RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes (Homo sapiens)

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3-5, 9, 20...11, 12, 14, 16, 24...4, 7, 18, 22, 3715, 16, 25, 29, 31...12, 17, 21, 32, 33, 51181, 10, 531, 10, 35, 40, 531, 7, 10, 13, 19...17, 21, 5213, 19, 33, 39, 47nucleoplasmRPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BCCNT2 SNAPC3 pre-snRNA POU2F1 POLR2K GTF2A1(275-376) NCBP1 INTS10 snTAFc7-methylguanosine cap SNAPC5 POLR2L SNAPC1 INTS4 RNU1-1 gene GTF2A1(275-376) RNU11 gene PHAXCTPTAF11 GTF2E1 VWA9 INTS7 POLR2I TAF6 TFIIETBP POU2F2 SNAPC4 POLR2K SP1 PHAX INTS1 ELL3 NABP1 NCBP1 POLR2H pre-snRNA SP1 TAF13 GTF2A1(1-274) RNU12 gene POLR2F GTF2A1(275-376) GTF2B GTF2A2 TBP GTF2B CCNT2 POU2F1 CDK9 VWA9 GTF2F2 INTS6 SNAPC5 RNU5A-1 gene RNU4-1 gene INTS6 POLR2K POLR2J INTS8 TAF6 CCNK TAF5 RNU12 gene TFIIFGTF2F2 POLR2L RNU12 gene SNAPC2 POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA genePOLR2G POLR2F RNU5A-1 gene GTF2A1(275-376) SUPT4H1 NABP2 CPSF3L NABP1 LECINTS6 GTF2E1 NABP2 CDK9 RNU5A-1 gene CCNK CDK7 POLR2I CDK7 TAF13 GTF2B POLR2G ICE1 U4 snRNA GTF2F2 ZNF143INTS12 POLR2J POLR2F GTF2F1 RNU4-1 gene INTS4 SP1 GTF2F1 SP1 INTS9 RNU1-1 gene POU2F2 SNAPC4 SNAPC5 RNU5A-1 gene POLR2F TAF9 RNU5A-1 gene TBP POLR2J TAF11 CCNT1 PCF11INTS2 POU2F2 POLR2K ZC3H8 GTF2A1(1-274) RNU2-1 gene ELL POLR2B SNAPC1 ZC3H8 POLR2B ZNF143 RPRD2 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneRNU2-1 gene RNU4ATAC gene RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA geneGTF2E2 INTS3 INTS10 RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneGTF2A1(1-274) POLR2G TAF9 ELL2 RPAP2 SNAPC4 POLR2E TAF5 RPRD1A CDK9 TAF9 GTF2E1 SNAPC1 GTF2B TAF5 ICE1 POLR2E TAF6 POLR2A ELL3 CDK9 TAF8 RNU1-1 gene GTF2A2 GTF2E2 RNU11 gene VWA9 INTS4 RNU11 gene SSU72ICE1 TAF13 GTF2F1 CPSF3L SNAPC5 RNU4ATAC gene GTF2A2 RNU2-1 gene GTF2F1 INTS8 SNAPC2 INTS1 SNAPC3 SP1 SNAPC4 IntegratorTAF8 TAF8 pre-snRNA INTS6 TBP SNAPC4 RNU2-1 gene POLR2G Cap Binding Complex(CBC)GTF2E1 SNAPC2 RNU12 gene RPRD1B RNU5A-1 gene SNAPC2 SNAPC2 TAF5 SNAPC5 GTF2F1 RPAP2 RNU2-1 gene RNU4-1 gene POLR2H SNAPC3 CDK7 ELL3 UTPTAF9 POLR2E NCBP2 ZNF143 RNU1-1 gene ICE2 ATPZNF143 P-TEFb complexPOLR2L SNAPC1 CCNT1 RNU2-1 gene GTF2A2 ASUN POLR2F POLR2A POU2F2 TAF8 POLR2L CPSF3L RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneSNAPC4 GTF2A1(275-376) GTF2B TAF13 CCNT1 POLR2J RNU1-1 gene TAF11 CPSF3L SNAPC1 POLR2L VWA9 INTS1 SNAPC4 RNU5A-1 gene POU2F1 TAF9 INTS2 RNU11 gene p-SUPT5H RNU12 gene GTF2F2 INTS7 POLR2G CDK9 GTF2A1(275-376) SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneCDK7 ELL3 SRRT GTF2E1 RPRD1A GTF2F2 SNAPC5 RNU4ATAC gene TAF13 POLR2G CCNT1 POLR2J ASUN RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA geneTAF8 GTF2F2 SNAPC3 RNU2-1 gene RNU4-1 gene RNU4-1 gene GTF2E2 RNU4ATAC gene CDK9 POLR2I INTS4 TAF5 CCNK POLR2C SP1 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneINTS8 POLR2B ICE2 RPRD2 POLR2D SNAPC2 TAF6 RNU11 gene RNU5A-1 gene ICE2 CDK7 TAF9 CDK9 ICE1 RNU4-1 gene Initiationfactors:CDK7:snRNAgenePOU2F2 POU2F1 POLR2D POLR2D POLR2C INTS1 RNU2-1 gene ELL3 GTF2B TFIIAPOU2F2 CCNT1 POLR2C POLR2C 7-methylguanosine cap TAF8 NCBP2 ICE2 GTF2E2 TAF8 POU2F2 GTF2F2 RPAP2POLR2C NCBP1 POLR2B SNAPC1 TAF8 POLR2C ICE2 TAF9 ZC3H8 POLR2H POU2F1 POLR2D TAF6 POLR2C GTF2B INTS3 RPRD2 POLR2G TBP CDK9 GTF2E2 RPAP2 GTF2A2 INTS5 CCNK SNAPC5 RNU4ATAC gene POLR2E NABP2 SNAPC2 POU2F1 CCNT2 TAF5 CPSF3L RNU11 gene RNU2-1 gene SP1 RNU5A-1 gene POLR2B INTS2 TAF11 p-S2,S7-POLR2A RNU4ATAC gene POLR2E ATPNABP2 ZNF143 GTF2A1(1-274) ELL2 RPRD1B NCBP2 RNU11 gene ASUN VWA9 SNAPC1 U12 snRNA POLR2H POU2F1 U5 snRNA INTS9 GTF2A1(275-376) CDK7 INTS12 RNU12 gene RPAP2 POLR2E POU2F1 TAF5 POU2F1 RNU11 gene INTS8 SNAPC3 U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneSNAPcSNAPC4 INTS3 POLR2L POU2F1 CCNT2 RNU11 gene GTF2E1 POLR2H GTF2B POLR2D POLR2E CCNT1 SRRT RPRD1A CCNT2 SNAPC3 RNU4-1 gene RNU4-1 gene POU2F2 SP1 RNU12 gene TAF13 SNAPC3 TAF11 INTS7 CCNK POLR2H POLR2I POLR2B UTPSNAPC4 RNU1-1 gene ZC3H8 INTS9 GTF2A2 TAF6 SNAPC3 NABP1 RNU2-1 gene CDK7 SNAPC2 GTF2E2 POLR2I GTF2A1(1-274) RNU12 gene TBPINTS9 p-S2,S7-POLR2A ZNF143 GTPGTF2E2 RNU5A-1 gene GTF2E1 POLR2L U11 snRNA RNU1-1 gene INTS12 GTF2F1 CCNK POLR2F ZNF143 GTF2F2 RNU11 gene CBCAP:cappedsnRNAU1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12RNU4-1 gene INTS3 POLR2E GTF2E2 CCNK INTS10 RPRD2 INTS7 ASUN RNU12 gene RNU4ATAC gene RNU4ATAC gene POLR2C POLR2K GTF2F1 ZNF143 RNU1-1 gene RPRD1A p-S5,S7-POLR2A TBP TAF6 TAF11 RNU4-1 gene ELL2 SNAPC2 ADPNABP2 ZNF143 POU2F1,2RNU1-1 gene NABP1 SRRTCCNT2 TBP CCNT1 ELL INTS8 