RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes (Homo sapiens)

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5, 7, 10, 19, 26...9, 13, 17, 23-25, 28...1, 4, 8, 26, 33...8, 27, 41, 47, 531, 33, 3813, 14, 20-22, 28...16, 18, 42279, 11, 16, 18, 34...1, 29, 31, 33, 384, 11, 15, 45, 46nucleoplasmZNF143 TAF5 GTF2F1 TAF13 POLR2K RNU5A-1 gene POU2F2 ICE2 RNU12 gene POLR2J RNU11 gene GTF2A1(275-376) POLR2G ICE2 POU2F1 ZNF143GTF2A1(1-274) GTF2F2 POLR2E NABP2 RNU5A-1 gene POLR2H RNU11 gene POLR2F 7-methylguanosine cap RPRD1B GTF2F1 GTF2F2 POU2F2 POU2F2 TAF8 NCBP1 GTF2F1 VWA9 GTF2B ELL3 POU2F1 ASUN SNAPC2 CCNT1 INTS8 CCNK INTS6 VWA9 CCNT2 p-S2,S7-POLR2A NCBP1 TAF6 GTF2A1(1-274) TAF6 TAF8 7-methylguanosine cap TFIIESP1 TAF9 GTF2E1 GTF2E2 SP1ELL SNAPC2 SNAPC2 RNU1-1 gene ELL2 GTF2F2 POLR2C Cap Binding Complex(CBC)INTS3 RNU2-1 gene CPSF3L RNU2-1 gene POLR2B GTF2A1(1-274) VWA9 pre-snRNA POLR2K RNU5A-1 gene INTS9 RNU12 gene INTS12 SNAPC5 CCNT2 GTF2F1 GTF2A2 SNAPC1 CCNK RNU4-1 gene POLR2H POLR2K POLR2I GTF2B RNA Polymerase IIholoenzyme complex(unphosphorylated)RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneELL2 POLR2E POLR2C POLR2A INTS2 TAF13 POLR2L POU2F1 CCNK RNU1-1 gene SNAPC4 CDK9 ZC3H8 RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneRNU4ATAC gene U5 snRNA POLR2I TAF13 CTPCCNK CCNT1 SNAPC1 TAF11 CCNT2 ASUN snTAFcCCNT1 POLR2F CTPINTS12 POU2F2 TAF13 INTS5 ZNF143 POLR2L POU2F2 POLR2C CCNT1 GTF2E1 RPRD2 TAF11 RNU11 gene TAF6 CDK7 SUPT4H1 NABP1 SNAPC3 INTS8 SNAPC4 SP1 SNAPC5 ICE1 GTF2A1(275-376) CDK7 POLR2H TAF5 POU2F2 GTF2A1(1-274) TAF9 NABP2 RNU5A-1 gene NCBP2 CDK9 POLR2F RPRD1A POLR2C POLR2G POLR2D POLR2D INTS7 RNU1-1 gene NABP1 ICE1 ATPPOLR2J CDK9 p-S2,S7-POLR2A SNAPC4 SP1 TAF13 CCNT1 UTPRNU11 gene POLR2D RNU1-1 gene CDK7CPSF3L U11 snRNA POLR2I ZNF143 SNAPC5 pre-snRNA POU2F1 RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BTAF13 RNU4ATAC gene RNU4-1 gene RPAP2 RNU12 gene GTF2F1 GTF2F1 ZNF143 SNAPC1 GTF2E1 RNU4ATAC gene RPRD1A GTF2A2 INTS9 RNU1-1 gene RNU4-1 gene TBP INTS10 CCNK RNU4-1 gene CDK7 SNAPC3 GTF2F1 ADPGTF2A1(275-376) POLR2E ASUN SSU72RNU4ATAC gene INTS1 POLR2J IntegratorRNU12 gene RPRD1B GTF2A1(275-376) ELL2 TAF8 DSIF complexPOLR2D SP1 POLR2L NABP2 pre-snRNA PHAXELL3 RPAP2 RNU2-1 gene SNAPC2 GTF2A1(275-376) TAF8 GTF2F2 RNU12 gene CDK7 ICE1 RNU2-1 gene GTF2E2 NABP1 CPSF3L RNU5A-1 gene POLR2J RPAP2 CCNT1 POLR2C POU2F2 INTS8 TAF9 SRRT GTPTBP GTF2A1(1-274) ZNF143 VWA9 SNAPC3 INTS10 CDK7 POLR2F SP1 ZNF143 SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneGTF2A2 RNU4-1 gene RNU4-1 gene CCNK POLR2H GTF2F2 GTF2A2 ICE2 SP1 POLR2I TAF8 RNU2-1 gene RNU4-1 gene POU2F1 GTF2A2 INTS12 SNAPC3 POU2F2 INTS7 POLR2H RPRD2 SNAPC2 NABP2 TAF11 INTS2 RNU4-1 gene CCNK GTF2F1 TBP GTF2B RNU2-1 gene RNU4ATAC gene ATPRNU5A-1 gene CCNT2 GTF2E2 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA geneGTF2A1(275-376) GTF2E2 p-SUPT5H POLR2F RPRD1A POLR2K