPComplexR-ALL-500088 (Reactome)
(d)CMPComplexR-ALL-500828 (Reactome)
(d)UraComplexR-ALL-500430 (Reactome)
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:17713 (ChEBI)
2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:15918 (ChEBI)
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate MetaboliteCHEBI:16192 (ChEBI)
ADAL ProteinQ6DHV7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADAL:ZnComplexR-HSA-2161178 (Reactome)
ADAProteinP00813 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADK ProteinP55263 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ADKComplexR-HSA-76542 (Reactome)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:456216 (ChEBI)
AMP MetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
AMPMetaboliteCHEBI:16027 (ChEBI)
AMPD tetramersComplexR-HSA-500235 (Reactome)
AMPD1 ProteinP23109 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AMPD2 ProteinQ01433 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
AMPD3 ProteinQ01432 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APRT ProteinP07741 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
APRT dimerComplexR-HSA-74211 (Reactome)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:30616 (ChEBI)
Ade-Rib MetaboliteCHEBI:16335 (ChEBI)
Ade-Rib, dAComplexR-ALL-500173 (Reactome)
AdeMetaboliteCHEBI:16708 (ChEBI)
CDA ProteinP32320 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDA tetramerComplexR-HSA-73462 (Reactome)
CMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17361 (ChEBI)
CMP, UMPComplexR-ALL-500761 (Reactome)
Cyt-Rib MetaboliteCHEBI:17562 (ChEBI)
Cyt-Rib, Ura-RibComplexR-ALL-500759 (Reactome)
Cyt-Rib, dCComplexR-ALL-500829 (Reactome)
DCK ProteinP27707 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DCK dimerComplexR-HSA-73516 (Reactome)
DGUOK ProteinQ16854 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
DGUOK dimerComplexR-HSA-74205 (Reactome)
G, dGComplexR-ALL-500245 (Reactome)
GMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17345 (ChEBI)
GMP, IMPComplexR-ALL-500260 (Reactome)
GMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17345 (ChEBI)
GMPR ProteinP36959 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GMPR tetramersComplexR-HSA-514620 (Reactome)
GMPR2 ProteinQ9P2T1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Gua MetaboliteCHEBI:16235 (ChEBI)
Gua, HypComplexR-ALL-500259 (Reactome)
Gua-Rib MetaboliteCHEBI:16750 (ChEBI)
GuaMetaboliteCHEBI:16235 (ChEBI)
H+MetaboliteCHEBI:15378 (ChEBI)
H2OMetaboliteCHEBI:15377 (ChEBI)
HDHD1 ProteinQ08623 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HDHD1:Mg2+ComplexR-HSA-6788292 (Reactome)
HGPRT tetramerComplexR-HSA-74208 (Reactome)
HPRT1 ProteinP00492 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Hyp MetaboliteCHEBI:17368 (ChEBI)
HypMetaboliteCHEBI:17368 (ChEBI)
IMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17202 (ChEBI)
IMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17202 (ChEBI)
Ino MetaboliteCHEBI:17596 (ChEBI)
Ino, dIComplexR-ALL-500172 (Reactome)
Mg2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:18420 (ChEBI)
N6-methyl-AMPMetaboliteCHEBI:40196 (ChEBI)
NADP+MetaboliteCHEBI:18009 (ChEBI)
NADPHMetaboliteCHEBI:16474 (ChEBI)
NH4+MetaboliteCHEBI:28938 (ChEBI)
NP trimerComplexR-HSA-74237 (Reactome)
PNP ProteinP00491 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PPiMetaboliteCHEBI:29888 (ChEBI)
PRPPMetaboliteCHEBI:17111 (ChEBI)
PURIDMetaboliteCHEBI:17802 (ChEBI)
PURIDPMetaboliteCHEBI:18116 (ChEBI)
PiMetaboliteCHEBI:43474 (ChEBI)
R1P MetaboliteCHEBI:35425 (ChEBI)
R1P, dRibPComplexR-ALL-500244 (Reactome)
TK1 ProteinP04183 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TK1 tetramerComplexR-HSA-73501 (Reactome)
TK2ProteinO00142 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TMP MetaboliteCHEBI:17013 (ChEBI)
TMPMetaboliteCHEBI:17013 (ChEBI)
TYMP ProteinP19971 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TYMP dimerComplexR-HSA-74363 (Reactome)
