RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes (Homo sapiens)

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4, 10, 12, 18, 19, 27...476, 15, 17, 25, 28...5, 21, 22, 26, 49...8, 32, 37, 39, 471, 8, 19, 20, 37...3, 14, 15, 23, 24, 26...5, 9, 2243, 48, 501, 13, 20, 45, 492, 7, 43, 48, 50nucleoplasmDSIF complexCDK9 RNU4-1 gene POLR2D GTF2B p-S5,S7-POLR2A RNU12 gene RNU4-1 gene NABP2 pre-snRNA GTF2E2 POLR2I POU2F1 GTF2E1 RPRD2 CDK9 GTF2A1(275-376) TAF5 RNU11 gene ADPSNAPC1 CTPPOLR2A POLR2J INTS5 TAF13 GTF2E1 RNU12 gene GTF2A1(275-376) U2 snRNA GTF2E2 GTF2F2 RNU4-1 gene TAF6 SNAPC4 RNU4ATAC gene POLR2B SP1 TFIIFELL2 GTF2B INTS2 ZC3H8 POLR2L CCNK GTF2F1 RNU4-1 gene TBP POLR2D ATPSNAPcRNU11 gene RNU5A-1 gene Initiationfactors:CDK7:snRNAgeneTAF11 ZNF143 RNU11 gene POLR2F TAF13 ZNF143 TAF11 POLR2F CCNT2 INTS5 GTF2A1(1-274) TAF6 POLR2H POLR2E SNAPC4 RPRD1B CCNK U12 snRNA TAF13 CPSF3L INTS6 GTPGTF2B POLR2E SUPT4H1 GTF2A2 PHAX p-S2,S7-POLR2A RNU11 gene SNAPC2 CCNK POLR2F U4atac snRNA NABP1 RNU12 gene TAF8 VWA9 ASUN GTF2F2 POLR2B CCNK ZNF143 SP1 NCBP2 TBP POLR2L pre-snRNA TAF5 TBPINTS10 POLR2C RPRD1A CCNT1 RNU2-1 gene GTF2A2 POU2F1 RNU1-1 gene RNU2-1 gene INTS2 RPRD2 INTS1 SNAPC2 snTAFcRPAP2 POU2F1 POU2F2 GTF2F1 POU2F1,2INTS2 RPRD2 TBP GTF2A2 CDK7 POLR2I INTS9 pre-snRNA RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(unphosphorylated)CCNT1 POU2F1 ELL2 RNU4ATAC gene GTF2A2 RPAP2RPRD1B CCNK GTF2B GTF2A1(275-376) NABP2 POU2F2 INTS9 POU2F2 RNU11 gene POLR2I INTS3 ZNF143TAF9 VWA9 GTF2A1(1-274) GTF2F1 GTF2F1 GTF2F1 RNU1-1 gene RNU1-1 gene POLR2G TAF11 CCNT1 U11 snRNA GTF2E1 RNU2-1 gene RNU2-1 gene INTS10 SNAPC1 POLR2K POU2F1 POLR2C CTPINTS7 RNU5A-1 gene IntegratorGTF2F2 INTS2 ICE1 POU2F2 RNU2-1 gene SNAPC4 U5 snRNA POLR2K RNU4-1 gene POU2F2 ZNF143 ASUN RNU12 gene CCNT2 RNU2-1 gene TAF13 POLR2H INTS12 TAF9 INTS12 ELL2 RNU4-1 gene RNU4ATAC gene GTF2A1(1-274) SP1 RNU5A-1 gene CPSF3L POLR2K SSU72TAF6 INTS12 CCNT2 CDK7 TAF11 GTF2F2 ZNF143 ELL ASUN CDK9 GTF2E2 POLR2J SP1 INTS10 POLR2F SNAPC3 POU2F1 SNAPC5 POLR2A INTS6 TAF9 P-TEFb complexPOU2F2 RNU4-1 gene SNAPC2 RPRD1B POLR2J RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneTAF8 7-methylguanosine cap SNAPC2 SP1 GTF2E1 RNU1-1 gene NCBP1 ZC3H8 POLR2L INTS9 TAF5 SNAPC3 RPAP2 RPAP2 POU2F2 CCNT1 RNU4ATAC gene POLR2L GTF2F2 