INTS10 GTF2F1 ICE1 RPRD2 CTPGTF2A2 POLR2H CDK7 POLR2D INTS6 RNU1-1 gene p-S5,S7-POLR2A INTS5 INTS2 ZNF143 CCNT2 RNU12 gene U1 snRNA TAF9 GTF2A1(1-274) GTF2E2 p-S2,S7-POLR2A INTS2 POU2F2 RNApolymeraseII(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA genePOLR2K SP1 CCNK ZNF143 CCNT1 NABP1 TAF11 POLR2B INTS4 GTF2E1 TBP GTF2A2 POLR2I RPRD2SNAPC4 INTS5 TAF6 SNAPC1 CCNT1 U4atac snRNA CDK9 GTF2BINTS10 INTS3 INTS12 GTF2E1 POLR2L RPRD1B POLR2H POLR2D RPRD1B RPRD1A CDK7RNU5A-1 gene POU2F2 INTS5 ELL POLR2J INTS9 TAF6 CCNT2 SNAPC3 TAF5 7-methylguanosine cap SP1 CCNK GTF2A1(1-274) DSIF complexRNU4-1 gene POLR2G ATPZC3H8 RNU11 gene POU2F1 GTPCCNT2 GTF2F2 GTF2A1(1-274) TAF8 TAF11 TAF13 RPRD1A POLR2K SNAPC3 TAF9 TAF5 GTF2A1(1-274) ELL2 SNAPC2 RPAP2 U2 snRNA POLR2K PHAX RNU12 gene ASUN SP1RPRD1B ELL POLR2F RNU4ATAC gene GTF2A1(275-376) POLR2D POLR2I SNAPC1 POLR2F TAF13 POLR2B SNAPC5 RPRD1B GTF2A2 RNU2-1 gene POU2F2 SNAPC5 RNU4ATAC gene INTS1 RNU4ATAC gene POLR2J ELL2 GTF2A1(275-376) SNAPC5 p-S5,S7-POLR2A TAF11 INTS5 INTS12 INTS7 GTF2F1 RNU1-1 gene POLR2J RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(unphosphorylated)SNAPC1 TAF13 POLR2I ELL 8, 50411, 10, 53411717, 2161830411, 7, 10, 50, 53542, 7, 34, 371414141


Description

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play key roles in splicing and some of them, specifically the U1 and U2 snRNAs, are encoded by multicopy snRNA gene clusters containing tandem arrays of genes, about 30 in the RNU1 cluster (Bernstein et al. 1985) and about 10-20 in the RNU2 cluster (Van Ardsell and Weiner 1984). Whereas U6 snRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, U1,U2, U4, U4atac, U5, U11, and U12 genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Transcription of the U1 and U2 genes has been most extensively studied and the other snRNA genes as well as other genes with similar promoter structures, for example the SNORD13 gene, are inferred to be transcribed by similar reactions. The snRNA genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II are distinguished from mRNA-encoding genes by the presence of a proximal sequence element (PSE) rather than a TATA box and the presence of the Integrator complex rather than the Mediator complex (reviewed in Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008).