GTF2A1(1-274) NCBP2 TAF6 POLR2G GTF2A2 RPAP2 POLR2D RPRD2 POLR2G NABP2 INTS7 TAF6 GTF2A2 INTS1 CDK9 SP1 U4 snRNA SNAPC4 RNU12 gene POLR2E TAF11 CDK7 GTF2E1 ZNF143 GTF2E1 POLR2C UTPPOLR2L RPRD1A NCBP1 ELL3 GTF2B RNU4ATAC gene INTS6 GTF2A1(275-376) SNAPC1 POLR2B SNAPC1 RNU12 gene CCNK RNU2-1 gene TBP SNAPC5 RNU4-1 gene RNU12 gene CDK7 SNAPC1 INTS4 POLR2D U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneSNAPC5 POLR2F INTS10 U12 snRNA TAF5 TAF8 SNAPC3 RNU4ATAC gene ICE1 CCNT1 RPRD2 GTF2A1(1-274) POLR2E INTS9 POU2F1 TAF5 GTF2B RPRD1B TAF9 TAF8 POLR2B CCNT2 CDK9 CCNK POLR2G RNU5A-1 gene RPAP2 POLR2H SRRTTAF5 ICE1 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneTAF6 SNAPC3 ICE2 INTS8 GTF2E2 RPRD1B POLR2J RNU4-1 gene INTS4 TAF9 SNAPC1 SNAPC2 CBCAP:cappedsnRNAU1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12RNU12 gene PHAX TBP POLR2G SNAPC1 TAF11 ELL2 SNAPC5 SNAPC4 POLR2E ZNF143 GTF2A1(1-274) POLR2H TAF6 INTS2 SNAPC4 POU2F1 RNU1-1 gene CDK9 NABP1 LECTAF9 CDK7 TAF5 RPRD1B INTS9 RNU11 gene POLR2K POLR2B TBPTAF9 GTF2A1(1-274) INTS2 SNAPC2 TAF8 POU2F1 CDK9 SNAPC5 TAF9 GTF2B POLR2I POLR2L RNU4ATAC gene RPRD1B POLR2L GTF2A1(275-376) POLR2F INTS5 ELL2 ELL TAF9 TAF13 RNU11 gene POLR2I POLR2D TAF5 RNU4-1 gene INTS3 CDK9 ZC3H8 GTF2F1 GTF2F2 ELL POU2F1 CDK9 RNU5A-1 gene POU2F1 RNU11 gene SP1 ASUN p-S2,S7-POLR2A INTS5 SNAPC1 POLR2K U1 snRNA TAF5 RNU12 gene INTS6 GTF2B RNU5A-1 gene TAF11 INTS5 POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneGTF2E2 INTS10 POLR2I TAF11 CCNT1 RNApolymeraseII(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA geneRNU11 gene GTF2E1 TAF8 GTF2F2 RNU1-1 gene INTS2 POU2F2 INTS1 CPSF3L TAF13 RPRD1A GTF2E1 p-S5,S7-POLR2A SNAPC4 ELL3 CCNT1 POLR2B POLR2B GTF2F2 RNU11 gene SNAPC4 INTS10 GTF2E2 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA geneSP1 RNU1-1 gene RPRD1A SNAPC3 RNU1-1 gene INTS4 TBP CPSF3L INTS7 GTPGTF2A2 TAF11 INTS3 INTS3 NABP1 SRRT TFIIARNU2-1 gene RNU4ATAC gene VWA9 RPAP2GTF2A1(275-376) SNAPC1 INTS6 INTS1 SP1 POLR2H POLR2E ZC3H8 SNAPC4 RNU5A-1 gene POLR2C GTF2E2 POLR2I POLR2E ZNF143 TFIIFRPRD2 INTS3 RNU5A-1 gene SNAPC3 GTF2F2 INTS9 PHAX ZC3H8 p-S5,S7-POLR2A GTF2B POU2F1,2POLR2J POLR2J ELL3 POLR2B SNAPC2 TAF13 U2 snRNA INTS4 POLR2D RNU2-1 gene ZNF143 RNApolymeraseII(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA geneCCNT2 SNAPC3 SNAPC5 POLR2K INTS6 ZC3H8 POLR2G TAF6 NCBP2 ATPTAF6 RNU11 gene INTS4 SNAPC3 TBP POLR2F GTF2E1 RNU4ATAC gene GTF2A2 ASUN RNU1-1 gene SNAPC2 INTS12 SNAPC2 RNU2-1 gene INTS1 POLR2K POLR2A SNAPC5 CCNT2 P-TEFb complexTBP ELL POLR2L SNAPC5 U4atac snRNA INTS7 Initiationfactors:CDK7:snRNAgeneTAF11 RNU4ATAC gene POLR2L RNU12 gene RNU1-1 gene GTF2E2 SNAPcCCNT2 INTS8 ELL 7-methylguanosine cap POU2F1 GTF2BPOU2F2 RNU2-1 gene GTF2E1 ICE2 RPRD2CCNT2 RNU11 gene POLR2G p-S5,S7-POLR2A TAF5 POLR2C POU2F2 INTS5 PCF11INTS12 SNAPC4 POLR2J POLR2B 361, 26, 33, 38, 411812, 263328, 41, 44, 5433130271, 33, 3816, 183