SRRTZC3H8 RNU11 gene POLR2D RPRD1B ICE2 TAF6 INTS3 SNAPC4 POLR2I GTP7-methylguanosine cap TAF8 RNU5A-1 gene ATPRNU12 gene CDK7 CCNT2 RNU12 gene POLR2F NABP2 SNAPC3 POLR2H RNU1-1 gene ICE2 RNU11 gene NCBP2 ZC3H8 SP1 GTF2A1(275-376) TAF5 POU2F2 ELL GTF2E2 CCNT1 SNAPC5 SNAPC1 SNAPC1 TAF11 TAF11 TBP POLR2B ELL3 INTS7 POU2F2 ATPRNU11 gene CDK7 POU2F1 INTS8 SNAPC3 ZNF143 CDK9 TBP SNAPC3 GTF2A1(1-274) TAF5 CCNK INTS7 POLR2F POLR2E RNU4ATAC gene POLR2G POLR2H GTF2F1 GTF2A1(275-376) GTF2F1 INTS1 RNU11 gene ELL3 INTS6 SNAPC4 POLR2E CCNK POLR2C SNAPC3 POLR2E RNU5A-1 gene RNApolymeraseII(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA geneGTF2F2 POLR2H RNU12 gene POLR2C NABP1 TAF9 TAF6 INTS7 GTF2E2 CDK9 SNAPC1 POU2F2 POU2F1 POLR2L LECPOLR2D RPRD2ZNF143 TAF9 CDK9 ELL3 SNAPC2 RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BRNU1-1 gene SNAPC3 POLR2B NABP2 SNAPC2 NABP1 CPSF3L POLR2B GTF2A2 CBCAP:cappedsnRNAU1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12RNU4ATAC gene POLR2I SNAPC5 CCNT1 POLR2H ICE2 RNU4-1 gene GTF2A1(1-274) POLR2K RPRD1A POLR2K SNAPC4 TAF8 GTF2A2 RNU12 gene SNAPC3 RNU12 gene POLR2B CCNK PCF11TAF5 RNU5A-1 gene POU2F1 CCNT1 SNAPC5 POLR2I SNAPC3 GTF2A1(275-376) POLR2D CDK7 CCNT2 p-S2,S7-POLR2A ICE1 GTF2A1(1-274) NABP1 SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneRNU2-1 gene POLR2H CDK9 INTS1 ELL2 INTS10 POLR2B GTF2A1(1-274) GTF2B RNU12 gene RPRD1A CPSF3L GTF2F1 UTPRNU2-1 gene TAF6 RNU4-1 gene POLR2K SP1 TAF6 TAF11 UTPINTS4 SP1 POLR2L CPSF3L POLR2E POLR2J TAF11 POLR2C TAF13 INTS3 RPRD1B CDK7POLR2J INTS4 SNAPC4 ZNF143 ELL RNU2-1 gene U4 snRNA RNU12 gene SNAPC3 TAF13 POLR2K INTS8 NCBP1 POLR2E VWA9 GTF2B POLR2J TAF9 RNU4ATAC gene INTS8 INTS10 POLR2G CCNT2 p-S2,S7-POLR2A POLR2C SRRT INTS9 GTF2F2 RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneCCNT1 SRRT POLR2J POU2F1 INTS1 U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneTAF6 POLR2F TAF8 RPRD1B p-SUPT5H RNU4ATAC gene CCNT2 POLR2K RNU5A-1 gene GTF2E1 POLR2H CCNT2 GTF2E1 TAF9 VWA9 RNU5A-1 gene NCBP1 POLR2G INTS3 ICE1 TAF13 TAF8 GTF2E1 INTS2 SNAPC5 POLR2J INTS6 POLR2G POLR2E TBP POLR2D ELL2 GTF2A1(275-376) RPAP2 SNAPC4 TAF6 POLR2D p-S5,S7-POLR2A SNAPC2 TAF11 GTF2E2 RNU1-1 gene TAF9 CCNT1 INTS8 INTS6 RNU4ATAC gene RNU4-1 gene SP1 ELL3 RPRD2 GTF2E1 GTF2A1(275-376) RNU5A-1 gene SP1 RNU11 