Oxysterols derived from cholesterol (Homo sapiens)

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24S- and 25-Hydroxylase pathway7α-Hydroxylase pathway:neutral/classical pathwayof bile acid biosynthesis25-hydroxylase pathway37, 389141437373737146373727, 3749, 3363742372519, 23437Based on Fig. 1[PMID:31698146]SLOSReduction and oxidation (presumably by AKR1D1 and AKR1C4)may precede before or after 24-hydroxylation.CD4+ Th17 cellsNPC1HSDB11, 28268, 345β-CO-3α,7α,12α−(25R)26-tetrol3α,7α,12α−tri-H-5β-cholestan-(25R)26-oic acidPXR7α,12α,(25R)26-TriH-5β-CO24S-diHCCYP8B1AKR1C47α,25-diHC7α,25-diHCOCYP27A1DHCR7CYP27A1DDA7α−HCOHSD3B7histamine3β,7α-diHCAAKR1C4CYP3A4Cyp3A4EBI2AKR1D17α(25S)26-diHC7α,12α−diHCOEstrogen receptor alpha7-beta, (25R)26-diHCIL-17ACYP3A4HSD3B7CYP8B1Cyp7B1HSD3B7CholesterolLXR-alphaEBI2D8D7IROR-γt AKR1D114731, 37372737375,6-alpha-EpoxycholesterolCholestane-3-beta,5-alpha, 6-beta-triol7-beta-HC7-alpha-HC25-HC7-alpha,25-diHC1, 15, 29, 35(25R)26-HC19, 237α,26-diHC3714145, 13, 21, 32, 3713, 30, 373, 13, 18, 22, 28...3710, 17, 36, 37Cyp27A1Cyp27A116, 20, 3716, 20Cyp7A1Cyp27A13716, 20, 37Cyp7B1CH25H3737Cyp46A1ChEH14IL-17BIL-17CIL-17DIL-17EIL-17F4Estrogen receptor beta4LXR-betaCTX8SPG58, 34NP Type B12NP type A12377α−HCO377-alpha-HC377α(25S)26-diHCO27, 37377α,12α−diH-5β-CO5β-CO-3α,7α,12α−triolCyp27A13β-HC-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid16, 20, 373737Cyp27A116, 20, 37377α(25R)26−diHCO7α-H-3-oxoC-4-en-(25R)26-oic acid37373737CYP27A1CYP27A137377α, 12α,(25R)26−triHCO373737377α,12α,-H-3-oxoC-4-en-(25R)26-oic acid3737CYP8B137377α,12α-diH-3-oxo-5β-CO-(25R)26-oic acid373737AKR1D1CYP27A137Based on Fig. 1[PMID:31698146]CYP8B17a,12a,25-TriH-cholest-4-en-3-one7a,25-DiH-cholest-4-en-3-one7a,25-DiH-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid7a,12a-DiH-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oic acid247a,12a,25-TriH-cholest-4-en-3,24-dioneCholic acid7a,12a,24,25-TetraH-cholest-4-en-3-one7a,24S-DiH-cholest-4-en-3-oneHSD3B7CYP39A17a,24S-DiH-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acidCYP27A17a,24S-DiH-cholesterol37373731, 3737372, 37372, 3725, 3725, 37AKR1C4225Based on Fig. 2[PMID:31698146]


Description

The Oxysterol group of compounds are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol or its sterol precursors, e.g. 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) or desmosterol. There are three mechanisms leading to the formation of oxysterols:

1. Enzymatically (first steps of sterol metabolism, being intermediates for the formation of steroid hormones, bile acids and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). 2. Non-enzymatically by encountering reactive oxygen species (ROS), providing a second pool of metabolites (this pool also includes oxidized cholesterol molecules taken in from diet). 3. Generation by the gut microflora and uptake through the enterohepatic circulation.


Previously oxysterols where though to be inactive metabolic intermediates, however recent findings have established that these metabolites are involved in cholesterol homoeostasis, can be ligands to nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors and biomarkers of diseases (for example Niemann-Pick disease).