Thy MetaboliteCHEBI:17821 (ChEBI)
Thy, UraComplexR-ALL-500438 (Reactome)
Thy-Rib, dUComplexR-ALL-500444 (Reactome)
Thy-dRib MetaboliteCHEBI:17748 (ChEBI)
Thy-dRibMetaboliteCHEBI:17748 (ChEBI)
UCK 2 ProteinQ9BZX2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UCK1 ProteinQ9HA47 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UCK1 tetramerComplexR-HSA-73504 (Reactome)
UCK2 tetramerComplexR-HSA-500801 (Reactome)
UCKL1ProteinQ9NWZ5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UMP MetaboliteCHEBI:16695 (ChEBI)
UPP1 ProteinQ16831 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
UPP1, UPP2ComplexR-HSA-977408 (Reactome)
UPP2 ProteinO95045 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Ura MetaboliteCHEBI:17568 (ChEBI)
Ura-Rib MetaboliteCHEBI:16704 (ChEBI)
UraMetaboliteCHEBI:17568 (ChEBI)
Zn2+ MetaboliteCHEBI:29105 (ChEBI)
dA MetaboliteCHEBI:17256 (ChEBI)
dA, dG, dIComplexR-ALL-500224 (Reactome)
dA, dGComplexR-ALL-500201 (Reactome)
dAMP, dGMP, dIMPComplexR-ALL-500222 (Reactome)
dAMP, dGMPComplexR-ALL-500199 (Reactome)
dC MetaboliteCHEBI:15698 (ChEBI)
dC, Thy-dRib, dUComplexR-ALL-500822 (Reactome)
dCMP MetaboliteCHEBI:15918 (ChEBI)
dCMP, TMP, dUMPComplexR-ALL-500823 (Reactome)
dG MetaboliteCHEBI:17172 (ChEBI)
dI MetaboliteCHEBI:28997 (ChEBI)
dIMP MetaboliteCHEBI:28806 (ChEBI)
dRibP MetaboliteCHEBI:28542 (ChEBI)
dRibPMetaboliteCHEBI:28542 (ChEBI)
dU MetaboliteCHEBI:16450 (ChEBI)
dU5MP MetaboliteCHEBI:17622 (ChEBI)
methylamineMetaboliteCHEBI:16830 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
(d)AMPArrowR-HSA-109624 (Reactome)
(d)CMPArrowR-HSA-73598 (Reactome)
(d)UraArrowR-HSA-73608 (Reactome)
(d)UraArrowR-HSA-74372 (Reactome)
ADAL:Znmim-catalysisR-HSA-2161187 (Reactome)
ADAmim-catalysisR-HSA-74241 (Reactome)
ADKmim-catalysisR-HSA-109624 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-109624 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-109671 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-109759 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-109903 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-73598 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-73599 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-73632 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-74207 (Reactome)
ADPArrowR-HSA-8954327 (Reactome)
AMPArrowR-HSA-74213 (Reactome)
AMPD tetramersmim-catalysisR-HSA-76590 (Reactome)
AMPR-HSA-76590 (Reactome)
APRT dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-74213 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-109624 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-109671 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-109759 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-109903 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-73598 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-73599 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-73632 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-74207 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-8954327 (Reactome)
Ade-Rib, dAR-HSA-109624 (Reactome)
Ade-Rib, dAR-HSA-74241 (Reactome)
AdeR-HSA-74213 (Reactome)
CDA tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-73608 (Reactome)
CMP, UMPArrowR-HSA-109903 (Reactome)
CMP, UMPArrowR-HSA-73599 (Reactome)
CMP, UMPArrowR-HSA-8954327 (Reactome)
Cyt-Rib, Ura-RibR-HSA-109903 (Reactome)
Cyt-Rib, Ura-RibR-HSA-73599 (Reactome)
Cyt-Rib, Ura-RibR-HSA-8954327 (Reactome)
Cyt-Rib, dCR-HSA-73598 (Reactome)
Cyt-Rib, dCR-HSA-73608 (Reactome)
DCK dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-109671 (Reactome)
DCK dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-73598 (Reactome)
DGUOK dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-74207 (Reactome)
G, dGArrowR-HSA-112034 (Reactome)
GMP, IMPArrowR-HSA-74215 (Reactome)
GMPR tetramersmim-catalysisR-HSA-514604 (Reactome)
GMPR-HSA-514604 (Reactome)
Gua, HypR-HSA-74215 (Reactome)
