Melanoma (Homo sapiens)

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ScaffoldKRASPNRASP8, 9NucleusPDisruption ofkeratinocyte-melanocyte adhesionITGAMelanocyteSTK19CDH1PREX2KITMITFSorafenibETS1ERBB4Vemurafenibp38 MAPK signalingNF1PAK1VCLRAC1KDRMDM2GRM31v+1, 2, 5426+272, 3GRB2SOS2SOS1HRASPARAFBRAFRAF1PMAP2K1PPMAPK1PPMAPK3PPMP1MAP2K2PPSHC2Proliferation, differentiationELK1PPFOSCREB1PIK3CAPIK3R1PIK3R2PIK3CBPIK3CDPIK3R3PIP3AKT1AKT3AKT2BADPCell survivalPTENRegorafenibDabrafenibCobimetinibBinimetinibGRIN2ACALM1CALM2CALM3CALML3CALML4CALML5CALML6Regulation of actin cytoskeletonTP53CDKN1ABAXDDB2POLKBAK1GADD45GGADD45AGADD45BUncontrolled proliferationIncreased survivalGenomic instability+Activating mutationInactivating mutation or loss of heterozygosityAmplificationPhosphorylationCDK6RB1PCDK4CCND1PE2F1E2F2E2F3p14 ARF (CDKN2A)TP53CDKN1Ap16 INK4a(CDKN2A)G1/S progressionInvasionResistance to chemotherapySurvivalvDecreased expressionLegendRTK


Description

Melanoma, or malignant melanoma, is a highly aggressive cancer that develops in melanocytes. Many genes have been found to be mutated or amplified in melanoma, with the most commonly mutated genes being BRAF, CDKN2A, NRAS and TP53. MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling are central to melanoma.

This pathway is a summary of information from figures 1 and 2 from Kunz and Vera and supplemented with information from KEGG.

CDKN2A is frequently mutated in melanoma and germline mutations are associated with an increased susceptibility of developing skin cancer. The CDKN2A encodes two proteins, p16 (INK4A) and p14ARF, with different functions. p16 binds to CDK4, which prevents phosphorylation of Rb, thereby controlling the G1 to S transition. Without functioning p16, G1 to S transition can proceed. p14ARF is central to cell cycle regulation, inhibiting MDM2, which normally degrades p53, so loss of p14ARF has a similar effect to loss of p53.