Description

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play key roles in splicing and some of them, specifically the U1 and U2 snRNAs, are encoded by multicopy snRNA gene clusters containing tandem arrays of genes, about 30 in the RNU1 cluster (Bernstein et al. 1985) and about 10-20 in the RNU2 cluster (Van Ardsell and Weiner 1984). Whereas U6 snRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, U1,U2, U4, U4atac, U5, U11, and U12 genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Transcription of the U1 and U2 genes has been most extensively studied and the other snRNA genes as well as other genes with similar promoter structures, for example the SNORD13 gene, are inferred to be transcribed by similar reactions. The snRNA genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II are distinguished from mRNA-encoding genes by the presence of a proximal sequence element (PSE) rather than a TATA box and the presence of the Integrator complex rather than the Mediator complex (reviewed in Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008).
The snRNA genes are among the most rapidly transcribed genes in the genome. The 5' transcribed region of the U2 snRNA gene is largely single-stranded during interphase and metaphase (Pavelitz et al. 2008) and chromatin within the transcribed region is cleared of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014). Transcriptional activation of the RNA polymerase II transcribed snRNA genes begins with binding of transcription factors to the distal sequence element (DSE) of the promoter (reviewed in Hernandez 2001, Egloff et al. 2008, Jawdeker and Henry 2008). The factors, which include POU2F1 (Oct-1), POU2F2 (Oct-2), ZNF143 (Staf) and Sp1, promote binding of the SNAPc complex (also known as PTF and PBP) to the PSE. SNAPc helps clear the gene of nucleosomes (O'Reilly et al. 2014) and recruits initiation factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and snTAFc:TBP) which recruit RNA polymerase II. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008) by CDK7 recruits RPAP2 and the Integrator complex, which is required for later processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA transcript (reviewed in Chen and Wagner 2010, Baillat and Wagner 2015). The Little Elongation Complex (LEC) also appears to bind around the time of transcription initiation (Hu et al. 2013). As transcription proceeds, RPAP2 dephosphorylates serine-5 and P-TEFb phosphorylates serine-2 of the CTD. As transcription reaches the end of the snRNA gene serine-7 of the CTD is phosphorylated. These marks serve to bind protein complexes and are required for 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (reviewed in Egloff and Murphy 2008). After transcription proceeds through the conserved 3' processing sequence of the pre-snRNA the Integrator complex cleaves the pre-snRNA. Transcription then terminates downstream in a less well characterized reaction that requires elements of the polyadenylation system. View original pathway at:Reactome.