This pathway drawing was inspired by Figure 3 of the review article by Griffiths et al. (2016) [1], and has been extended with immune system, receptor agonists, steroidal alkaloid and biomarker information from the same paper. This pathway has been updated with Figure 1 from Griffiths et al (2020) [2] (visual in the green boxes).

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Bibliography

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History

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CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
128535view18:11, 11 February 2024EweitzOntology Term : 'CD4-positive helper T cell' added !
128534view18:11, 11 February 2024EweitzFix typos, soften disease color, standardize case
127388view19:59, 27 September 2023Conroy lipidsfix type of missing attribute
126793view14:16, 22 June 2023DeSlConnected unconnected lines
126778view09:31, 22 June 2023Conroy lipidsadd 5,6-ECS, more GlcNag BAs
126777view07:56, 22 June 2023Conroy lipidscorrected lipid ID, added enzymes and further reaction from 33246156
126485view21:02, 8 May 2023AlexanderPicofixed links in description
126234view09:46, 17 April 2023Conroy lipidsconvert lipid metabolites to LIPID MAPS IDs
126202view14:20, 14 April 2023Conroy lipidscorrected 7α,25-Dihydroxy-3-oxocholest -5-en-26-oic acid to -4-en-. updated ID to lipidmaps
125491view10:10, 20 February 2023EgonwModified description
125487view09:27, 20 February 2023WilliamJGriffithsModified description
125481view06:29, 20 February 2023RobertAndrewsModified description
123863view20:16, 20 August 2022EgonwLipidMaps ID seems to have been replaced.
123769view13:47, 12 August 2022EgonwModern Uniprot data source
123764view13:10, 12 August 2022EgonwMade a pathway clickable
123711view12:48, 11 August 2022Conroy lipidsupdated with modifications made by Bill Griffiths offline
121824view07:02, 7 March 2022EgonwLipidMaps ID seems to have been replaced.
120921view12:13, 31 January 2022Conroy lipidscorrected ID for 7a,12a-diHCO. Previous ID was for 7a-HCO
120411view09:29, 30 November 2021Fehrhartboxed pathway node
116235view14:54, 21 April 2021DeSlLast updates to LIPIDMAPS IDs
116234view14:49, 21 April 2021DeSlAdded more LIPIDMAPS IDs
116233view14:40, 21 April 2021DeSlStarted adding LIPIDMAPS IDs again, without UTF-8 encoding issues
116228view14:32, 21 April 2021DeSlReverted to version '10:06, 31 March 2021' by DeSl
116222view09:15, 21 April 2021Conroy lipidsupdated IDs to lipidmaps identifiers from inchikey- inchikey was not giving any cross refs to other DBs
116029view10:06, 31 March 2021DeSlSmall layout change
115605view12:23, 1 March 2021DeSlConnected unconnected line to INSIG
115603view12:20, 1 March 2021DeSl
115586view10:34, 1 March 2021DeSlAdded WP5064 linkout for more details on Fig.4
115571view05:58, 27 February 2021EgonwRemoved a few more InChIKeys with their respective PubChem CIDs
115570view05:52, 27 February 2021EgonwRemoved a number of InChIKeys with their respective PubChem CIDs
115566view18:33, 26 February 2021DeSlOntology Term : 'alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency' added !
115565view18:32, 26 February 2021DeSlOntology Term : 'congenital bile acid synthesis defect 6' added !
115564view18:32, 26 February 2021DeSlOntology Term : 'congenital bile acid synthesis defect' added !
115563view18:31, 26 February 2021DeSlOntology Term : 'D-bifunctional protein deficiency' added !
115562view18:29, 26 February 2021DeSlOntology Term : 'familial hypercholanemia pathway' added !
115561view18:28, 26 February 2021DeSl
115560view18:26, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded other missing proteins from Fig.3
115559view18:16, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded diseases for DBP, ACPx and BAAT
115558view18:07, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded BAAT + refs
115557view17:47, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded ACOT
115556view16:41, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded DBP
115555view16:33, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded ACOX2 and accompanying IEM
115552view16:23, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded AMACR protein + disease
115548view15:49, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded first proteins including refs.
115547view15:35, 26 February 2021DeSlConnected last metabolites from Fig.3
115546view15:31, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded metabolites from Fig.3
115536view11:09, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded more refs for bidning to LXR, INSIGa nd estrogen receptors.
115535view10:44, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded last lit. refs for Fig.2
115532view10:28, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded BBB-crossover for 24S-HC
115531view10:22, 26 February 2021DeSlAdded binding of 24S-HC as ligand