gene POLR2D INTS4 INTS7 GTF2E2 CCNT2 POLR2L U1 snRNA GTF2BTAF5 TAF5 GTF2A1(1-274) INTS12 GTF2E1 RPRD1A SNAPC1 POLR2C PHAX CDK7 TAF9 RNU11 gene POLR2F SNAPC1 TAF8 VWA9 GTF2A1(1-274) POU2F1 CDK9 TAF13 RNU1-1 gene INTS3 RNU5A-1 gene RNU4-1 gene NABP1 7-methylguanosine cap RNU2-1 gene RNU4ATAC gene PHAXPOLR2L INTS5 GTF2A1(275-376) GTF2F2 RNU2-1 gene INTS5 ICE1 GTF2B SNAPC5 SP1POLR2I CDK7 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA geneGTF2E2 ZNF143 SNAPC5 SNAPC5 ELL ICE1 GTF2A2 SNAPC2 SNAPC5 GTF2A2 INTS5 SNAPC1 RNU1-1 gene TBP SNAPC2 SNAPC2 POLR2G INTS4 SNAPC1 GTF2F1 ASUN TFIIAGTF2F2 SNAPC5 ELL3 INTS4 TBP TAF13 RPRD1A ZC3H8 POLR2G POLR2C ZNF143 CDK9 RNU4ATAC gene CDK7 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneINTS12 RNU1-1 gene POU2F2 INTS9 GTF2B NCBP2 RPRD2 ICE2 TAF8 ELL TFIIEp-S5,S7-POLR2A RPAP2 POLR2G NABP2 INTS8 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneRNU5A-1 gene ICE2 TAF8 INTS1 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA geneGTF2A2 RNU1-1 gene SNAPC4 POLR2B POLR2I CCNK TAF5 SNAPC4 POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneASUN RPRD1A Cap Binding Complex(CBC)GTF2E2 SNAPC1 3116115, 22115043, 48, 5019, 37, 43, 48, 501111224719, 341154118, 30, 37, 51


Description

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play key roles in splicing and some of them, specifically the U1 and U2 snRNAs, are encoded by multicopy snRNA gene clusters containing tandem arrays of genes, about 30 in the RNU1 cluster (Bernstein et al. 1985) and about 10-20 in the RNU2 cluster (Van Ardsell and Weiner 1984). Whereas U6 snRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, U1,U2, U4, U4atac, U5, U11, and U12 genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Transcription of the U1 and U2 genes has been most extensively studied and the other snRNA genes as well as other genes with similar promoter structures, for example the SNORD13 gene, are inferred to be transcribed by similar reactions. The snRNA genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II are distinguished from mRNA-encoding genes by the presence of a proximal sequence element (PSE) rather than a TATA box and the presence of the Integrator complex rather than the Mediator complex (reviewed in Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008).