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Reactome-Converter 
Pathway is converted from Reactome ID: 6807505
Reactome-version 
Reactome version: 65
Reactome Author 
Reactome Author: May, Bruce

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
114956view16:48, 25 January 2021ReactomeTeamReactome version 75
113400view11:47, 2 November 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 74
112604view15:58, 9 October 2020ReactomeTeamReactome version 73
101520view11:38, 1 November 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 66
101056view21:20, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 65
100587view19:54, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 64
100136view16:39, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 63
99686view15:09, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62 (2nd attempt)
99276view12:45, 31 October 2018ReactomeTeamreactome version 62
93567view11:27, 9 August 2017ReactomeTeamreactome version 61
86669view09:23, 11 July 2016ReactomeTeamNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
7-methylguanosine cap MetaboliteCHEBI:17825 (ChEBI)
ADPMetaboliteCHEBI:16761 (ChEBI)
ASUN ProteinQ9NVM9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ATPMetaboliteCHEBI:15422 (ChEBI)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ComplexR-HSA-6814903 (Reactome)
CCNK ProteinO75909 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT1 ProteinO60563 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CCNT2 ProteinO60583 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7 ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK7ProteinP50613 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CDK9 ProteinP50750 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CPSF3L ProteinQ5TA45 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
CTPMetaboliteCHEBI:17677 (ChEBI)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)ComplexR-HSA-77088 (Reactome)
DSIF complexComplexR-HSA-112420 (Reactome)
ELL ProteinP55199 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL2 ProteinO00472 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ELL3 ProteinQ9HB65 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(1-274) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A1(275-376) ProteinP52655 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2A2 ProteinP52657 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2B ProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2BProteinQ00403 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E1 ProteinP29083 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2E2 ProteinP29084 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F1 ProteinP35269 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTF2F2 ProteinP13984 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
GTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15996 (ChEBI)
ICE1 ProteinQ9Y2F5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ICE2 ProteinQ659A1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS1 ProteinQ8N201 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS10 ProteinQ9NVR2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS12 ProteinQ96CB8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS2 ProteinQ9H0H0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS3 ProteinQ68E01 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS4 ProteinQ96HW7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS5 ProteinQ6P9B9 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS6 ProteinQ9UL03 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS7 ProteinQ9NVH2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS8 ProteinQ75QN2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
INTS9 ProteinQ9NV88 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810225 (Reactome)
IntegratorComplexR-HSA-6807453 (Reactome)
LECComplexR-HSA-6807410 (Reactome)
NABP1 ProteinQ96AH0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NABP2 ProteinQ9BQ15 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP1 ProteinQ09161 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
NCBP2 ProteinP52298 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
P-TEFb complexComplexR-HSA-112431 (Reactome)
PCF11ProteinO94913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAX ProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PHAXProteinQ9H814 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2B ProteinP30876 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2C ProteinP19387 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2D ProteinO15514 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2E ProteinP19388 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2F ProteinP61218 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2G ProteinP62487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2H ProteinP52434 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2I ProteinP36954 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2J ProteinP52435 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2K ProteinP53803 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POLR2L ProteinP62875 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1 ProteinP14859 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6807504 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2ComplexR-HSA-6814929 (Reactome)
POU2F2 ProteinP09086 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814860 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814530 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814537 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810221 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6814534 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ComplexR-HSA-6810219 (Reactome) Unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II is initially recruited to the promoter of a snRNA gene by interaction with initiation factors.
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ComplexR-HSA-113401 (Reactome)
RNU1-1 gene ProteinENSG00000206652 (Ensembl)
RNU11 gene ProteinENSG00000274978 (Ensembl)
RNU12 gene ProteinENSG00000276027 (Ensembl)
RNU2-1 gene ProteinENSG00000274585 (Ensembl)
RNU4-1 gene ProteinENSG00000200795 (Ensembl)
RNU4ATAC gene ProteinENSG00000264229 (Ensembl)
RNU5A-1 gene ProteinENSG00000199568 (Ensembl)
RPAP2 ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810229 (Reactome)
RPAP2ProteinQ8IXW5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A ProteinQ96P16 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BComplexR-HSA-6814908 (Reactome)
RPRD1B ProteinQ9NQG5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2 ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
RPRD2ProteinQ5VT52 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC1 ProteinQ16533 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC2 ProteinQ13487 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC3 ProteinQ92966 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC4 ProteinQ5SXM2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPC5 ProteinO75971 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneComplexR-HSA-6810222 (Reactome)
SNAPcComplexR-HSA-83730 (Reactome)
SP1 ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SP1ProteinP08047 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRT ProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SRRTProteinQ9BXP5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SSU72ProteinQ9NP77 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
SUPT4H1 ProteinP63272 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF11 ProteinQ15544 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF13 ProteinQ15543 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF5 ProteinQ15542 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF6 ProteinP49848 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF8 ProteinQ7Z7C8 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TAF9 ProteinQ16594 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBP ProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TBPProteinP20226 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
TFIIAComplexR-HSA-109629 (Reactome)
TFIIEComplexR-HSA-109633 (Reactome)
TFIIFComplexR-HSA-109631 (Reactome)
U1 snRNA ProteinV00590 (EMBL)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneComplexR-HSA-6807498 (Reactome)
U11 snRNA ProteinENST00000387069 (Ensembl)
U12 snRNA ProteinENST00000362512 (Ensembl)
U2 snRNA ProteinX59360 (EMBL)
U4 snRNA ProteinX59361 (EMBL)
U4atac snRNA ProteinENST00000580972 (Ensembl)
U5 snRNA ProteinX04293 (EMBL)
UTPMetaboliteCHEBI:15713 (ChEBI)
VWA9 ProteinQ96SY0 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZC3H8 ProteinQ8N5P1 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143 ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ZNF143ProteinP52747 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
p-S2,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-S5,S7-POLR2A ProteinP24928 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) The C-terminal domain (CTD) of POLR2A contains about 52 repeats of the consensus heptad YSPTSPS. Serines-2,5, and 7 of the heptads are phosphorylated in RNA polymerase II initiating transcription of snRNA genes. The exact repeats that are phosphorylated are not known.
p-SUPT5H ProteinO00267 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
pre-snRNA R-HSA-6814536 (Reactome)
snTAFcComplexR-HSA-6810230 (Reactome)