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NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
(25R)26-HCMetaboliteQ15634124 (Wikidata) "AKA (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol; Named with systematic nomenclature, where hydroxylation at the terminal side chain of cholesterol is on C-26 leading to 26-hydroxycholesterol (26-HC) which may have 25R or 25S stereochemistry [26]. Unless stated otherwise 25R stereochemistry is assumed. In much of the literature (25R)26-HC is referred to 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC), presumably the 25R isomer."
24S-diHCMetaboliteQ27071873 (Wikidata) AKA (24S)-hydroxycholesterol
25-HCMetaboliteQ27071875 (Wikidata)
  • AKA 25-Hydroxycholesterol
  • Produced by macrophages [PMID: 19805370, 19502589, 23273843], in vivo [PMID: 25104388].
3α,7α,12α−tri-H-5β- cholestan-(25R)26-oic acidMetaboliteCNWPIIOQKZNXBB-WBYPBBSPSA-N (InChIKey) AKA (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid
3β,7α-diHCAMetaboliteQ27154974 (Wikidata) Aka 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid
3β-HC-5-en- (25R)26-oic acidMetaboliteWVXOMPRLWLXFAP-KQOPCUSDSA-N (InChIKey) "AKA (25R)-3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid
5,6-alpha-EpoxycholesterolMetaboliteQ27121609 (Wikidata) AKA 5,6α-epoxycholesterol
5β-CO-3α,7α,12α −(25R)26-tetrolMetaboliteXJZGNVBLVFOSKJ-IUFSEJPUSA-N (InChIKey) aka (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol
5β-CO-3α,7α,12α−triolMetaboliteRIVQQZVHIVNQFH-XJZYBRFWSA-N (InChIKey) aka 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol ; trihydroxycoprostane
7-alpha,25-diHCMetaboliteQ27074018 (Wikidata)
  • AKA 7α,25-Dihydroxycholesterol
  • Involved in immune response (agonist of G-protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (AKA GPR183)) [PMID: 21796212, 21796211].
7-alpha-HCMetaboliteQ155744 (Wikidata) AKA 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-HC)
7-beta, (25R)26-diHCMetaboliteQ27074030 (Wikidata) AKA 7β,26-dihydroxycholesterol (7β,26-diHC).
7-beta-HCMetaboliteQ27074031 (Wikidata) AKA 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-HC)
7a,12a,24,25-TetraH- cholest-4-en-3-oneMetaboliteRLXAPPIBYACUSX-GYXSHVEISA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,12a,24,25-Tetrahydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7a,12a,25-TriH-cholest- 4-en-3,24-dioneMetaboliteRJOIOUAJASFEIW-UOQBUNJGSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,12a,25-Trihydroxycholest-4-en-3,24-dione
7a,12a,25-TriH-cholest- 4-en-3-oneMetaboliteFQABTKAQUPNRDK-RIOWZCLJSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,12a,25-Trihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7a,12a-DiH-3-oxochol- 4-en-24-oic acidMetaboliteZZUMXQCSMJCDDC-DFQOQHGMSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,12a-Dihydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oic acid
7a,24S-DiH-3-oxocholest- 4-en-26-oic acidMetaboliteJZZVPWQJIWZQQG-WVJJBTFRSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,24S-Dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid
