Hemesynthesis defects and porphyrias (Homo sapiens)

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1Lead poisoningHereditary coproporphyriaMitochondriaHepatocyteCytosolNegative feedbackLead poisoningPorphyria cutanea tardaHepatoerythropoietic porphyriaX-linked protophyriaVariegate porphyriaAcute intermittent porphyriaErythropoietic protoporphyriaDOSS protophyriaLead poisoningCongenital erythropoietic porphyriaHypertyrosinemia type IX-linked sideroblastic anemiaPorphobilinogenHexacarboxylporphyrin IIIHeptacarboxylporphyrin IALAS1Coproporphyrinogen IIIALAS2ProtohemeURODCPOXPentacarboxylporphyrin IFECHUroporphyrinogen IHexacarboxylporphyrin IUroporphyrinogen IIIProtoporphyrinogen IXUROSprotoporphyrin IXhydroxymethylbilaneHeptacarboxylporphyrin IIIGlycinedelta-aminolevulinic acidALADHMBSSuccinyl-CoAPPOXPentacarboxyl porphyrinogen IIICoproporphyrinogen I


Description

Defects in the heme biosynthesis in a hepatocyte can result in specific metabolic disorders called porphyrias. These diseases can be split into two categories, namely acute porphyrias and non-acute porphyrias. Acute hepatic porphyria (AIP), variegate porphyria (VP), hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), and Doss porphyria (ALADP) are all part of the acute-hepatic porphyrias. This type is often associated with an overproduction of neurotoxic porphyrins and porphyrin precursors.

The non-acute porphyrias include, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic porphyria, and congenital erythropoietic porphyria. These diseases are instead characterised by photosensitivity of the skin and in severe cases liver damage, caused by porphyrins. Another type of porphyria are the X-linked protoporphyria diseases, which are a result of a gain of function mutation in the 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase 2 gene. This causes an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. The disease present in the patient is determined by what enzyme is affected in the heme biosynthesis pathway.

This pathway has been constructed using the book; Physician's Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Inherited Metabolic Diseases. A book written by N.Blau et al.

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Bibliography

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  1. Moghe A, Ramanujam VMS, Phillips JD, Desnick RJ, Anderson KE; ''Harderoporphyria: Case of lifelong photosensitivity associated with compound heterozygous coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX) mutations.''; Mol Genet Metab Rep, 2019 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Doss M, Laubenthal F, Stoeppler M; ''Lead poisoning in inherited delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency.''; Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 1984 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Layer G, Reichelt J, Jahn D, Heinz DW; ''Structure and function of enzymes in heme biosynthesis.''; Protein Sci, 2010 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Fujita H, Nishitani C, Ogawa K; ''Lead, chemical porphyria, and heme as a biological mediator.''; Tohoku J Exp Med, 2002 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Scinicariello F, Murray HE, Moffett DB, Abadin HG, Sexton MJ, Fowler BA; ''Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase polymorphism: where does it lead? A meta-analysis.''; Environ Health Perspect, 2007 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Bonkovsky HL, Guo JT, Hou W, Li T, Narang T, Thapar M; ''Porphyrin and heme metabolism and the porphyrias.''; Compr Physiol, 2013 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Lahiji AP, Anderson KE, Chan A, Simon A, Desnick RJ, Ramanujam VMS; ''5-Aminolevulinate dehydratase porphyria: Update on hepatic 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase induction and long-term response to hemin.''; Mol Genet Metab, 2020 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Phillips JD; ''Hemebiosynthesis and the porphyrias.''; Mol Genet Metab, 2019 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. Yasuda M, Chen B, Desnick RJ; ''Recent advances on porphyria genetics: Inheritance, penetrance& molecular heterogeneity, including new modifying/causative genes.''; Mol Genet Metab, 2019 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  16. Cazzola M, Malcovati L; ''Diagnosis and treatment of sideroblastic anemias: from defective heme synthesis to abnormal RNA splicing.''; Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2015 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
128214view03:29, 29 January 2024EweitzRefine legend
128213view03:26, 29 January 2024EweitzUse standard color, shape for disease
122351view09:11, 23 March 2022JuliajohnssonModified description
122275view11:30, 17 March 2022DeSlMoved legend to the side for layout purposes
122274view11:28, 17 March 2022DeSlUnified OMIM-links
122273view11:27, 17 March 2022DeSlUpdated description, removed old description comments.
122272view11:26, 17 March 2022DeSlchanged arrow from glycine to MIM_conversion
122271view11:25, 17 March 2022DeSlSmall layout changes to table, updated HMDB ID for glycine
122153view11:55, 14 March 2022JuliajohnssonBroke up the complex, minor layout changes.
122046view11:46, 9 March 2022JuliajohnssonAdded more litterature references.
122045view11:22, 9 March 2022JuliajohnssonChanged legend and added a disease.
122044view11:03, 9 March 2022JuliajohnssonAdded a legend.
122017view09:59, 9 March 2022JuliajohnssonChanged HMDB annotations to newer HMDB annotations.
121996view23:15, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonChanged some annotations. Corrected one reference.
121995view22:39, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'pathway' added !
121994view22:38, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'erythropoietic protoporphyria' added !
121993view22:37, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'sideroblastic anemia 1' added !
121992view22:33, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'porphyria pathway' added !
121991view22:32, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'porphyria' added !
121990view22:32, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'hepatic porphyria pathway' added !
121989view22:32, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'erythropoietic porphyria pathway' added !
121988view22:31, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'acute porphyria' added !
121987view22:31, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'cutaneous porphyria' added !
121986view22:31, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'acute intermittent porphyria pathway' added !
121985view22:29, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'heme biosynthetic pathway' added !
121984view22:28, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'disease pathway' added !
121983view22:28, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'inborn error of metabolism pathway' added !
121982view22:27, 8 March 2022JuliajohnssonModified description
121683view23:05, 24 February 2022JuliajohnssonModified description
121682view22:56, 24 February 2022JuliajohnssonAdded more litterature references.
121677view17:04, 24 February 2022JuliajohnssonAdded some litterature references.
121656view13:24, 23 February 2022JuliajohnssonAdded litterature to some diseases. Added alternative names to diseases.
121646view11:04, 23 February 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'inherited metabolic disorder' added !
121531view08:47, 21 February 2022JuliajohnssonTried to fix interactions
121529view08:37, 21 February 2022JuliajohnssonFixed interactions.
121528view08:18, 21 February 2022JuliajohnssonFixed interactions.
121475view16:06, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonModified description
121474view16:06, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonModified description
121473view16:04, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonModified description
121463view15:41, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'porphyria cutanea tarda' added !
121462view15:41, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'DOID:13271' removed !
121461view15:40, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'hepatoerythropoietic porphyria' added !
121460view15:40, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'cutaneous porphyria' added !
121459view15:40, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'acute intermittent porphyria' added !
121458view15:39, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonOntology Term : 'hepatocyte' added !
121457view15:33, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonModified description
121456view15:29, 17 February 2022JuliajohnssonAdded 2 new diseases.

