Control of immune tolerance by vasoactive intestinal peptide (Homo sapiens)
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Description
Control of immune tolerance by VIP controls immune homeostasis.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is released from nerve terminals (nervous source) and blood (endocrine source), or produced by T helper 2 (TH2) cells or macrophages (immune source) in response to antigenic and inflammatory stimulation. VIP induces immune tolerance and inhibits the autoimmune response through different non-excluding mechanisms. First, it induces the generation and differentiation of TH2-cell functions and decrease TH1-cell functions through direct actions on differentiating T cells, or indirectly by regulating antigen presenting cell (APC) functions. As a consequence, the inflammatory and autoimmune responses are impaired, and the anti-helminthic and atopic responses are increased, because the infiltration and activation of neutrophils and macrophages by interferon-γ (IFNγ) and the production of complement-activating IgG2 antibodies are avoided. Second, VIP impairs the co-stimulatory activity of APCs on effector T cells, inhibiting subsequent clonal expansion. This avoids the inflammatory response and its cytotoxic effect against the target tissue. Third, VIP induces the generation of regulatory T cells that suppress the activation of autoreactive T cells by producing interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). This effect contributes to the maintenance of an anti-inflammatory state and restores immune tolerance.
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Ontology Terms
Bibliography
- Gonzalez-Rey E, Chorny A, Delgado M; ''Regulation of immune tolerance by anti-inflammatory neuropeptides.''; Nat Rev Immunol, 2007 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
History
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External references
DataNodes
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Name | Type | Database reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
CD28 | GeneProduct | 940 (Entrez Gene) | |
CD80 | GeneProduct | 941 (Entrez Gene) | |
CD86 | GeneProduct | 942 (Entrez Gene) | |
CD95 | GeneProduct | 355 (Entrez Gene) | |
CTLA4 | GeneProduct | 1493 (Entrez Gene) | |
IFNG | GeneProduct | 3458 (Entrez Gene) | |
IL10 | GeneProduct | 3586 (Entrez Gene) | |
IL12A | GeneProduct | 3592 (Entrez Gene) | |
IL12B | GeneProduct | 3592 (Entrez Gene) | |
IL2 | GeneProduct | 3558 (Entrez Gene) | |
IL4 | GeneProduct | 3565 (Entrez Gene) | |
IL5 | GeneProduct | 3567 (Entrez Gene) | |
MHCII | GeneProduct | R-HSA-8951502 (Reactome) | |
TCR | GeneProduct | AAA61095 (NCBI Protein) | |
TGFB | GeneProduct | 7040 (Entrez Gene) | |
VIP | GeneProduct | 7432 (Entrez Gene) |
Annotated Interactions
No annotated interactions