7a,24S-DiH-cholest- 4-en-3-oneMetaboliteLFFHZNXDGBQZCO-GXKBHXPCSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,24S-Dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7a,24S-DiH-cholesterolMetaboliteZNCHPOYZMVVJCK-LIZWOPGQSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,24S-Dihydroxycholesterol
7a,25-DiH-3-oxocholest- 4-en-26-oic acidMetaboliteDUYGXKURNABVMD-KOGONGFSSA-N (InChIKey)
  • aka 7a,25-Dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid; 7alpha,25-diH,3O-CA
  • Found in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [PMID:29960034]; reduced levels found in Alzheimers disease.
7a,25-DiH-cholest- 4-en-3-oneMetabolitePOUKDTOWHPHYQU-HENOKILYSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7a,25-Dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, 7a,25-diHCO.
7α(25R)26−diHCOMetaboliteKVJVJJWIEXCECB-OICBIKJFSA-N (InChIKey) aka (25R)-7alpha,26-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7α(25S)26-diHCMetaboliteaka 7α,(25S)26-dihydroxycholesterol
7α(25S)26-diHCOMetaboliteaka 7α,(25S)26-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7α, 12α,(25R)26−triHCOMetaboliteWOODKECARRKLJJ-MNOWUWSHSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7alpha,12alpha,(25R)26-trihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7α,12α,(25R)26 -TriH-5β-COMetaboliteUCVRZTRGVBWBPR-QGLFLVSTSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7α,12α,(25R)26-TriHydroxy-5β-cholestan-3-one
7α,12α,-H-3-oxoC-4- en-(25R)26-oic acidMetabolitePEIQVFBLXUEBGA-GJKGPBNHSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7-alpha,12-alpha-diHydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-(25R)26-oic acid (not available in Wikidata)
7α,12α-diH-3-oxo-5β-CO -(25R)26-oic acidMetaboliteIPDDUDDXZPWYCG-RSIKEQKEQTSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7α,12α-diHydroxy-3-oxo-5β-cholestan-(25R)26-oic acid
7α,12α−diH-5β-COMetaboliteHHVQPBXBALLUDF-QORHGLQKSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one
7α,12α−diHCOMetaboliteIOIZWEJGGCZDOL-RQDYSCIWSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7α,25-diHCMetaboliteCHEBI:37623 (ChEBI)
  • aka 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol
  • "the most potent EBI2 agonist 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-diHC))" [PMID:31698146]
7α,25-diHCOMetaboliteCHEBI:81013 (ChEBI) aka 7α,25-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
7α,26-diHCMetaboliteQ28487682 (Wikidata) AKA 7α,26-dihydroxycholesterol; 7-alpha, (25R)26-diHC
7α-H-3-oxoC-4-en- (25R)26-oic acidMetaboliteSATGKQGFUDXGAX-SLTBQWEQSA-N (InChIKey) aka 7-Hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-(25R)26-oic acid
7α−HCOMetaboliteCHEBI:17899 (ChEBI)
  • aka 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
  • "7α−HCO is a ligand to the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily" [PMID:31698146]
AKR1C4GeneProductAKR1C4 (HGNC) Reduction and oxidation