GuaR-HSA-112034 (Reactome)
H+R-HSA-514604 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-2161187 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-6788295 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-73608 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-74241 (Reactome)
H2OR-HSA-76590 (Reactome)
HDHD1:Mg2+mim-catalysisR-HSA-6788295 (Reactome)
HGPRT tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-74215 (Reactome)
HypR-HSA-112033 (Reactome)
IMPArrowR-HSA-2161187 (Reactome)
IMPArrowR-HSA-514604 (Reactome)
IMPArrowR-HSA-76590 (Reactome)
Ino, dIArrowR-HSA-112033 (Reactome)
Ino, dIArrowR-HSA-74241 (Reactome)
N6-methyl-AMPR-HSA-2161187 (Reactome)
NADP+ArrowR-HSA-514604 (Reactome)
NADPHR-HSA-514604 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowR-HSA-514604 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowR-HSA-73608 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowR-HSA-74241 (Reactome)
NH4+ArrowR-HSA-76590 (Reactome)
NP trimermim-catalysisR-HSA-112033 (Reactome)
NP trimermim-catalysisR-HSA-112034 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-74213 (Reactome)
PPiArrowR-HSA-74215 (Reactome)
PRPPR-HSA-74213 (Reactome)
PRPPR-HSA-74215 (Reactome)
PURIDArrowR-HSA-6788295 (Reactome)
PURIDPR-HSA-6788295 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-112033 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-112034 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-112266 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-6788295 (Reactome)
PiArrowR-HSA-74372 (Reactome)
R-HSA-109624 (Reactome) Cytosolic adenosine kinase (ADK) catalyzes the reactions of adenosine and deoxyadenosine with ATP to yield the corresponding nucleotide monophosphates and ADP (Andres and Fox 1979). The enzyme is substantially more active on adenosine than deoxyadenosine in vitro (Hurley at al. 1985) though studies of cultured cells suggest that both reactions may be physiologically relevant (Hershfield et al. 1982). The enzyme is a monomer complexed with magnesium (Mathews et al. 1998).
R-HSA-109671 (Reactome) Cytosolic deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) catalyzes the reactions of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine with ATP to form the corresponding nucleotide monophosphates and AMP, The enzyme is a dimer (Bohman and Eriksson 1988; Datta et al. 1989). While the enzyme can be found in nuclei of cultured cells expressing high levels of a tagged recombinant protein, its normal location appears to be cytosolic (Hatzis et al. 1998).
R-HSA-109759 (Reactome) Mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) catalyzes the reactions of deoxycytidine, thymidine, and deoxyuridine with ATP to form the corresponding deoxynucleotide monophosphates and ADP. The enzyme has been purified from human spleen and is active as a monomer (Munch-Petersen et al. 1991). The enzyme requires divalent cations for activity (Mg++ is preferred) but the nature of the association between the metal ion and the enzyme polypeptide is unclear (Lee and Cheng 1976). The mitochondrial localization of the enzyme has been established experimentally for rats and cattle (Jansson et al. 1992); its mitochondrial localization in humans is inferred from these results and the presence of a mitochondrial localization motif at the amino terminus of the open reading frame of a cloned human cDNA that is missing from the mature catalytically active protein (Wang et al. 1999).
R-HSA-109903 (Reactome) Cytosolic uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) catalyzes the reactions of cytidine or uridine with ATP to form CMP or UMP and ADP (Greenberg et al. 1977; Van Rompay et al. 2001). Crystallographic data show the enzyme to be a tetramer (Suzuki et al. 2004). When it is expressed as a fusion construct with green fluorescent protein, the protein localizes primarily to the cytosol of transfected CHO cells (Van Rompay et al. 2003).