The snRNA genes are among the most rapidly transcribed genes in the genome. The 5' transcribed region of the U2 snRNA gene is largely single-stranded during interphase and metaphase (Pavelitz et al. 2008) and chromatin within the transcribed region is cleared of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014). Transcriptional activation of the RNA polymerase II transcribed snRNA genes begins with binding of transcription factors to the distal sequence element (DSE) of the promoter (reviewed in Hernandez 2001, Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008). The factors, which include POU2F1 (Oct-1), POU2F2 (Oct-2), ZNF143 (Staf) and Sp1, promote binding of the SNAPc complex (also known as PTF and PBP) to the PSE. SNAPc helps clear the gene of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014) and recruits initiation factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and snTAFc:TBP) which recruit RNA polymerase II. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008) by CDK7 recruits RPAP2 and the Integrator complex, which is required for later processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA transcript (reviewed in Chen and Wagner 2010, Baillat and Wagner 2015). The Little Elongation Complex (LEC) also appears to bind around the time of transcription initiation (Hu et al. 2013). As transcription proceeds, RPAP2 dephosphorylates serine-5 and P-TEFb phosphorylates serine-2 of the CTD. As transcription reaches the end of the snRNA gene serine-7 of the CTD is phosphorylated. These marks serve to bind protein complexes and are required for 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008). After transcription proceeds through the conserved 3' processing sequence of the pre-snRNA the Integrator complex cleaves the pre-snRNA. Transcription then terminates downstream in a less well characterized reaction that requires elements of the polyadenylation system. View original pathway at:Reactome.

Comments

Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 6807505
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 64
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: May, Bruce

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114956view16:48, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113400view11:47, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112604view15:58, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101520view11:38, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101056view21:20, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100587view19:54, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100136view16:39, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99686view15:09, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99276view12:45, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93567view11:27, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86669view09:23, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
7-methylguanosine cap MetaboliteCHEBI:17825 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
ASUN ProteinQ9NVM9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ComplexR-HSA-6814903 (Reactome)
CCNK ProteinO75909 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT1 ProteinO60563 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT2 ProteinO60583 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7 ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK9 ProteinP50750 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPSF3L ProteinQ5TA45 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)ComplexR-HSA-77088 (Reactome)
DSIF complexComplexR-HSA-112420 (Reactome)
ELL ProteinP55199 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL2 ProteinO00472 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL3 ProteinQ9HB65 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(1-274) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(275-376) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A2 ProteinP52657 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2B ProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2BProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E1 ProteinP29083 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E2 ProteinP29084 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F1 ProteinP35269 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F2 ProteinP13984 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
ICE1 ProteinQ9Y2F5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ICE2 ProteinQ659A1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS1 ProteinQ8N201 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS10 ProteinQ9NVR2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS12 ProteinQ96CB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS2 ProteinQ9H0H0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS3 ProteinQ68E01 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS4 ProteinQ96HW7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS5 ProteinQ6P9B9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS6 ProteinQ9UL03 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS7 ProteinQ9NVH2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS8 ProteinQ75QN2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS9 ProteinQ9NV88 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810225 (Reactome)
IntegratorComplexR-HSA-6807453 (Reactome)
LECComplexR-HSA-6807410 (Reactome)
NABP1 ProteinQ96AH0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NABP2 ProteinQ9BQ15 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP1 ProteinQ09161 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP2 ProteinP52298 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P-TEFb complexComplexR-HSA-112431 (Reactome)
PCF11ProteinO94913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAX ProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAXProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2B ProteinP30876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2C ProteinP19387 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2D ProteinO15514 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2E ProteinP19388 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2F ProteinP61218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2G ProteinP62487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2H ProteinP52434 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2I ProteinP36954 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2J ProteinP52435 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2K ProteinP53803 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2L ProteinP62875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1 ProteinP14859 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6807504 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2ComplexR-HSA-6814929 (Reactome)
POU2F2 ProteinP09086 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814860 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814530 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814537 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810221 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814534 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810219 (Reactome) Unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II is initially recruited to the promoter of a snRNA gene by interaction with initiation factors.