Annotated Interactions

View all...
SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
ADPArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
ATPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
CBCAP:capped

snRNA

U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
CDK7R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
CTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC)R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
DSIF complexArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTF2BR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
GTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
Initiation

factors:CDK7:snRNA

gene		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
IntegratorArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
IntegratorR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
LECArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
LECR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
P-TEFb complexR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
PCF11ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
PHAXR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
POU2F1,2R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome) An octamer binding factor, POU2F1 (Oct-1) or POU2F2 (Oct-2), SP1, ZNF143 (Staf) and possibly other transcription factors bind the distal sequence element (DSE) in the promoter of the snRNA gene (Murphy et al. 1992, Strom et al. 1996, Murphy 1997, Hovde et al. 2002). These upstream transcription factors enhance subsequent binding of the SNAPc complex to the downstream proximal sequence element (PSE) of the promoter.
R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome) CDK7 phosphorylates serine-5 residues of heptad repeats (consensus YSPTSPS) in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit (POLR2A) of RNA polymerase II. Serine-7 residues of the heptad repeats are also phosphorylated at promoters of snRNA genes (Egloff et al. 2007) and CDK7 is required for phosphorylation of serine-7 in vivo (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009). P-TEFb and DNA-PK are able to phosphorylate serine-7 in vitro (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009, Egloff et al. 2010). Impairment of CTD phosphorylation does not appear to affect transcription of snRNA genes but rather impairs 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Medlin et al. 2003, Jacobs et al. 2004).
R-HSA-6810234 (Reactome) The promoter of an snRNA gene binds the basal transcription factors TFIIA, TFIIB (GTF2B), TFIIE, and TFIIF (Bernues et al. 1993, Kuhlman et al. 1999). Rather than the TFIID complex found at promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, a unique complex containing TBP (Sadowski et al. 1993) and snTAFc is present at promoters of snRNA genes (Zaborowska et al. 2012). The P-TEFb complex is also observed at snRNA genes, however, it seems to play a role more in 3' processing than in elongation (Medlin et al. 2005). CDK7 is also present and phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (Glover-Cutter et al. 2009).
R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome) The protein phosphatase RPAP2 binds RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at serine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) (Egloff et al. 2012). RPRD1A and RPRD1B bind RNA polymerase II with RPAP2 and appear to act as scaffolds for the complex (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014).
R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome) The basal initiation factors TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TBP:snTAFc recruit unphosphorylated RNA polymerase II to the promoter of the (U1, U2, U4, U5) snRNA gene (Gunderson et al. 1990, Kuhlman et al. 1999, Zaborowska et al. 2012).
R-HSA-6810239 (Reactome) Transcription factors at the distal sequence element (DSE) recruit the SNAPc complex to bind the proximal sequence element (PSE) (Sadowski et al. 1993, Henry et al. 1995, Mittal et al. 1996, Ford and Hernandez 1997, Ford et al. 1998, Hovde et al. 2002, Jawdekar et al. 2006, James Faresse et al. 2012). Binding of SNAPc distinguishes snRNA promoters from promoters of mRNA-encoding genes, which have TATA or other elements rather than PSEs (Henry et al. 1995).
R-HSA-6814549 (Reactome) In an unknown order of events, RNA polymerase II initiates transcription and the Integrator complex (Baillat et al. 2005) and Little Elongation Complex (LEC, Hu et al. 2013) are recruited to phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Egloff et al. 2010). The Integrator complex interacts with RPAP2, which binds phosphoserine-7 of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and is required for recruitment of Integrator (Egloff et al. 2007, Egloff et al. 2012). RPAP2 interacts with the putative scaffold proteins RPRD1A and RPRD1B at the CTD (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and DSIF is required for recruitment of Integrator (Skaar et al. 2015). The Integrator complex does not seem to play a significant role in subsequent elongation of the pre-snRNA transcript but is critical for processing of the 3' end of the pre-snRNA.