The snRNA genes are among the most rapidly transcribed genes in the genome. The 5' transcribed region of the U2 snRNA gene is largely single-stranded during interphase and metaphase (Pavelitz et al. 2008) and chromatin within the transcribed region is cleared of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014). Transcriptional activation of the RNA polymerase II transcribed snRNA genes begins with binding of transcription factors to the distal sequence element (DSE) of the promoter (reviewed in Hernandez 2001, Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008). The factors, which include POU2F1 (Oct-1), POU2F2 (Oct-2), ZNF143 (Staf) and Sp1, promote binding of the SNAPc complex (also known as PTF and PBP) to the PSE. SNAPc helps clear the gene of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014) and recruits initiation factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and snTAFc:TBP) which recruit RNA polymerase II. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008) by CDK7 recruits RPAP2 and the Integrator complex, which is required for later processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA transcript (reviewed in Chen and Wagner 2010, Baillat and Wagner 2015). The Little Elongation Complex (LEC) also appears to bind around the time of transcription initiation (Hu et al. 2013). As transcription proceeds, RPAP2 dephosphorylates serine-5 and P-TEFb phosphorylates serine-2 of the CTD. As transcription reaches the end of the snRNA gene serine-7 of the CTD is phosphorylated. These marks serve to bind protein complexes and are required for 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008). After transcription proceeds through the conserved 3' processing sequence of the pre-snRNA the Integrator complex cleaves the pre-snRNA. Transcription then terminates downstream in a less well characterized reaction that requires elements of the polyadenylation system. View original pathway at:Reactome.

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Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 6807505
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 63
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: May, Bruce

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114956view16:48, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113400view11:47, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112604view15:58, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101520view11:38, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101056view21:20, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100587view19:54, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100136view16:39, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99686view15:09, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99276view12:45, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93567view11:27, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86669view09:23, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
7-methylguanosine cap MetaboliteCHEBI:17825 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
ASUN ProteinQ9NVM9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ComplexR-HSA-6814903 (Reactome)
CCNK ProteinO75909 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT1 ProteinO60563 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT2 ProteinO60583 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7 ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK9 ProteinP50750 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPSF3L ProteinQ5TA45 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)ComplexR-HSA-77088 (Reactome)
DSIF complexComplexR-HSA-112420 (Reactome)
ELL ProteinP55199 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL2 ProteinO00472 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL3 ProteinQ9HB65 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(1-274) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(275-376) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A2 ProteinP52657 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2B ProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2BProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E1 ProteinP29083 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E2 ProteinP29084 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F1 ProteinP35269 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F2 ProteinP13984 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
ICE1 ProteinQ9Y2F5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ICE2 ProteinQ659A1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS1 ProteinQ8N201 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS10 ProteinQ9NVR2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS12 ProteinQ96CB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS2 ProteinQ9H0H0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS3 ProteinQ68E01 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS4 ProteinQ96HW7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS5 ProteinQ6P9B9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS6 ProteinQ9UL03 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS7 ProteinQ9NVH2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS8 ProteinQ75QN2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS9 ProteinQ9NV88 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810225 (Reactome)
IntegratorComplexR-HSA-6807453 (Reactome)
LECComplexR-HSA-6807410 (Reactome)
NABP1 ProteinQ96AH0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NABP2 ProteinQ9BQ15 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP1 ProteinQ09161 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP2 ProteinP52298 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P-TEFb complexComplexR-HSA-112431 (Reactome)
PCF11ProteinO94913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAX ProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAXProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2B ProteinP30876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2C ProteinP19387 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2D ProteinO15514 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2E ProteinP19388 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2F ProteinP61218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2G ProteinP62487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2H ProteinP52434 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2I ProteinP36954 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2J ProteinP52435 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2K ProteinP53803 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2L ProteinP62875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1 ProteinP14859 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6807504 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2ComplexR-HSA-6814929 (Reactome)
POU2F2 ProteinP09086 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814860 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814530 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814537 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810221 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814534 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810219 (Reactome) Unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II is initially recruited to the promoter of a snRNA gene by interaction with initiation factors.