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ComplexR-HSA-113401 (Reactome)
RNU1-1 gene ProteinENSG00000206652 (Ensembl)
RNU11 gene ProteinENSG00000274978 (Ensembl)
RNU12 gene ProteinENSG00000276027 (Ensembl)
RNU2-1 gene ProteinENSG00000274585 (Ensembl)
RNU4-1 gene ProteinENSG00000200795 (Ensembl)
RNU4ATAC gene ProteinENSG00000264229 (Ensembl)
RNU5A-1 gene ProteinENSG00000199568 (Ensembl)
RPAP2 ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810229 (Reactome)
RPAP2ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A ProteinQ96P16 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BComplexR-HSA-6814908 (Reactome)
RPRD1B ProteinQ9NQG5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2 ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC1 ProteinQ16533 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC2 ProteinQ13487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC3 ProteinQ92966 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC4 ProteinQ5SXM2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC5 ProteinO75971 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810222 (Reactome)
SNAPcComplexR-HSA-83730 (Reactome)
SP1 ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SP1ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRT ProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRTProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSU72ProteinQ9NP77 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUPT4H1 ProteinP63272 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF11 ProteinQ15544 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF13 ProteinQ15543 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF5 ProteinQ15542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF6 ProteinP49848 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF8 ProteinQ7Z7C8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF9 ProteinQ16594 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBP ProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBPProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TFIIAComplexR-HSA-109629 (Reactome)
TFIIEComplexR-HSA-109633 (Reactome)
TFIIFComplexR-HSA-109631 (Reactome)
U1 snRNA ProteinV00590 (EMBL)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneComplexR-HSA-6807498 (Reactome)
U11 snRNA ProteinENST00000387069 (Ensembl)
U12 snRNA ProteinENST00000362512 (Ensembl)
U2 snRNA ProteinX59360 (EMBL)
U4 snRNA ProteinX59361 (EMBL)
U4atac snRNA ProteinENST00000580972 (Ensembl)
U5 snRNA ProteinX04293 (EMBL)
UTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
VWA9 ProteinQ96SY0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZC3H8 ProteinQ8N5P1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143 ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-S2,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-S5,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-SUPT5H ProteinO00267 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
pre-snRNA R-HSA-6814536 (Reactome)
snTAFcComplexR-HSA-6810230 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ADPArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
CDK7R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
DSIF complexArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTF2BR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
IntegratorArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
IntegratorR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
LECArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
LECR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
P-TEFb complexR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
PCF11ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
PHAXR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome) An octamer binding factor, POU2F1 (Oct-1) or POU2F2 (Oct-2), SP1, ZNF143 (Staf) and possibly other transcription factors bind the distal sequence element (DSE) in the promoter of the snRNA gene (Murphy et al. 1992, Strom et al. 1996, Murphy 1997, Hovde et al. 2002). These upstream transcription factors enhance subsequent binding of the SNAPc complex to the downstream proximal sequence element (PSE) of the promoter.
R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome) CDK7 phosphorylates serine-5 residues of heptad repeats (consensus YSPTSPS) in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit (POLR2A) of RNA polymerase II. Serine-7 residues of the heptad repeats are also phosphorylated at promoters of snRNA genes (Egloff et al. 2007) and CDK7 is required for phosphorylation of serine-7 in vivo (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009). P-TEFb and DNA-PK are able to phosphorylate serine-7 in vitro (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009, Egloff et al. 2010). Impairment of CTD phosphorylation does not appear to affect transcription of snRNA genes but rather impairs 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Medlin et al. 2003, Jacobs et al. 2004).
R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome) The promoter of an snRNA gene binds the basal transcription factors TFIIA, TFIIB (GTF2B), TFIIE, and TFIIF (Bernues et al. 1993, Kuhlman et al. 1999). Rather than the TFIID complex found at promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, a unique complex containing TBP (Sadowski et al. 1993) and snTAFc is present at promoters of snRNA genes (Zaborowska et al. 2012). The P-TEFb complex is also observed at snRNA genes, however, it seems to play a role more in 3' processing than in elongation (Medlin et al. 2005). CDK7 is also present and phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009).
R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome) The protein phosphatase RPAP2 binds RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at serine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) (Egloff et al. 2012). RPRD1A and RPRD1B bind RNA polymerase II with RPAP2 and appear to act as scaffolds for the complex (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014).
