Glycerophospholipid biosynthetic pathway (Homo sapiens)
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Description
In glycerophospholipids, two fatty acids are ester-linked to glycerol at C-1 and C-2, and a highly polar or charged (and therefore hydrophilic) head group is attached to C-3 through a phosphodiester bond. All glycerophospholipds are derivatives of phosphatidic acid and are named for their polar head groups (e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine). All have a negative charge on the phosphate group at pH 7.0. The head-goup alcohol may also contribute one or more charges at pH near 7.0. The fatty acids in glycerophospholipds can be any of a wide variety. They are different in different species, in different tissues of the same species, and in different types of glycerophospholipids in the same cell or tissue. In general, glycerophospholipids contain a saturated fatty acid at C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid at C-2, and, in general terms, the fatty acyl groups are generally 16 or 18 carbons long.
Eukaryotic membranes contain significant amounts of two other types of glycerophospholipids: Plasmalogens and Alkylacylglycerophospholipids. Plasmalogens contain a hydrocarbon chain linked to glycerol C-1 via vinyl ether linkage whereas alkylacylglycerophospholipids the alkyl substituent at glycerol C-1 is attached via an ether linkage. About 20% of mammalian glycerophospholipids are plasmalogens, this percentage varies both from species to species and from tissue to tissue within a given organism. While plasmalogens comprise only about 0.8% of the phospholipids in human liver, they account for around 23% of those in human nervous tissue. The alkylacylglycerophospholipids are less abundant than the plasmalogens, e.g., about 59% of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids of human heart are plasmalogens, whereas only 3.6% are alkylacylglycerophospholipids. However, in bovine erythrocytes, 75% of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids are of alkylacyl type.Quality Tags
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History
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External references
DataNodes
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Name | Type | Database reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-cytidine-5'-diphosphate (CDP-DAG, CMP-PA) | Metabolite | LMGP13010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (Phosphatidic acid; PA) | Metabolite | LMGP10010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-myo-inositol) (PI) | Metabolite | LMGP06010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycero-phosphate) (PGP) | |||
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) (PG) | Metabolite | LMGP04010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC, Lecithin) | Metabolite | LMGP01010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PE) | Metabolite | LMGP02010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (PS) | Metabolite | LMGP03010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-diacylglycerol; 1,2-DAG) | Metabolite | LMGL02010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
1-Acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Acyl-DHAP) | Metabolite | HMDB11750 (HMDB) | |
1-Alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholine (Plasmenylcholine) | Metabolite | SID 4209 (PubChem-substance) | |
1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Platelet Activating Factor, PAF) | Metabolite | CHEBI:36707 (ChEBI) | |
1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | Metabolite | CHEBI:17555 (ChEBI) | |
1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol | Metabolite | SID 6564 (PubChem-substance) | |
1-Alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | Metabolite | SID 92741300 (PubChem-substance) | |
1-Alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate (Octanoyl DHAP) | Metabolite | CID 53481029 (PubChem-compound) | |
1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine (Plasmenylethanolamine) | Metabolite | SID 7325 (PubChem-substance) | |
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate phosphatase
(Phosphatidate phosphatase) EC 3.1.3.4 | Protein | Q92539 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Plasmanylcholine, Platelet Activating Factor, PAF) | Metabolite | CHEBI:36702 (ChEBI) | |
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (Plasmanylethanolamine) | Metabolite | CHEBI:36712 (ChEBI) | |
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | Metabolite | CHEBI:37296 (ChEBI) | |
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol | Metabolite | CID 17756737 (PubChem-compound) | |
1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophoethanolamine desaturase
(Plasmanylethanolamine desaturase) EC 1.14.99.19 | Protein | EC 1.14.99.19 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase EC 2.7.1.67 | Protein | Q9BTU6 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
1-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase EC 2.7.1.68 | Protein | Q99755 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
1D-myo-Inositol-1-P | Metabolite | CID 5288642 (PubChem-compound) | |
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (Lysophosphatidic acid; LPA) | Metabolite | LMGP10050000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.52 | Protein | EC 2.3.1.52 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
2H2O | Metabolite | ||
3 (S-adenosyl-methionine) | CID 34756 (PubChem-compound) | ||
3 (S-adenosylhomocysteine) | CID 439155 (PubChem-compound) | ||
ADP | Metabolite | CID 6022 (PubChem-compound) | |
ATP | Metabolite | CID 5957 (PubChem-compound) | |
Acetyl-CoA | Metabolite | CID 444493 (PubChem-compound) | |
Acyl coenzyme A (Acyl-CoA) | Metabolite | SID 3342 (PubChem-substance) | |
Acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.- | Protein | EC 2.3.1.- (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