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ComplexR-HSA-113401 (Reactome)
RNU1-1 gene ProteinENSG00000206652 (Ensembl)
RNU11 gene ProteinENSG00000274978 (Ensembl)
RNU12 gene ProteinENSG00000276027 (Ensembl)
RNU2-1 gene ProteinENSG00000274585 (Ensembl)
RNU4-1 gene ProteinENSG00000200795 (Ensembl)
RNU4ATAC gene ProteinENSG00000264229 (Ensembl)
RNU5A-1 gene ProteinENSG00000199568 (Ensembl)
RPAP2 ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810229 (Reactome)
RPAP2ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A ProteinQ96P16 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BComplexR-HSA-6814908 (Reactome)
RPRD1B ProteinQ9NQG5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2 ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC1 ProteinQ16533 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC2 ProteinQ13487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC3 ProteinQ92966 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC4 ProteinQ5SXM2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC5 ProteinO75971 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810222 (Reactome)
SNAPcComplexR-HSA-83730 (Reactome)
SP1 ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SP1ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRT ProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRTProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSU72ProteinQ9NP77 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUPT4H1 ProteinP63272 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF11 ProteinQ15544 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF13 ProteinQ15543 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF5 ProteinQ15542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF6 ProteinP49848 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF8 ProteinQ7Z7C8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF9 ProteinQ16594 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBP ProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBPProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TFIIAComplexR-HSA-109629 (Reactome)
TFIIEComplexR-HSA-109633 (Reactome)
TFIIFComplexR-HSA-109631 (Reactome)
U1 snRNA ProteinV00590 (EMBL)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneComplexR-HSA-6807498 (Reactome)
U11 snRNA ProteinENST00000387069 (Ensembl)
U12 snRNA ProteinENST00000362512 (Ensembl)
U2 snRNA ProteinX59360 (EMBL)
U4 snRNA ProteinX59361 (EMBL)
U4atac snRNA ProteinENST00000580972 (Ensembl)
U5 snRNA ProteinX04293 (EMBL)
UTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
VWA9 ProteinQ96SY0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZC3H8 ProteinQ8N5P1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143 ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-S2,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-S5,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-SUPT5H ProteinO00267 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
pre-snRNA R-HSA-6814536 (Reactome)
snTAFcComplexR-HSA-6810230 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ADPArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
CDK7R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
DSIF complexArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTF2BR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
IntegratorArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
IntegratorR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
LECArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
LECR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
P-TEFb complexR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
PCF11ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
PHAXR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome) An octamer binding factor, POU2F1 (Oct-1) or POU2F2 (Oct-2), SP1, ZNF143 (Staf) and possibly other transcription factors bind the distal sequence element (DSE) in the promoter of the snRNA gene (Murphy et al. 1992, Strom et al. 1996, Murphy 1997, Hovde et al. 2002). These upstream transcription factors enhance subsequent binding of the SNAPc complex to the downstream proximal sequence element (PSE) of the promoter.
R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome) CDK7 phosphorylates serine-5 residues of heptad repeats (consensus YSPTSPS) in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit (POLR2A) of RNA polymerase II. Serine-7 residues of the heptad repeats are also phosphorylated at promoters of snRNA genes (Egloff et al. 2007) and CDK7 is required for phosphorylation of serine-7 in vivo (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009). P-TEFb and DNA-PK are able to phosphorylate serine-7 in vitro (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009, Egloff et al. 2010). Impairment of CTD phosphorylation does not appear to affect transcription of snRNA genes but rather impairs 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Medlin et al. 2003, Jacobs et al. 2004).
R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome) The promoter of an snRNA gene binds the basal transcription factors TFIIA, TFIIB (GTF2B), TFIIE, and TFIIF (Bernues et al. 1993, Kuhlman et al. 1999). Rather than the TFIID complex found at promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, a unique complex containing TBP (Sadowski et al. 1993) and snTAFc is present at promoters of snRNA genes (Zaborowska et al. 2012). The P-TEFb complex is also observed at snRNA genes, however, it seems to play a role more in 3' processing than in elongation (Medlin et al. 2005). CDK7 is also present and phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009).
R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome) The protein phosphatase RPAP2 binds RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at serine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) (Egloff et al. 2012). RPRD1A and RPRD1B bind RNA polymerase II with RPAP2 and appear to act as scaffolds for the complex (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014).