R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome) Like RNA polymerase II at mRNA-encoding genes, RNA polymerase II at snRNA genes is believed to be dephosphorylated at the C-terminal domain (CTD) in order to begin another round of transcription. RNA polymerase II and factors bound to its C-terminal domain (CTD) dissociate and RNA polymerase II dissociates from the 3' end of the snRNA gene. The order of events is unclear.
R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome) Transcription of the pre-snRNA extends through a conserved region, the 3' box, and terminates downstream. The heterodimeric subunits INTS9 and INTS11 within the Integrator complex form an endoribonuclease that cleaves the pre-snRNA at a location 5' to the 3' box (Baillat et al. 2005, Abrecht and Wagner 2012, Skaar et al. 2015), releasing the capped snRNA bound to the cap binding complex. Factors that bind the 5' cap of the pre-snRNA enhance processing at the 3' end (Hallais et al. 2013) and polyadenlyation factors PCF11 and SKU72 are required for transcription termination (O'Reilly et al. 2014). The remainder of the transcript downstream of the cleavage site is presumably degraded by exoribonuclease.
R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome) A 7-methylguanosine triphosphate group is added to the 5' end of the pre-snRNA during transcription elongation (Mattaj 1986). The capping enzyme and cap methyltransferase involved in mRNA capping may also be responsible for this reaction. In the case of mRNA capping, the capping enzyme is targeted to the pre-mRNA by interaction with the phosphorylated C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (McCracken et al. 1997). During elongation, the phosphorylation pattern of the CTD also changes: serine-5 is dephosphorylated by RPAP2 (Egloff et al. 2012) interacting with RPRD1A and RPRD1B (Ni et al. 2011, Ni et al. 2014) and serine-2 is phosphoryated by P-TEFb. Serine-7 is also phosphorylated, possibly, however the responsible kinase is not certain. The order of the capping and phosphorylation events is unknown.
R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome) As the capped pre-snRNA continues to be elongated, the CBCAP complex comprising NCBP1 (CBP80), NCBP2 (CBP20), SRRT (ARS2) and PHAX binds the 7-methylguanosine cap (Hallais et al. 2013). The CBCAP complex enhances 3' processing of the pre-snRNA (Hallais et al. 2013) and participates in export of the snRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol, where the snRNA is further modified and assembled with proteins into pre-snRNPs.
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:CBCAP:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-2,7):RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:capped pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:CDK7:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		R-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(phosphoserine-5,7):RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RPAP2:Integrator:LEC:pre-snRNA:Initiation factors:snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		ArrowR-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		R-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA

polymerase II

(unphosphorylated):Initiation factors at promoter of snRNA gene		mim-catalysisR-HSA-6810233 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RNA Polymerase II

holoenzyme complex

(unphosphorylated)		R-HSA-6810238 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA geneR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2:RPRD1A,B:RPRD2:RNA polymerase II (phosphoserine-5,7):Initiation factors:snRNA genemim-catalysisR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
RPAP2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPAP2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD1A,B:RPRD1A,BR-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
RPRD2ArrowR-HSA-6814554 (Reactome)
RPRD2R-HSA-6810235 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneArrowR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SNAPc:POU2F1,2:SP1:ZNF143:snRNA geneR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
SNAPcR-HSA-6810239 (Reactome)
SP1R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
SRRTR-HSA-6814885 (Reactome)
SSU72ArrowR-HSA-6814555 (Reactome)
TBPR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIAR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIER-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
TFIIFR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
U1,U2,U4,U4atac,U5,U11,U12 geneR-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814549 (Reactome)
UTPR-HSA-6814559 (Reactome)
ZNF143R-HSA-6807496 (Reactome)
snTAFcR-HSA-6810234 (Reactome)
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