R-HSA-112033 (Reactome) Cytosolic nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) trimer catalyzes the reversible reaction of hypoxanthine with ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate to form inosine or deoxyinosine and orthophosphate (Ealick et al. 1990; Wiginton et al. 1980). While NP is active with either ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate in vitro, levels of deoxyribose 1-phosphate are normally low in vivo, limiting the extent of this reaction. NP deficiency in vivo is associated with defects in purine nucleotide salvage and leads to immunodeficiency (Williams et al. 1987).
R-HSA-112034 (Reactome) Cytosolic nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) trimer catalyzes the reversible reaction of guanine with ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate to form guanosine or deoxyguanosine and orthophosphate (Ealick et al. 1990; Wiginton et al. 1980). While NP is active with either ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate in vitro, levels of deoxyribose 1-phosphate are normally low in vivo, limiting the extent of this reaction. NP deficiency in vivo is associated with defects in purine nucleotide salvage and leads to immunodeficiency (Williams et al. 1987).
R-HSA-112266 (Reactome) Cytosolic thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP) catalyzes the reversible reactions of thymine or uracil with 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate to form thymidine or deoxyuridine and orthiophosphate. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Desgranges et al. 1981; Norman et al. 2004; Usuki et al. 1992).
R-HSA-2161187 (Reactome) Cytosolic ADAL (Adenosine DeAminase-Like) catalyzes the reaction of N6-methyl-AMP and water to form IMP and methylamine. The active form of the enzyme is a protein monomer complexed with a zinc ion (Murakami et al. 2011).
R-HSA-514604 (Reactome) Cytosolic GMP reductase (GMPR) catalyzes the reaction of GMP and NADPH + H+ to yield IMP and NADP+ + NH4+ (Spector et al. 1979; Deng et al. 2002). Two GMPR proteins have been identified, GMPR and GMPR2. Both proteins form homotetramers (GMPR - unpublished crstallographic data PDB 2BLE; GMPR2 - Li et al. 2006).
R-HSA-6788295 (Reactome) Pseudouridine 5'-phosphate (PURIDP) is a potential intermediate in RNA degradation. Pseudouridine 5'-phosphatase (HDHD1) is a Mg2+-dependent enzyme present in erythrocytes that can dephosphorylate PURIDP to pseudouridine (PURID), the fifth-most abundant nucleoside in RNA. PURID is not metabolised in mammals but excreted intact in urine (Preumont et al. 2010).
R-HSA-73598 (Reactome) Cytosolic deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) catalyzes the reactions of cytidine or deoxycytidine with ATP to form CMP or dCMP and ADP. The enzyme is a homodimer (Sabini et al. 2003). Although a chimeric deoxycytidine kinase - green fluorescent protein expressed at high levels in cultured cells localized to nuclei, endogenous protein is primarily cytosolic (Hatzis et al. 1998). Despite its name, the enzyme has a broad substrate specificity, acting on cytidine, deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxyadenosine (Bohman and Eriksson 1988; Datta et al. 1989a, b; Sarup et al. 1989; Usova and Eriksson 2002). While ATP functions efficiently as a phosphate donor, other nucleoside triphosphates, notably UTP, function efficiently as phosphate donors in vitro and may function in this way in vivo as well (Shewach et al. 1992).
R-HSA-73599 (Reactome) Cytosolic uridine-cytidine kinase 1 (UCK1) catalyzes the reactions of cytidine or uridine with ATP to form CMP or UMP and ADP (Greenberg et al. 1977; Van Rompay et al. 2001). Unpublished crystallographic data show the enzyme to be a tetramer (PDB - 2JEO).
R-HSA-73608 (Reactome) Cytosolic cytidine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolysis of cytidine or dexoycytidine to form uridine or deoxyuridine and ammonia (Laliberte and Momparler 1994). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Chung et al. 2005).
R-HSA-73632 (Reactome) Cytosolic thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) catalyzes the reaction of thymidine and ATP to form TMP (thymidine 5'-monophosphate) and ADP. TK1 has been purified from human spleen and from cultured cells. The enzyme is active as a homotetramer, and phosphorylates thymidine and deoxyuridine using ATP as a phosphate donor in vitro (Sherley and Kelly 1988a; Munch-Petersen et al. 1991; Birringer et al. 2005). Divalent cations are required for enzyme activity (Mg++ is preferred) (Lee and Cheng 1986), and ATP stabilizes the tetrameric form of the enzyme (Munch-Petersen et al. 1993). In cells, enzyme activity is high during S phase of the cell cycle and low otherwise, correlated with intracellular levels of thymidine kinase 1 protein (Sherley and Kelly 1988b), and consistent with a requirement for TMP synthesis in normal cells only as part of DNA replication.