R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome) The basal initiation factors TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TBP:snTAFc recruit unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II to the promoter of the (U1, U2, U4, U5) snRNA gene (Gunderson et al. 1990, Kuhlman et al. 1999, Zaborowska et al. 2012).
R-HSA-6810239 (Reactome) Transcription factors at the distal sequence element (DSE) recruit the SNAPc complex to bind the proximal sequence element (PSE) (Sadowski et al. 1993, Henry et al. 1995, Mittal et al. 1996, Ford and Hernandez 1997, Ford et al. 1998, Hovde et al. 2002, Jawdekar et al. 2006, James Faresse et al. 2012). Binding of SNAPc distinguishes snRNA promoters from promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, which have TATA or other elements rather than PSEs (Henry et al. 1995).
R-HSA-6814549 (Reactome) In an unknown order of events, RNA polymerase II initiates transcription and the Integrator complex (Baillat et al. 2005) and Little Elongation Complex (LEC, Hu et al. 2013) are recruited to phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Egloff et al. 2010). The Integrator complex interacts with RPAP2, which binds phosphoserine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and is required for recruitment of Integrator (Egloff et al. 2007, Egloff et al. 2012). RPAP2 interacts with the putative scaffold proteins RPRD1A and RPRD1B at the CTD (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and DSIF is required for recruitment of Integrator (Skaar et al. 2015). The Integrator complex does not seem to play a significant role in subsequent elongation of the pre-snRNA transcript but is critical for processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA.
R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome) Like RNA polymerase II at mRNA-encoding genes, RNA polymerase II at snRNA genes is believed to be dephosphorylated at the C-terminal domain (CTD) in order to begin another round of transcription. RNA polymerase II and factors bound to its C-terminal domain (CTD) dissociate and RNA polymerase II dissociates from the 3' end of the snRNA gene. The order of events is unclear.
R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome) Transcription of the pre-snRNA extends through a conserved region, the 3' box, and terminates downstream. The heterodimeric subunits INTS9 and INTS11 within the Integrator complex form an endoribonuclease that cleaves the pre-snRNA at a location 5' to the 3' box (Baillat et al. 2005, Abrecht and Wagner 2012, Skaar et al. 2015), releasing the capped snRNA bound to the cap binding complex. Factors that bind the 5' cap of the pre-snRNA enhance processing at the 3' end (Hallais et al. 2013) and polyadenlyation factors PCF11 and SKU72 are required for transcription termination (O'Reilly et al. 2014). The remainder of the transcript downstream of the cleavage site is presumably degraded by exoribonuclease.
R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome) A 7-methylguanosine triphosphate group is added to the 5' end of the pre-snRNA during transcription elongation (Mattaj 1986). The capping enzyme and cap methyltransferase involved in mRNA capping may also be responsible for this reaction. In the case of mRNA capping, the capping enzyme is targeted to the pre-mRNA by interaction with the phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (McCracken et al. 1997). During elongation, the phosphorylation pattern of the CTD also changes: serine-5 is dephosphorylated by RPAP2 (Egloff et al. 2012) interacting with RPRD1A and RPRD1B (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and serine-2 is phosphoryated by P-TEFb. Serine-7 is also phosphorylated, possibly, however the responsible kinase is not certain. The order of the capping and phosphorylation events is unknown.
R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome) As the capped pre-snRNA continues to be elongated, the CBCAP complex comprising NCBP1 (CBP80), NCBP2 (CBP20), SRRT (ARS2) and PHAX binds the 7-methylguanosine cap (Hallais et al. 2013). The CBCAP complex enhances 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Hallais et al. 2013) and participates in export of the snRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol, where the snRNA is further modified and assembled with proteins into pre-snRNPs.
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA genemim-catalysisR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPAP2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
SNAPcR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SP1R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
SRRTR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
SSU72ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
TBPR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIAR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIER-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIFR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
ZNF143R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
snTAFcR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
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