Added one new OMIM link.

Added comments to some diseases.
121196view10:02, 11 February 2022JuliajohnssonChanged RHEA interaction identifiers to ones with a defined direction and added 2 new RHEA interactions. Changed shape of disease boxes. Added alternative names.
121164view10:38, 10 February 2022JuliajohnssonAdded the OMIM links to the diseases. Also added intermittents that were not there before. Changed the location of one metabolite.
121115view08:02, 9 February 2022JuliajohnssonNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
ALADGeneProduct210 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: ALA-Dehydratase
ALAS1GeneProduct211 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: ALA-Synthase
ALAS2GeneProduct212 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: ALA-Synthase
CPOXGeneProduct1371 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: Copro-Oxidase
Coproporphyrinogen IMetaboliteCHEBI:28607 (ChEBI)
Coproporphyrinogen IIIMetaboliteCHEBI:15439 (ChEBI)
FECHGeneProduct2235 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: Ferrocnelatase
GlycineMetaboliteHMDB00123 (HMDB)
HMBSGeneProduct3145 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: PBG-Deaminase
Heptacarboxylporphyrin IMetaboliteHMDB00737 (HMDB) Alternative name: Heptacarboxyporphyrinogen I
Heptacarboxylporphyrin IIIMetaboliteHMDB01956 (HMDB) Alternative name: Heptacarboxyporphyrinogen III
Hexacarboxylporphyrin IMetaboliteHMDB00743 (HMDB) Alternative name: Hexacarboxyporphyrinogen I
Hexacarboxylporphyrin IIIMetaboliteHMDB01952 (HMDB) Alternative name: Hexacarboxyporphyrinogen III
PPOXGeneProduct5498 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name:Proto-Oxidase
Pentacarboxyl porphyrinogen IIIMetaboliteHMDB01957 (HMDB) Alternative name: Pentacarboxyporphyrinogen III
Pentacarboxylporphyrin IMetaboliteHMDB00789 (HMDB) Alternative name: Pentacarboxyporphyrinogen I
PorphobilinogenMetaboliteCHEBI:17381 (ChEBI)
ProtohemeMetaboliteCHEBI:26355 (ChEBI) Alternative name: Heme
Protoporphyrinogen IXMetaboliteCHEBI:15435 (ChEBI)
Succinyl-CoAMetaboliteHMDB01022 (HMDB)
URODGeneProduct7389 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: URO-Decarboxylase
UROSGeneProduct7390 (Entrez Gene) Alternative name: UR0-111-synthase
Uroporphyrinogen IMetaboliteCHEBI:28766 (ChEBI)
Uroporphyrinogen IIIMetaboliteCHEBI:15437 (ChEBI)
delta-aminolevulinic acidMetaboliteCHEBI:17549 (ChEBI)
hydroxymethylbilaneMetaboliteCHEBI:57845 (ChEBI)
protoporphyrin IXMetaboliteCHEBI:57306 (ChEBI)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
Coproporphyrinogen IIIProtoporphyrinogen IXmim-conversion18258 (Rhea)
Porphobilinogenhydroxymethylbilanemim-conversion13186 (Rhea)
Protoporphyrinogen IXprotoporphyrin IXmim-conversion25577 (Rhea)
Uroporphyrinogen ICoproporphyrinogen IArrow31240 (Rhea)
Uroporphyrinogen IIICoproporphyrinogen IIIArrow19866 (Rhea)
delta-aminolevulinic acidPorphobilinogenmim-conversion24065 (Rhea)
delta-aminolevulinic acidmim-conversion12922 (Rhea)
hydroxymethylbilaneUroporphyrinogen IIImim-conversion18966 (Rhea)
protoporphyrin IXProtohememim-conversion22586 (Rhea)
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