(presumably by AKR1D1 and AKR1C4)

may precede before or after 24-hydroxylation.
AKR1D1GeneProductAKR1D1 (HGNC)
CH25HProteinO95992 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) AKA cholesterol 25-hydroxylase
CYP27A1GeneProductCYP27A1 (HGNC)
CYP39A1GeneProductCYP39A1 (HGNC)
CYP3A4GeneProductCYP3A4 (HGNC) Alternative protein to CH25H for hydroxylation
CYP8B1GeneProductCYP8B1 (HGNC)
ChEHProteinP34913 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
  • AKA cholesterol epoxide hydrolase (ChEH); EC: 3.3.2.11
  • "ChEH is a dimer of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) and 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ8-Δ7-isomerase (D8D7I)"
Cholestane-3-beta, 5-alpha, 6-beta-triolMetaboliteQ27103493 (Wikidata)
  • AKA cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol
  • "Biomarker for NPC1; elevated levels of cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol in plasma from NPC1 patients." [PMID: 21048217].
CholesterolMetaboliteQ43656 (Wikidata)
Cholic acidMetaboliteBHQCQFFYRZLCQQ-OELDTZBJSA-N (InChIKey)
Cyp27A1ProteinQ02318 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
Cyp3A4ProteinP08684 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) Reaction also occurs in mouse: CYP3A11
Cyp46A1ProteinQ9Y6A2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) Responsible for cholesterol homeostasis in brain.
Cyp7A1ProteinP22680 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
  • cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid biosynthesis.
  • "the transcript of which is almost exclusively expressed in liver" [PMID:31698146]
Cyp7B1ProteinO75881 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
D8D7IProtein"ChEH is a dimer of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) and 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ8-Δ7-isomerase (D8D7I)"
DDAMetaboliteQ61983671 (Wikidata) AKA Dendrogenin A
DHCR7ProteinQ9UBM7 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) "ChEH is a dimer of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) and 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ8-Δ7-isomerase (D8D7I)"
EBI2ProteinP32249 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) AKA G protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (GPR183)
Estrogen receptor alphaProteinP03372 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) Expressed in vascular cells.
Estrogen receptor betaProteinQ92731 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) Expressed in vascular cells.
HSD3B7GeneProductHSD3B7 (HGNC)
HSD3B7ProteinQ9H2F3 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
IL-17AProteinQ16552 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) "IL-17 familiy is essential in host defense and may play key pathogenic roles in autoimmune diseases." [PMID: 25092323]
IL-17BProteinQ9UHF5 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) "IL-17 familiy is essential in host defense and may play key pathogenic roles in autoimmune diseases." [PMID: 25092323]
IL-17CProteinQ9P0M4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) "IL-17 familiy is essential in host defense and may play key pathogenic roles in autoimmune diseases." [PMID: 25092323]
IL-17DProteinQ8TAD2 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) "IL-17 familiy is essential in host defense and may play key pathogenic roles in autoimmune diseases." [PMID: 25092323]
IL-17EProteinQ9H293 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) "IL-17 familiy is essential in host defense and may play key pathogenic roles in autoimmune diseases." [PMID: 25092323]
IL-17FProteinQ96PD4 (Uniprot-TrEMBL) "IL-17 familiy is essential in host defense and may play key pathogenic roles in autoimmune diseases." [PMID: 25092323]
LXR-alphaProteinP13133 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
LXR-betaProteinP55055 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
PXRProteinO75469 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
ROR-γt ProteinF1D8P6 (Uniprot-TrEMBL)
  • AKA RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt); consists of 2 isoforms: RORγ and RORγt. This nuclear receptor is required for generating IL-17-producing CD4(+) Th17 T cells.
  • "RORγt (also known as RORγ2) – produced from an mRNA identical to that of RORγ, except that the two 5'-most exons are replaced by an alternative exon, located downstream in the gene. This causes a different, shorter N-terminus." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_gamma]
histamineMetaboliteQ61233 (Wikidata)

Annotated Interactions

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SourceTargetTypeDatabase referenceComment
25-HC7-alpha,25-diHCmim-conversion24309 (Rhea)
7-alpha-HC7α−HCOmim-conversion11897 (Rhea) oxidation
7α,25-diHC7α,25-diHCOmim-conversion47157 (Rhea)
Cholesterol(25R)26-HCmim-conversion46401 (Rhea)
Cholesterol24S-diHCmim-conversion22717 (Rhea)
Cholesterol25-HCmim-conversion21105 (Rhea)
Cholesterol7-alpha-HCmim-conversion21813 (Rhea) 7α-hydroxylation
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