Acyl-CoA | Metabolite | SID 3342 (PubChem-substance) | |
Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase
(1-alkyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) EC 1.1.1.101 | Protein | P40471 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | Metabolite | CID 6022 (PubChem-compound) | |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Metabolite | CID 5957 (PubChem-compound) | |
Alkylacetylglycerophosphatase EC 3.1.3.59 | Protein | EC 3.1.3.59 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase
(Alkyl-DHAP synthase) EC 2.5.1.26 | Protein | O00116 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Alkylglycerophosphate 2-O-acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.105 | Protein | EC 2.3.1.105 (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
CDP-DAG | Metabolite | LMGP13010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine transferase
(Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase) EC 2.7.8.2 | Protein | Q9Y6K0 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
CDP-diacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.5 | Protein | Q32NB8 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
CDP-diacylglyreol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.11 | Protein | O14735 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
CDP-ethanolamine:1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine transferase
(Ethanolaminephosphotransferase) EC 2.7.8.1 | Protein | Q92539 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
CMP | Metabolite | CID 6131 (PubChem-compound) | |
CTP | Metabolite | CID 6176 (PubChem-compound) | |
Cardiolipin (DPG, CL) | Metabolite | LMPG12010000 (LIPID MAPS) | |
Cardiolipin synthase EC 2.7.8.- | Protein | Q9UJA2 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Choline kinase EC 2.7.1.32 | Protein | Q9Y259 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase EC 2.7.7.15 | Protein | Q9Y259 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Choline | Metabolite | CID 305 (PubChem-compound) | |
Choline | Metabolite | CID 305 (PubChem-substance) | |
CoA-SH | Metabolite | CID 6816 (PubChem-compound) | |
Coenzyme A (CoA-SH) | Metabolite | CID 6816 (PubChem-compound) | |
Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) | Metabolite | SID 3601 (PubChem-substance) | |
Cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) | Metabolite | CID 25202509 (PubChem-compound) | |
Cytidine diphosphate ethanolamine (CDP-ethanolamine) | Metabolite | CID 123727 (PubChem-compound) | |
Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) | Metabolite | CID 6131 (PubChem-compound) | |
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) | Metabolite | CID 6176 (PubChem-compound) | |
Cytochrome b | Metabolite | CHEBI:38551 (ChEBI) | |
D-Glucose-6-P | Metabolite | CID 44134741 (PubChem-compound) | |
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.20 | Protein | Q86VF5 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.2 | Protein | Q8WUD6 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate | Metabolite | CID 668 (PubChem-compound) | |
Ethanolamine kinase EC 2.7.1.82 | Protein | Q9Y259 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase EC 2.7.7.14 | Protein | Q99447 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Ethanolamine | Metabolite | CID 700 (PubChem-compound) | |
Ethanolaminephosphotransferase EC 2.7.8.1 | Protein | Q9Y6K0 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Fatty acid Metabolism | Pathway | 00071 (KEGG Pathway) | |
Fatty acyl-CoA | Metabolite | SID 24701368 (PubChem-substance) | |
Glycerol kinase EC 2.7.1.30 | Protein | P32189 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Glycerol-3-P | Metabolite | CID 7048686 (PubChem-compound) | |
Glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase EC 2.3.1.198 | Protein | O80437 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) EC 1.1.1.8 | Protein | P21695 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Glycerol | Metabolite | CID 753 (PubChem-compound) | |
Glycolysis | Pathway | 00010 (KEGG Pathway) | |
H2O | |||
H2O | Metabolite | ||
Inositol | Metabolite | CID 892 (PubChem-compound) | |
L-serine-phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidyltransferase EC 2.7.8.29 | Protein | P48651 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
NAD+ (Coenzyme I) | Metabolite | CID 5892 (PubChem-compound) | |
NADH + H+ | Metabolite | CID 439153 (PubChem-compound) | |
NADP (Coenzyme II) | Metabolite | CID 5886 (PubChem-compound) | |
NADPH + H+ | Metabolite | CID 5884 (PubChem-compound) | |
Nitrogen group transferasa EC 2.6.-.- | Protein | EC 2.6.-.- (Enzyme Nomenclature) | |
O2 + NADH + H+ | Metabolite | ||
PIP2[4',5'] | Metabolite | LMGP08010003 (LIPID MAPS) | |
PIP3[3',4',5'] | Metabolite | LMGP09010001 (LIPID MAPS) | |
PPi | Metabolite | ||
Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase EC 2.7.7.41 | Protein | O95674 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Phosphatidate phosphatase EC 3.1.3.4 | Protein | Q14693 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.17 | Protein | Q9UBM1 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase EC 3.1.3.27 | Protein | Q8WUK0 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase EC 2.7.1.153 | Protein | Q42338 (Uniprot/TrEMBL) | |
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) | Metabolite | LMGP07010003 (LIPID MAPS) | |
Phosphocholine (Choline-P) | Metabolite | CID 1014 (PubChem-compound) | |
Phosphorylethanolamine | Metabolite | CID 1015 (PubChem-compound) | |
Pi | Metabolite | ||
Pyrimidine Metabolism | Pathway | 00240 (KEGG Pathway) | |
Serine | Metabolite | CID 5951 (PubChem-compound) | |
sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (glycerol-3-P) | Metabolite | CID 7048686 (PubChem-compound) | |
triacyl-sn-glycerol (Triacylglycerol; TAG) | Metabolite | LMGL03010000 (LIPID MAPS) |
Annotated Interactions
No annotated interactions