R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome) The basal initiation factors TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TBP:snTAFc recruit unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II to the promoter of the (U1, U2, U4, U5) snRNA gene (Gunderson et al. 1990, Kuhlman et al. 1999, Zaborowska et al. 2012).
R-HSA-6810239 (Reactome) Transcription factors at the distal sequence element (DSE) recruit the SNAPc complex to bind the proximal sequence element (PSE) (Sadowski et al. 1993, Henry et al. 1995, Mittal et al. 1996, Ford and Hernandez 1997, Ford et al. 1998, Hovde et al. 2002, Jawdekar et al. 2006, James Faresse et al. 2012). Binding of SNAPc distinguishes snRNA promoters from promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, which have TATA or other elements rather than PSEs (Henry et al. 1995).
R-HSA-6814549 (Reactome) In an unknown order of events, RNA polymerase II initiates transcription and the Integrator complex (Baillat et al. 2005) and Little Elongation Complex (LEC, Hu et al. 2013) are recruited to phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Egloff et al. 2010). The Integrator complex interacts with RPAP2, which binds phosphoserine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and is required for recruitment of Integrator (Egloff et al. 2007, Egloff et al. 2012). RPAP2 interacts with the putative scaffold proteins RPRD1A and RPRD1B at the CTD (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and DSIF is required for recruitment of Integrator (Skaar et al. 2015). The Integrator complex does not seem to play a significant role in subsequent elongation of the pre-snRNA transcript but is critical for processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA.
R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome) Like RNA polymerase II at mRNA-encoding genes, RNA polymerase II at snRNA genes is believed to be dephosphorylated at the C-terminal domain (CTD) in order to begin another round of transcription. RNA polymerase II and factors bound to its C-terminal domain (CTD) dissociate and RNA polymerase II dissociates from the 3' end of the snRNA gene. The order of events is unclear.
R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome) Transcription of the pre-snRNA extends through a conserved region, the 3' box, and terminates downstream. The heterodimeric subunits INTS9 and INTS11 within the Integrator complex form an endoribonuclease that cleaves the pre-snRNA at a location 5' to the 3' box (Baillat et al. 2005, Abrecht and Wagner 2012, Skaar et al. 2015), releasing the capped snRNA bound to the cap binding complex. Factors that bind the 5' cap of the pre-snRNA enhance processing at the 3' end (Hallais et al. 2013) and polyadenlyation factors PCF11 and SKU72 are required for transcription termination (O'Reilly et al. 2014). The remainder of the transcript downstream of the cleavage site is presumably degraded by exoribonuclease.
R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome) A 7-methylguanosine triphosphate group is added to the 5' end of the pre-snRNA during transcription elongation (Mattaj 1986). The capping enzyme and cap methyltransferase involved in mRNA capping may also be responsible for this reaction. In the case of mRNA capping, the capping enzyme is targeted to the pre-mRNA by interaction with the phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (McCracken et al. 1997). During elongation, the phosphorylation pattern of the CTD also changes: serine-5 is dephosphorylated by RPAP2 (Egloff et al. 2012) interacting with RPRD1A and RPRD1B (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and serine-2 is phosphoryated by P-TEFb. Serine-7 is also phosphorylated, possibly, however the responsible kinase is not certain. The order of the capping and phosphorylation events is unknown.
R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome) As the capped pre-snRNA continues to be elongated, the CBCAP complex comprising NCBP1 (CBP80), NCBP2 (CBP20), SRRT (ARS2) and PHAX binds the 7-methylguanosine cap (Hallais et al. 2013). The CBCAP complex enhances 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Hallais et al. 2013) and participates in export of the snRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol, where the snRNA is further modified and assembled with proteins into pre-snRNPs.
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA genemim-catalysisR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPAP2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
SNAPcR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SP1R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
SRRTR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
SSU72ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
TBPR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIAR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIER-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIFR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
ZNF143R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
snTAFcR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
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