Glycogen metabolism (Bos taurus)

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DegradationPhosphorylase KinaseSer/Thr Protein Phosphatase 2AGlycolysisSynthesisCALM1cAMPPPP2R5CPPP2R5EPHKBGlucose-1-phosphatePPP2CBUDP-glucosePPP2R5APPP2R3APYGLGSK3AGYS2Glycogen (n+1)GlycogenGlucose 1-phosphatePHKG1GYG2PHKG2AGLPPP2R2ALOC533763PPP2R2CPYGMCALM2PPP2R5DGlycogen (n+1)PPP2R1APYGBGSK3BCALM3Glucose-6-phosphatePPP2CAPPP2R3BPHKA1GlycogenPHKA2LOC100138150UGP2GlucoseGYG1PPP2R4UGP2PGM1PPP2R5BPPP2R2BGYS1


Description

Glycogen is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues. Within skeletal musle and liver glucose is stored as glycogen. In the liver, glycogen synthesis and degradation are regulated to maintain blood-glucose levels as required to meet the needs of the organism as a whole. In contrast, in muscle, these processes are regulated to meet the energy needs of the muscle itself.

Glycogen synthesis Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic. This means that glycogen synthesis requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from UTP, which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in reaction catalysed by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP-glucose by the enzyme glycogen synthase, which progressively lengthens the glycogen chain with (α1→4) bonded glucose. As glycogen synthase can only lengthen an existing chain, the protein glycogenin is needed to initiate the synthesis of glycogen. The glycogen-branching enzyme, amylo (α1→4) to (α1→6) transglycosylase, catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of 6-7 glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C-6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule. The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues, and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains.

Glycogen degradation Glycogen degradation consists of three steps: (1) the release of glucose 1-phosphate from glycogen, (2) the remodeling of the glycogen substrate to permit further degradation, and (3) the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate into glucose 6-phosphate for further metabolism.

Information partly derived from "Biochemistry" by Stryer and Wikipedia.

Comments

HomologyConvert 
This pathway was inferred from Homo sapiens pathway WP500(r21730) with a 70% conversion rate.

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Ontology Terms

 

Bibliography

  1. Moses SW, Bashan N, Gutman A; ''Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell.''; Blood, 1972 PubMed Europe PMC Scholia

History

View all...
CompareRevisionActionTimeUserComment
122661view05:23, 28 April 2022EgonwMade a pathway clickable
117526view11:09, 21 May 2021EweitzModified title
114355view19:24, 8 January 2021DeSlUpdating duplicate cas to wikidata for glucose
105990view11:51, 16 August 2019MaintBotHMDB identifier normalization
80861view15:28, 30 June 2015Mkutmonhomology conversion
71850view20:12, 18 October 2013MaintBotremoved data source from nodes without identifier
67302view10:34, 26 June 2013Christine ChichesterOntology Term : 'glycogen metabolic pathway' added !
63479view17:23, 10 May 2013MaintBotupdating gpml
40558view19:31, 1 March 2011MaintBotRemoved redundant pathway information and comments
35732view23:40, 12 February 2010AlexanderPico
33796view00:15, 9 December 2009MaintBotAutomatic update of empty xrefs
31706view11:51, 14 August 2009MaintBotFixed group labels
30642view22:30, 29 July 2009MaintBotNew pathway

External references

DataNodes

View all...
NameTypeDatabase referenceComment
AGLGeneProduct517397 (Entrez Gene)
CALM1GeneProduct617095 (Entrez Gene)
CALM2GeneProduct326597 (Entrez Gene)
CALM3GeneProduct520277 (Entrez Gene)
GSK3AGeneProduct536561 (Entrez Gene)
GSK3BGeneProduct790875 (Entrez Gene)
GYG1GeneProduct280812 (Entrez Gene)
GYG2GeneProduct505258 (Entrez Gene)
GYS1GeneProduct786335 (Entrez Gene)
GYS2GeneProduct537451 (Entrez Gene)
Glucose 1-phosphateMetaboliteHMDB01586 (HMDB)
Glucose-1-phosphateMetabolite
Glucose-6-phosphateMetabolite
GlucoseMetabolite
Glycogen (n+1)Metabolite
GlycogenMetabolite
LOC100138150GeneProduct100138150 (Entrez Gene)
LOC533763GeneProduct533763 (Entrez Gene)
PGM1GeneProduct534402 (Entrez Gene)
PHKA1GeneProduct
PHKA2GeneProduct
PHKBGeneProduct511783 (Entrez Gene)
PHKG1GeneProduct540682 (Entrez Gene)
PHKG2GeneProduct512670 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2CAGeneProduct282320 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2CBGeneProduct524361 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R1AGeneProduct535321 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R2AGeneProduct508045 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R2BGeneProduct509290 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R2CGeneProduct782110 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R3AGeneProduct521584 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R3BGeneProduct
PPP2R4GeneProduct514460 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5AGeneProduct533788 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5BGeneProduct505915 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5CGeneProduct505757 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5DGeneProduct100134966 (Entrez Gene)
PPP2R5EGeneProduct533617 (Entrez Gene)
PYGBGeneProduct505560 (Entrez Gene)
PYGLGeneProduct505472 (Entrez Gene)
PYGMGeneProduct327664 (Entrez Gene)
UDP-glucoseMetaboliteHMDB00286 (HMDB)
UGP2GeneProduct281565 (Entrez Gene)
cAMPMetaboliteHMDB00058 (HMDB)

Annotated Interactions

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