R-HSA-74207 (Reactome) Mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) catalyzes the reactions of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxyinosine with ATP to form the corresponding nucleotide monophosphates and ADP (Park and Ives 1988; Johansson and Karlson 1996). Crystallographic studies of the human enzyme have confirmed its dimeric structure and allowed identification of key amino acid residues responsible for its substrate specificity (Johansson et al. 2001).
R-HSA-74213 (Reactome) Cytosolic APRT dimer catalyzes the reaction of adenine and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate to form AMP and pyrophosphate (Holden et al. 1979).
R-HSA-74215 (Reactome) Cytosolic hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1) tetramer catalyzes the reactions of guanine or hypoxanthine with PRPP to form GMP ir IMP and pyrophosphate (Holden and Kelley 1978; Jolly et al. 1983).
R-HSA-74241 (Reactome) Cytosolic adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2'deoxyadenosine and adenosine to yield deoxyinosine and inosine, respectively, plus ammonia (Akeson et al. 1988). Unpublished crystallographic data (PDB 3IAR) indicate that the human enzyme is a monomer.
R-HSA-74372 (Reactome) Cytosolic uridine phosphorylase (isoforms UPP1 and UPP2) catalyzes the reversible reactions of uracil with ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate to yield uridine or deoxyuridine and orthophosphate (Watanabe and Uchida 1995; Johansson, 2003). The active form of UPP1 is a dimer (Rooslid et al. 2009).
R-HSA-76590 (Reactome) Cytosolic AMP deaminase (AMPD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to yield IMP and ammonia. Three isoforms of AMPD, E, L, and M, have been identified that differ in their expression patterns in the body. All occur as tetramers and all have qualitatively the same catalytic activity, however (Bausch-Jurken et al. 1992; Mahnke-Zizelman et al. 1998).
R-HSA-8954327 (Reactome) Based on sequence similarity, cytosolic uridine-cytidine kinase-like 1 (UCKL1 aka F538) is thought to function as a novel human uridine kinase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (Kashuba et al. 2002). The two human uridine kinases 1 and 2 (UCK1 and UCK2) characterised to date phosphorylate uridine/cytidine to uridine monophosphate (UMP)/cytidine monophosphate (CMP) using ATP as a phosphate donor (Greenberg et al. 1977, Van Rompay et al. 2001).
R1P, dRibPR-HSA-112033 (Reactome)
R1P, dRibPR-HSA-112034 (Reactome)
R1P, dRibPR-HSA-74372 (Reactome)
TK1 tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-73632 (Reactome)
TK2mim-catalysisR-HSA-109759 (Reactome)
TMPArrowR-HSA-73632 (Reactome)
TYMP dimermim-catalysisR-HSA-112266 (Reactome)
Thy, UraR-HSA-112266 (Reactome)
Thy-Rib, dUArrowR-HSA-112266 (Reactome)
Thy-dRibR-HSA-73632 (Reactome)
UCK1 tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-73599 (Reactome)
UCK2 tetramermim-catalysisR-HSA-109903 (Reactome)
UCKL1mim-catalysisR-HSA-8954327 (Reactome)
UPP1, UPP2mim-catalysisR-HSA-74372 (Reactome)
UraR-HSA-74372 (Reactome)
dA, dG, dIR-HSA-74207 (Reactome)
dA, dGR-HSA-109671 (Reactome)
dAMP, dGMP, dIMPArrowR-HSA-74207 (Reactome)
dAMP, dGMPArrowR-HSA-109671 (Reactome)
dC, Thy-dRib, dUR-HSA-109759 (Reactome)
dCMP, TMP, dUMPArrowR-HSA-109759 (Reactome)
dRibPR-HSA-112266 (Reactome)
methylamineArrowR-HSA-2161187 (Reactome)
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