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Bibliography

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  1. Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, Nickerson E, Auclair D, Li L, Place C, Dicara D, Ramos AH, Lawrence MS, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Voet D, Saksena G, Stransky N, Onofrio RC, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Wagle N, Wargo J, Chong K, Morton DL, Stemke-Hale K, Chen G, Noble M, Meyerson M, Ladbury JE, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Wagner SN, Hoon DS, Schadendorf D, Lander ES, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Garraway LA, Chin L; ''A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma.''; Cell, 2012 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. ''Genomic Classification of Cutaneous Melanoma.''; Cell, 2015 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Postow MA, Carvajal RD; ''Therapeutic implications of KIT in melanoma.''; Cancer J, 2012 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Prickett TD, Agrawal NS, Wei X, Yates KE, Lin JC, Wunderlich JR, Cronin JC, Cruz P, Rosenberg SA, Samuels Y; ''Analysis of the tyrosine kinome in melanoma reveals recurrent mutations in ERBB4.''; Nat Genet, 2009 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Krauthammer M, Kong Y, Ha BH, Evans P, Bacchiocchi A, McCusker JP, Cheng E, Davis MJ, Goh G, Choi M, Ariyan S, Narayan D, Dutton-Regester K, Capatana A, Holman EC, Bosenberg M, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Brash DE, Stern DF, Materin MA, Lo RS, Mane S, Ma S, Kidd KK, Hayward NK, Lifton RP, Schlessinger J, Boggon TJ, Halaban R; ''Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic RAC1 mutations in melanoma.''; Nat Genet, 2012 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Berger MF, Hodis E, Heffernan TP, Deribe YL, Lawrence MS, Protopopov A, Ivanova E, Watson IR, Nickerson E, Ghosh P, Zhang H, Zeid R, Ren X, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko AY, Wagle N, Sucker A, Sougnez C, Onofrio R, Ambrogio L, Auclair D, Fennell T, Carter SL, Drier Y, Stojanov P, Singer MA, Voet D, Jing R, Saksena G, Barretina J, Ramos AH, Pugh TJ, Stransky N, Parkin M, Winckler W, Mahan S, Ardlie K, Baldwin J, Wargo J, Schadendorf D, Meyerson M, Gabriel SB, Golub TR, Wagner SN, Lander ES, Getz G, Chin L, Garraway LA; ''Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations.''; Nature, 2012 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Prickett TD, Wei X, Cardenas-Navia I, Teer JK, Lin JC, Walia V, Gartner J, Jiang J, Cherukuri PF, Molinolo A, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Stemke-Hale K, Rosenberg SA, Margulies EH, Samuels Y; ''Exon capture analysis of G protein-coupled receptors identifies activating mutations in GRM3 in melanoma.''; Nat Genet, 2011 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. ''''; https://www.kegg.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?pathway+hsa05218,
  9. Kunz M, Vera J; ''Modelling of Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways in Melanoma and Other Cancers.''; Cancers (Basel), 2019 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
135116view11:58, 6 August 2024EweitzOntology Term : 'melanocyte' added !
135115view11:55, 6 August 2024EweitzRefine cell type label
135114view11:53, 6 August 2024EweitzEconomize layout
135113view11:52, 6 August 2024EweitzEconomize layout
129358view09:35, 27 March 2024MkutmonOntology Term : 'cancer pathway' added !
129357view09:35, 27 March 2024MkutmonOntology Term : 'disease pathway' added !
128513view00:48, 11 February 2024EweitzFix truncation in legend text, refine padding
128512view00:47, 11 February 2024EweitzFix membrane overlap, avoid truncation in special nodes
128511view00:44, 11 February 2024EweitzEconomize layout
128510view00:38, 11 February 2024EweitzFix order (z-index) of RTK
128509view00:36, 11 February 2024EweitzRefine legend
128508view00:26, 11 February 2024EweitzEconomize layout
128503view23:21, 10 February 2024EweitzRefine case
123437view04:37, 27 July 2022EgonwMade two pathways clickable
119240view19:10, 22 June 2021Finterlyadded KEGG biopax information
116638view11:26, 9 May 2021EweitzOntology Term : 'melanoma' added !
112160view18:23, 29 September 2020Khanspersfixed ptm state comments
106231view00:24, 17 August 2019KhanspersModified description
106230view00:08, 17 August 2019Khanspersadded final parts
106229view22:32, 16 August 2019Khanspersbetter defined CDKN2A content
106228view21:27, 16 August 2019Khanspersmore CDKN2A content
106227view21:23, 16 August 2019KhanspersAdding CDKN2A content
106226view21:06, 16 August 2019Khanspersupdated phospho sites
