Post-COVID Neuroinflammation (Homo sapiens)

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Indirect route1, 11 Direct route11SARS-CoV-2Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamusneutrophilHematological route1, 7Humoral route11macrophageSTEP 3 (cytokine production):Actual peripheral cytokine releaseinduced by STEP 2 molecules released by immune cells3Trigeminal nerve5STEP 1 (recognition):PRRs on innate immune cells recognize PAMPs and DAMPS of SARS-CoV-23, 7monocyteVagus nerve1, 5, 9, 21Trojan/indirectOcular nerve14, 20, 21Non-Trojan/directOlfactory nerve1, 12, 17, 21STEP 2 (activation + signal transduction):Activation of signaling molecules 3NK cellNeuronal route11BBBPotential STEP 4 (cytokine storm):The immune response may be too strong, resulting in excess cytokine production and release, resulting in a cytokine storm 11Neuronal routeGlossopharyngeal nerve9, 13(DAMPs)Damage-associated molecular patterns Retinohypothalamic tractOlfactory bulb (CNS)Medulla oblongata of the brainstemINF2Asubstance P(3+)IL18MAPK pathwayNF-κB inhibitorMAPK1TLR37103337IL8TLR4IL415IFNG16, 23IL26HMGB119IL107, 21TLR87TNF3, 21, 22p38 MAPK7IL6GFAP7E proteinIL12A23TLR718CCL117ssRNAFURIN16ACE216TMPRSS216disrupted BBBvirus enters CNSHMGB119NK cellIL1B3, 8, 21IL63, 6, 8, 21, 22IL1A3CXCL818, 19p38 MAPK7BBB intactvirus enters CNSin immune cellPeriphirally released pro-inflammatory cytokinesE protein3ssRNA4TLR4substance P(3+)1210


Description

Post-COVID is the sequela disease of COVID-19, a SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease that is characterized by long-term persistent symptoms. To understand the underlying disease mechanisms of post-COVID and the role of persistent neuroinflammation herein, this pathway visualizes the direct and indirect route of SARS-CoV-2-mediated neuroinflammation, which may induce dysautonomia, a major post-COVID symptom. The direct and indirect route are subdivided in a neurological and hematological, and a neurological and humoral route, respectively.

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Bibliography

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  2. Liu J, Han X, Zhang T, Tian K, Li Z, Luo F; ''Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: from mechanism to therapy.''; J Hematol Oncol, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Liu J, Han X, Zhang T, Tian K, Li Z, Luo F; ''Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: from mechanism to therapy.''; J Hematol Oncol, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Nassar A, Ibrahim IM, Amin FG, Magdy M, Elgharib AM, Azzam EB, Nasser F, Yousry K, Shamkh IM, Mahdy SM, Elfiky AA; ''A Review of Human Coronaviruses' Receptors: The Host-Cell Targets for the Crown Bearing Viruses.''; Molecules, 2021 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Ylikoski J, Lehtimäki J, Pääkkönen R, Mäkitie A; ''Prevention and Treatment of Life-Threatening COVID-19 May Be Possible with Oxygen Treatment.''; Life (Basel), 2022 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Sideratou CM, Papaneophytou C; ''Persisting Shadows: Unraveling the Impact of Long COVID-19 on Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Nervous Systems.''; Infect Dis Rep, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Sherif ZA, Gomez CR, Connors TJ, Henrich TJ, Reeves WB; ''Pathogenic mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).''; Elife, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Meade E, Garvey M; ''The Role of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Chronic Pain Conditions; Functional Somatic Syndrome, Neurogenic Inflammation, and Peripheral Neuropathy.''; Int J Mol Sci, 2022 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Proal AD, VanElzakker MB; ''Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms.''; Front Microbiol, 2021 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  13. Vallée A; ''Dysautonomia and Implications for Anosmia in Long COVID-19 Disease.''; J Clin Med, 2021 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  14. Jammoul M, Naddour J, Madi A, Reslan MA, Hatoum F, Zeineddine J, Abou-Kheir W, Lawand N; ''Investigating the possible mechanisms of autonomic dysfunction post-COVID-19.''; Auton Neurosci, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  15. Tziolos NR, Ioannou P, Baliou S, Kofteridis DP; ''Long COVID-19 Pathophysiology: What Do We Know So Far?''; Microorganisms, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  16. Negrut N, Menegas G, Kampioti S, Bourelou M, Kopanyi F, Hassan FD, Asowed A, Taleouine FZ, Ferician A, Marian P; ''The Multisystem Impact of Long COVID: A Comprehensive Review.''; Diagnostics (Basel), 2024 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  17. Leng A, Shah M, Ahmad SA, Premraj L, Wildi K, Li Bassi G, Pardo CA, Choi A, Cho SM; ''Pathogenesis Underlying Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID Syndrome and Potential Therapeutics.''; Cells, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  18. Sherif ZA, Gomez CR, Connors TJ, Henrich TJ, Reeves WB; ''Pathogenic mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).''; Elife, 2023 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  19. Lv Y, Zhang T, Cai J, Huang C, Zhan S, Liu J; ''Bioinformatics and systems biology approach to identify the pathogenetic link of Long COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.''; Front Immunol, 2022 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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History

CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
134097view11:09, 16 June 2024Laura AdmiraalNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
ACE2ProteinQ9BYF1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCL11ProteinP51671 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CXCL8ProteinP10145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
E proteinProteinP0DTC4 (Uniprot-SwissProt)
FURINProteinP09958 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GFAPGeneProductP14136 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
HMGB1ProteinP09429 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) DAMP
IFNGProteinP01579 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL10ProteinP22301 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL12AProteinP29459 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL18ProteinQ14116 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL1AProteinP01583 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL1BProteinP01584 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL2ProteinP60568 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL4ProteinP05112 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL6ProteinP05231 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL8ProteinP10145 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INF2AProteinP01563 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
MAPK pathwayPathwayWP382 (WikiPathways)
MAPK1ProteinP28482 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NF-κB inhibitorMetaboliteCHEBI:73240 (ChEBI)
TLR3ProteinO15455 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TLR4ProteinO00206 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TLR7ProteinQ9NYK1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TLR8ProteinQ9NR97 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TMPRSS2ProteinO15393 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TNFProteinP01375 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p38 MAPKPathway
p38 MAPKPathwayWP400 (WikiPathways)
ssRNARnaNC_045512.2 (RefSeq)
substance P(3+)MetaboliteCHEBI:190692 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

No annotated interactions

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