106225view21:00, 16 August 2019Khanspersadded legend, fixed interaction
106224view20:56, 16 August 2019KhanspersModified description
106189view12:08, 16 August 2019MaintBotHMDB identifier normalization
105702view05:07, 14 August 2019Khanspersadded KEGG reference
105701view00:05, 14 August 2019KhanspersNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
AKT1GeneProductENSG00000142208 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11651
AKT2GeneProductENSG00000105221 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:11652
AKT3GeneProductENSG00000117020 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:23797
ARAFGeneProductENSG00000078061 (Ensembl)
BADGeneProductENSG00000002330 (Ensembl)
  • SOS1; son of sevenless homolog 1 (Drosophila)
  • Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:12015
BAK1GeneProductENSG00000030110 (Ensembl)
BAXGeneProductENSG00000087088 (Ensembl)
BRAFGeneProduct673 (Entrez Gene)
BinimetinibMetaboliteQ19903515 (Wikidata)
CALM1GeneProductENSG00000198668 (Ensembl)
CALM2GeneProductENSG00000143933 (Ensembl)
CALM3GeneProductENSG00000160014 (Ensembl)
CALML3GeneProductENSG00000178363 (Ensembl)
CALML4GeneProductENSG00000129007 (Ensembl)
CALML5GeneProductENSG00000178372 (Ensembl)
CALML6GeneProductENSG00000169885 (Ensembl)
CCND1GeneProductENSG00000110092 (Ensembl) CCND3; cyclin D3
CDH1GeneProductENSG00000039068 (Ensembl)
CDK4GeneProductENSG00000135446 (Ensembl) CDK4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 [EC:2.7.1.-]
CDK6GeneProductENSG00000105810 (Ensembl) CDK6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 [EC:2.7.1.-]
CDKN1AGeneProductENSG00000124762 (Ensembl)
CREB1GeneProductENSG00000118260 (Ensembl)
CobimetinibMetaboliteQ15708292 (Wikidata)
DDB2GeneProductENSG00000134574 (Ensembl)
DabrafenibMetaboliteCHEBI:75045 (ChEBI)
E2F1GeneProductENSG00000101412 (Ensembl) E2F1; E2F transcription factor 1
E2F2GeneProductENSG00000007968 (Ensembl) E2F2; E2F transcription factor 2
E2F3GeneProductENSG00000112242 (Ensembl) E2F3; E2F transcription factor 3
ELK1GeneProduct2002 (Entrez Gene)
ERBB4GeneProductENSG00000178568 (Ensembl)
ETS1GeneProductENSG00000134954 (Ensembl)
FOSGeneProduct2353 (Entrez Gene)
GADD45AGeneProductENSG00000116717 (Ensembl)
GADD45BGeneProductENSG00000099860 (Ensembl)
GADD45GGeneProductENSG00000130222 (Ensembl)
GRB2GeneProduct2885 (Entrez Gene)
GRIN2AGeneProductENSG00000183454 (Ensembl)
GRM3GeneProductENSG00000198822 (Ensembl)
HRASGeneProductENSG00000174775 (Ensembl)
KDRGeneProductENSG00000128052 (Ensembl)
KITGeneProductENSG00000157404 (Ensembl)
KRASGeneProduct3845 (Entrez Gene)
MAP2K1GeneProduct5604 (Entrez Gene)
MAP2K2GeneProduct5605 (Entrez Gene)
MAPK1GeneProduct5594 (Entrez Gene)
MAPK3GeneProduct5595 (Entrez Gene)
MDM2GeneProductENSG00000135679 (Ensembl)
MITFGeneProductENSG00000187098 (Ensembl)
MP1GeneProduct8649 (Entrez Gene)
NF1GeneProductENSG00000196712 (Ensembl)
NRASGeneProduct4893 (Entrez Gene)
PAK1GeneProductENSG00000149269 (Ensembl)
PIK3CAGeneProductENSG00000121879 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:18706
PIK3CBGeneProductENSG00000051382 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:74769
PIK3CDGeneProductENSG00000171608 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:18707
PIK3R1GeneProductENSG00000145675 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:18708
PIK3R2GeneProductENSG00000105647 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:18709
PIK3R3GeneProductENSG00000117461 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:75669
PIP3MetaboliteHMDB0004249 (HMDB)
POLKGeneProductENSG00000122008 (Ensembl)
PREX2GeneProductENSG00000046889 (Ensembl)
PTENGeneProductENSG00000171862 (Ensembl) Homology Mapping from Mus musculus to Homo sapiens: Original ID = L:19211
RAC1GeneProductENSG00000136238 (Ensembl)
RAF1GeneProduct5894 (Entrez Gene)
RB1GeneProductENSG00000139687 (Ensembl)
RegorafenibMetaboliteCHEBI:68647 (ChEBI)
Regulation of actin cytoskeletonPathwayWP51 (WikiPathways)
SHC2GeneProductENSG00000129946 (Ensembl)
SOS1GeneProductENSG00000115904 (Ensembl)
SOS2GeneProduct6655 (Entrez Gene)
STK19GeneProductENSG00000204344 (Ensembl)
SorafenibMetaboliteHMDB0014542 (HMDB)
TP53GeneProductENSG00000141510 (Ensembl)
VCLGeneProductENSG00000035403 (Ensembl)
VemurafenibMetaboliteCHEBI:63637 (ChEBI)
p14 ARF (CDKN2A)GeneProductENSG00000147889 (Ensembl)
p16 INK4a (CDKN2A)GeneProductENSG00000147889 (Ensembl)
p38 MAPK signalingPathwayWP400 (WikiPathways)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions

Retrieved from "https://classic.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP4685"
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